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Evolution of the landscapes
      of Great Britain
    Lecturer: Julian Swindell
Great Britain: 10,000 BC
• The ice age was just ending
• The land was scraped clean
• All that existed was a rocky surface,
  scored by torrents of glacial melt
  water
• Sea levels rose and Great Britain
  became an island
What came next?
• Temperatures rose, trees grew
• Wildwood, 10,000 – 5,000 BC
• Temperate rain forests covered
  Britain
• Modern people arrived
• They started to farm…
The landscape as it was before people altered it




                               After Rackham 1997 p 34
The English landscape as it is now

• England’s landscape is
  fragmented into a patchwork
  of land cover and land use
  types
• What we think of a
  essentially a “natural”
  landscape is almost entirely
  the result of human activity
• Farming was the first big
  change, then urbanisation
                                 English Nature Natural Areas
What drives change in the landscape?


• The fundamental internal drivers of
  the landscape change could be:
  – Geology: The rocks that build the land
  – Climate: The rain, the wind, the heat, the
    cold
  – Geomorphology: The shape of the land
  – Ecology: life and all its interactions
• The major external driver is
  human activity
Human influence: farming

• Most of humanity moved from a hunter gatherer
  economy to an agricultural one in the stone age,
  starting about 5,000 years ago, and continues…
• Hunter gatherers are believed to have lived in an
  ecological relationship to the landscape and to
  have had only small impacts on it. This idea is
  challenged…
• Agriculture arose in four places, Mesopotamia,
  China, Mesoamerica and Papua New Guinea
• Farmers intentionally alter the landscape to
  increase its crop and animal production capacity.
• This leads to the rural landscape
Types of contemporary rural landscape


• Woodland, wood pasture, parkland
• Grassland and heathland
• Moorland
• Wetland
• Farmland
Woodland

• Wildwood is woodland
  completely untouched by
  people, no clearance, no
  removal of timber, no planting
  of trees. There is none left
  in GB
• Ancient woodland is land
  which has been continuously
  wooded for known history, but
  it has all been affected by
  human activity.
• Managed woodland will
  have been cleared, coppiced,
  pollarded, planted, grazed by
  livestock. The vast majority of
  British woodland is managed
  plantation.
Wood pasture and park land

• Where woodland and
  livestock are raised
  together, the
  predominant landscape
  is wood pasture
• The traditional term
  forest really refers to
  wood pasture rather
  than dense woodland
• Wood pasture can take
  the form of
  – Open woodland: New Forest
    and Epping Forest
  – Park land: primarily grazed
    grassland with isolated
    standard trees: almost any
    English country house
Grassland

• Few areas of
  “natural grassland”
  in England
  – Most grassland is
    pasture or crop (called
    a ley locally)
  – Grassland is
                              Grazed
    maintained by cutting
                              Cotswold
    or browsing               pastures and
    (sometimes burning),      common land
    which produce different
                              Tropical guinea
    plant communities and     grass cut for
    landscapes                animal fodder,
                              Now being
                              considered as a
                              bio-mass fuel in
                              the UK
Moorland

• Wet and acid soil
• Moorland supports
  heather but is
  dominated by
  sphagnum moss,
  which holds water
  and does not decay
  when submerged
• Moors are a product
  of rain. Plant
  remains in wet soil
  do not rot but build
  up into peat. Great
  areas of the north of
  GB and Ireland are
  covered in Blanket
  bog, unbroken miles
  of peat moor.
Heath

• Heath: cleared, non-
  acidic, dry land
  which develops a
  heather/bracken
  plant community
   – Will be invaded by trees
   – Often maintained by
     burning
   – Very threatened
     landscape

These photographs show
heathland around Poole Harbour
in Dorset, which has to be
actively maintained by tree
clearance and controlled burning
to prevent it reverting to forest
Wetland
                      East Anglia
• Waterlogged land
• Highly variable in
  extent and location
• Critically affected by
  water level                            Vietnam
• Crucial to flood
  control and coastal
  protection
• Probably the richest
  habitat in temperate         India
  climates
• Can provide the
  richest farmland in
  the country…
Rivers

