5. The Second Great
Awakening
1790s- Americans
took part in a
Christian renewal
called the Second
Great Awakening.
[New York through
the frontier:
Kentucky, Ohio,
Tennessee, & South
Carolina].
By 1820s/1830s- new
interest spread in
New England, the
Appalachians, and the
South.
6. Charles Grandison Finney-
1821 left law after a dramatic
religious conversion.
Challenged Protestant
beliefs
Stated each individual was
responsible for their own
salvation
Believed sin was avoidable
Many converted to
Christianity during these
revivals.
Told converts t0
demonstrate their faith
through good deeds.
7. Finney’s preaching angered some
1st Amendment guaranteed freedom of
religion & prevented local or state gov’s from
passing laws banning new religious practices.
Result =
Church membership across country
More women/African Americans involved
Renewed Americans’ religious faith
Forums for messages turned into large gatherings
[20,000 people]. Gatherings known as revivals
8. Revival How did the Second Great
Meetings Awakening affect Americans?
Religious revivals swept
the United States in the
early 1800s. Some
meetings drew up to
20,000 people at a time
to huge outdoor camps.
James Finley, who later
became a Methodist
preacher, described one
revival as a “vast sea of
human beings [that]
seemed to be agitated
as if by a storm.”
Preachers traveled from
town to town, urging
sinners to seek
salvation.
9. 2nd GA- brought
Christianity to enslaved
African Americans
Strong democratic
impulse in the new
churches and a belief
that all people- black or
white belonged to the
same God
New Baptist or
Methodist churches
open to Blacks and 19th Century tray depicting Lemuel
Whites Haynes preaching in his Vermont
Congressional Church
10. Slaves in rural South In the East- free African
were segregated in pews Americans worshipped in
of their own but separate black churches
worshipped in the same like the African
churches, heard the Methodist Episcopal
same sermons/hymns as Church
did slave owners Church became a
Enslaved African political, cultural and
Americans interpreted social center for African
the Christian message as Americans providing
a promise of freedom for schools and other
their people. services denied by whites
11. The 1st black national
convention occurred in
Philly [Sept. 1830]
Richard Allen convened and
participants explored the
possibility of settlement for
free African Americans and
fugitive slaves in Canada.
Soon became an annual
convention of free blacks in
the north
Church gave members: deep
inner faith, strong sense of
community and spiritual
support to oppose slavery
12. transcendentalism
Idea that people could rise above the material things in life; philosophy
shared by some New England writers and thinkers in the mid-1800s.
13. Essay in 1841- “Self-
Reliance” stated that
people depend on too
much institution and
traditions.
Wanted people to
follow their own beliefs
and use their own
judgment
14. Fuller wrote Woman in
the Nineteenth Century
Wrote how women had
the right to choose their
own paths in life.
Some saw her as a
champion of women’s
rights
15. Believed in Self-Reliance
2 years lived alone in a
cabin in Walden Pond,
Mass.
“I went to the woods
because I wished to live
deliberately to front only
the essential facts of life,
and see if I could learn
what it had to teach, and
not, when I cam to die,
discover that I had not
lived.”
16. In Walden [1854], Thoreau advised readers to
follow their inner voice believing in individual
conscience
Urged people not to obey laws they considered
unjust
Instead of protesting with violence, they should
peacefully refuse to obey those laws.
Protest known as civil disobedience [the refusal
to obey those laws which are seen as unjust in
an effort to bring about a change in
governmental policy. Tactic promoted by MLK
JR.]
17. In what way did Answer:
Thoreau’s experience Transcendentalists
at Walden reflect stressed self-reliance
transcendentalist and the ability to be
beliefs? close to nature.
Thoreau showed both
qualities when he lived
alone for two years at
Walden pond.
18. Rather than appealing to the emotions,
Unitarians emphasized reason and appeals to
conscience as the paths to perfection.
Quickly attracted a wealthy and educated
following.
Believed conversion was a gradual process
William Ellery Channing, prominent Unitarian
leader- asserted that the purpose of Christianity
was “the perfection of human nature, the
elevation of men into nobler beings”
Unitarians agreed with revivalists that individual
and social reform were both possible and
important
19. How did the Answer: the Unitarians
Unitarians’ approach believed conversion
to religious experience was achieved through a
differ from the gradual process using
revivalists? reason, rather than
through an emotional
moment in a revival
20. Utopian
Communities
How did transcendentalists
believe people should live?
In the 1840s some
transcendentalists
formed a community at
Brook Farm,
Massachusetts. Brook
Farm did not last very
long, however. It was one
of many experiments with
utopian communities that
took place in America.
These communities tried
to form a perfect society
on Earth. Some
Americans founded
utopian communities as
places to practice their
religious beliefs.