                  • Amongst the oldest features
                    of the landscape, a product
                    of a landscape’s internal
                    drivers, geology, climate and
                    geomorphology
                  • Nearly all cities and towns
                    were sited on rivers for water
                    and transport

Fraser, Canada




Mekong, Vietnam            Ardeche, France
The farming landscape

• Permanent crops:
  trees, vines
• Annual crops:
  grains, tubers
• Livestock: grazing
  and fodder
Landscape with buildings: the beginning of urbanism




• Buildings have
  always been in the
  countryside
• When they come
  together, they create
  a new landscape
Growth of villages and towns

• When buildings come
  together, they are
  more than just a
  group of buildings
• The spaces between
  become just as
  important as the
  buildings themselves
• They become villages
  and towns
Cities; the ultimate human landscape?

• Eventually, towns
  becomes cities,
  entirely artificial
  landscapes, built
  by people
• In 2007 it was
  estimated that
  over 50% of the
  World’s population
  lives in cities, the
  first time in
  history
Urban landscape ~ ”townscape”

• Cities consist of buildings and the
  spaces between them
• Their interaction creates “townscape”
• Architectural design considers
     •   Architectural style
     •   Scale
     •   Materials
     •   Street furniture
     •   Interaction between building and context
• Cities also require systems to provide
  resources which are delivered from the
  rural landscape
  – Food, water, energy …
Urban design: management of landuse


• Town and country planning acts
  – Development control
  – Aims to conserve a finite resource: land
• Conservation movements
  – Importance of history
  – Cherished landscapes
The final edge to the landscape, the Sea
                       English
                       Channel
• Defines the shape
  of maritime
  countries
• Erodes cliffs,
  deposits sand banks
• Controls
  temperature
• Provides the rain
• Used as a sink for
  all of humanity’s
  waste              Indian
                        Ocean
And finally


• Sustainable landscapes
  – The conservation of the landscape in the present
    so that it may be enjoyed in the future
• Sustainability is at the core of
  everything you will study at the RAC

• "..development that meets the
  needs of the present without
  compromising the ability of future
  generations to meet their own
  needs" Brundtland report 1987 “Our
  Common Future”

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1017 evolution of the_british_landscape

  • 1. Evolution of the landscapes of Great Britain Lecturer: Julian Swindell
  • 2. Great Britain: 10,000 BC • The ice age was just ending • The land was scraped clean • All that existed was a rocky surface, scored by torrents of glacial melt water • Sea levels rose and Great Britain became an island
  • 3. What came next? • Temperatures rose, trees grew • Wildwood, 10,000 – 5,000 BC • Temperate rain forests covered Britain • Modern people arrived • They started to farm…
  • 4. The landscape as it was before people altered it After Rackham 1997 p 34
  • 5. The English landscape as it is now • England’s landscape is fragmented into a patchwork of land cover and land use types • What we think of a essentially a “natural” landscape is almost entirely the result of human activity • Farming was the first big change, then urbanisation English Nature Natural Areas
  • 6. What drives change in the landscape? • The fundamental internal drivers of the landscape change could be: – Geology: The rocks that build the land – Climate: The rain, the wind, the heat, the cold – Geomorphology: The shape of the land – Ecology: life and all its interactions • The major external driver is human activity
  • 7. Human influence: farming • Most of humanity moved from a hunter gatherer economy to an agricultural one in the stone age, starting about 5,000 years ago, and continues… • Hunter gatherers are believed to have lived in an ecological relationship to the landscape and to have had only small impacts on it. This idea is challenged… • Agriculture arose in four places, Mesopotamia, China, Mesoamerica and Papua New Guinea • Farmers intentionally alter the landscape to increase its crop and animal production capacity. • This leads to the rural landscape
  • 8. Types of contemporary rural landscape • Woodland, wood pasture, parkland • Grassland and heathland • Moorland • Wetland • Farmland
  • 9. Woodland • Wildwood is woodland completely untouched by people, no clearance, no removal of timber, no planting of trees. There is none left in GB • Ancient woodland is land which has been continuously wooded for known history, but it has all been affected by human activity. • Managed woodland will have been cleared, coppiced, pollarded, planted, grazed by livestock. The vast majority of British woodland is managed plantation.
  • 10. Wood pasture and park land • Where woodland and livestock are raised together, the predominant landscape is wood pasture • The traditional term forest really refers to wood pasture rather than dense woodland • Wood pasture can take the form of – Open woodland: New Forest and Epping Forest – Park land: primarily grazed grassland with isolated standard trees: almost any English country house
  • 11. Grassland • Few areas of “natural grassland” in England – Most grassland is pasture or crop (called a ley locally) – Grassland is Grazed maintained by cutting Cotswold or browsing pastures and (sometimes burning), common land which produce different Tropical guinea plant communities and grass cut for landscapes animal fodder, Now being considered as a bio-mass fuel in the UK
  • 12. Moorland • Wet and acid soil • Moorland supports heather but is dominated by sphagnum moss, which holds water and does not decay when submerged • Moors are a product of rain. Plant remains in wet soil do not rot but build up into peat. Great areas of the north of GB and Ireland are covered in Blanket bog, unbroken miles of peat moor.
  • 13. Heath • Heath: cleared, non- acidic, dry land which develops a heather/bracken plant community – Will be invaded by trees – Often maintained by burning – Very threatened landscape These photographs show heathland around Poole Harbour in Dorset, which has to be actively maintained by tree clearance and controlled burning to prevent it reverting to forest
  • 14. Wetland East Anglia • Waterlogged land • Highly variable in extent and location • Critically affected by water level Vietnam • Crucial to flood control and coastal protection • Probably the richest habitat in temperate India climates • Can provide the richest farmland in the country…
  • 15. Rivers • Amongst the oldest features of the landscape, a product of a landscape’s internal drivers, geology, climate and geomorphology • Nearly all cities and towns were sited on rivers for water and transport Fraser, Canada Mekong, Vietnam Ardeche, France
  • 16. The farming landscape • Permanent crops: trees, vines • Annual crops: grains, tubers • Livestock: grazing and fodder
  • 17. Landscape with buildings: the beginning of urbanism • Buildings have always been in the countryside • When they come together, they create a new landscape
  • 18. Growth of villages and towns • When buildings come together, they are more than just a group of buildings • The spaces between become just as important as the buildings themselves • They become villages and towns
  • 19. Cities; the ultimate human landscape? • Eventually, towns becomes cities, entirely artificial landscapes, built by people • In 2007 it was estimated that over 50% of the World’s population lives in cities, the first time in history
  • 20. Urban landscape ~ ”townscape” • Cities consist of buildings and the spaces between them • Their interaction creates “townscape” • Architectural design considers • Architectural style • Scale • Materials • Street furniture • Interaction between building and context • Cities also require systems to provide resources which are delivered from the rural landscape – Food, water, energy …
  • 21. Urban design: management of landuse • Town and country planning acts – Development control – Aims to conserve a finite resource: land • Conservation movements – Importance of history – Cherished landscapes
  • 22. The final edge to the landscape, the Sea English Channel • Defines the shape of maritime countries • Erodes cliffs, deposits sand banks • Controls temperature • Provides the rain • Used as a sink for all of humanity’s waste Indian Ocean
  • 23. And finally • Sustainable landscapes – The conservation of the landscape in the present so that it may be enjoyed in the future • Sustainability is at the core of everything you will study at the RAC • "..development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" Brundtland report 1987 “Our Common Future”