21. Thomas Cole- Painter of American Landscapes
Nathaniel Hawthorne- author of the Scarlet Letter
22. Edgar
Allan Poe
“Once upon a midnight
dreary,1
while I pondered,2 weak and
weary,
Over many a quaint3 and
curious
volume of forgotten lore4 —
While I nodded, nearly
napping,
suddenly there came a
tapping,
As of some one gently
rapping,
rapping at my chamber
door—
‘‘Tis some visiter,’ I muttered,
‘tapping at my chamber
door—
Only this and nothing more.’”
23. Emily What was the romantic movement,
and who were some of the major
Dickinson American artists and writers of this
movement?
Born in 1830, This is my letter to the
Emily Dickinson World
That never wrote to Me-
led a quiet life The simple News that
in Amherst, Nature told-
Massachusetts. With tender Majesty
Her Message is committed
To Hands, I cannot see-
For love of Her- Sweet-
countrymen
Judge tenderly- of Me.
27. <4mil. Immigrants U.S. b/w 1840-1860
Most from Europe
<3mil. Of these- German or Irish
Many fleeing economic or political troubles in
native countries
28. Mid-1840s potato blight,
disease causing rot- left
Ireland w/ little food.
“One business survives!
That fortunate business…
is the Irish coffin-maker”
Most immigrants settled in
Mass., NJ, NY, PA
Worked building canals,
RRs; women as domestic
servants.
Poor wages forced
immigrants to live in poor
housing.
29. 1848- Germans revolted
against harsh rule
Educated Germans can to
escape persecution or
economic reasons
While Irish were Catholic,
Germans were Protestant,
Catholic or Jews
Moved to Michigan, Ohio
& Wisconsin
Chicago Daily Tribune:
Germans: “fitted to do the
cheap… labor of the
country”
30. Industrialization + Immigrants = changed the
American labor force.
Chance of getting farmland in Midwest drew
many immigrants to this area.
Industrial jobs in N.E. drew immigrants to
cheap labor in many towns/cities
New jobs fueled local economies
New jobs: clerks, merchants, supervisors,
professional workers
31. Native-born citizens
feared losing their jobs
to immigrants who
might work for lower
wages.
Felt threatened by the
different cultures and
religions of immigrant
groups.
Before Catholics, many
Americans were
protestants
32. 1840s/1850s Nativists
became politically active
Main goal was to stir up
anti-immigrant feeling
“Look at the . . . thieves
and vagabonds
[tramps], roaming
about our streets . . .
monopolizing [taking]
the business which
properly belongs to our
own native and true-
born citizens.”
33. 1849 Political Party founded by Nativists
Named b/c when questioned replied “I know
nothing”
Wanted to keep Catholics/Immigrants out of
public office
Wanted immigrants to live in U.S. for >21 yrs
before they could be citizens
Some success, won state elections during
1850s
Controlled Mass. Legis. For a short time
34. How did the Industrial Revolution and the Transportation Revolution affect
life in American cities?
35. Rise of industry &
growth of cities changed
American life.
Business owners or
skilled workers
benefitted most
New class grew, Middle
class- social/economic
level b/w wealthy & poor
Cities were
compact/crowded
Many walked to work
36. Cities in early & mid
1800s faced challenges
due to rapid growth
Crowded conditions
meant poor wage
workers meant people
lived by class
Lack of safe
housing/public services
Immigrants lived in
tenements
37. Did not have clean water,
public health regulations
or clean ways to get rid of
garbage/human waste
Diseases spread easily
1832-49- NYC- Cholera
killed thousands of people
Cities- criminal activities
NYC, Boston, Philly had no
permanent police force,
but volunteer ones
Fire protection meant
hands pumps and buckets
40. Discuss the role of women and blacks in
significant social reform movements prior to
the Civil War (including women’s suffrage,
abolition, temperance, education and
psychiatric care reform)
Cristo Rey Network Benchmark: 9.11.3
41. Dorothea “I come to present the strong claims of suffering humanity . . .
the miserable, the desolate [deserted], the outcast . . . to call
your attention to the present state of insane persons
Dix confined within this Commonwealth, in cages, closets,
cellars, stalls, pens! Chained, naked, beaten with rods, and
lashed into obedience.”
In 1841 Dorothea Dix
visited a jail in Cambridge,
Massachusetts, to teach a
Sunday school class. What
she saw there shocked her.
Mentally ill women were
jailed beside common
criminals in dirty cells. Dix
became angry at the
conditions she found there These cages were used to
and in other Massachusetts confine mentally ill
jails. As a result, she began people. Mentally ill
to work to improve the usually put in prisons with
care of mentally ill people criminals
across the country. She
joined many other women After Dix’s influence- more than 100
reformers in the early and state hospital were built where mentally
mid-1800s. ill received professional care.
42. Reform
Schools
Children who
committed crimes:
•Begging
•Stealing
Treated the same as
criminals.
Boston mayor Josiah
Quincy asked for
different punishments.
1820s founded reform
schools for children.
Lived under strict
rules, & received
vocational training.
43. Prison How did reformers try to change
Overcrowding prisons in the early 1800s?
Reformers tried to
end over-crowding
in Prisons as well as
cruel punishments.
Efforts led to the
creation of houses
of correction.
Instead of only
punishment,
rehabilitation
through education
became the
preferred method.
44. • believed Americans were
drinking @ an alarming rate
• 1830s- avg. alcohol
consumption was 7gallons/yr
• alcohol caused social
problems:
• family violence
• Poverty
• Criminal behavior
• urged people to stop drinking
hard liquor &limit beer &wine
• People who drank were
“neglecting the education of
their families- and corrupting
their morals”
45. Temperance What were the goals of the
Movement temperance movement?
[Lyman Beecher]
•Maine law
1846- illegal to
sell alcohol
•1855-dozen
states w/
similar laws
46. Earl 1800s- poor public education
Immigration reformers argued education
would help Americans become good workers
in citizens
Most believed this/but did not expect children
to receive a great deal of formal schools
Many children worked in factories or farms to
help support families
Parents wanted children to read the Bible,
write, and do simple math.
47. New England had the
most schoolhouses
South & West had the
fewest
Most teachers were
untrained young men
Taught before
becoming farmers or
practicing another
trade
48. Textbooks in mid-1800s-
McGuffey’s Readers put
together by William
McGuffey a Presbyterian
Minister.
Different backgrounds
received education
differently:
Rich- private schools; hired
tutors
Poor- only public school
Girls- could go, often kept
home- fewer girls learned
to read.
49. Common Why did Horace Mann want to
School improve schools, and what did he
Movement accomplish?
•Wanted all children to be
educated in a common
ground
•1st Sec. of Edu. In Mass-1837
•Former lawyer/legis.
•Doubled state school
budget
•Helped teachers earn better
salaries
•Made school year longer
•Founded first teacher
training school
•Ideas spread to Latin
America and Europe
•Set standard for education
reform
50. Examine the implementation of public
education in terms of access by race, gender
and immigrant group in this period
Cristo Rey Network Benchmark: 9.11.5
51. 1800s Today
Draw a two column chart in your notebook
School Resources
with the headings 1800s and today. Complete
# of students per
it based on the following categories:
class
Students’ attitude
towards
education
Parents’ attitude:
Importance of
education to
employment
Class
organization
52. Pre-1820s few women could attend class
beyond grade school
Catharine Beecher, reformer of Women’s
edu. Early 1800s
Believed women were better at teaching
the moral lessons that made good citizens
Wrote several essays i.e.: On the Education of
Female Teachers
53. 1821- Troy, NY- Emma
Willard founded a
college-level institute
for Women
Troy Female Seminary
Studied diff. subj:
Ranging from Math to
Philosophy
B/w 1821-1872, <12,000
women attended
54. Mt. Holyoke in Mass Oberlin College, Ohio
Mary Lyon First co-educational
“I am doing a great college in U.S.
work, I cannot come
down”
55. “School was kept occasionally. It was regarded a great favor
to have it allowed at any time. Each pupil or scholar paid on
dollar per month. Often there was no school because there
was no teacher” –James Thomas, From Slavery to Freedom
56. Went to separate schools
than whites
NY African Free school,
NYC-1787 produced
notable scholars/leaders
Philly- 7 schools for black
students
1820- elem.
School/Boston
1855- allowed to go to
white schools
57. What educational challenges did
women and African Americans face in
the 1800s?
Rarely attended college, Black Colleges:
only few institutions 1842- Institute for Colored
avail. For higher learning Youth
1835- Oberlin- 1st College 1849- Avery College in
for African Americans Philly
Later Harvard joined
South few able to attain
edu.
Laws prevented slaves
from receiving edu., due
to whites’ fears of
potential slave rebellions
58. Pg. 406- this typewriter produced raised dots representing the alphabet
created by Louis Braille for visually impaired people
59. Samuel Gridley Howe
worked w/ visually
impaired
Prison reform
Education reform
Care if mentally ill
1831- Perkins Institution
[Mass] for visually
impaired
Travelled to 17 other
states to talk about
teaching visually
impaired
Ran Perkins for 45 years
60. What kinds of schools were
founded for people with
disabilities?
After Yale, Thomas Hopkins
Gallaudet Eur. 2yrs. Living
with hearing impaired
1817- 1st free American school
for hearing impaired- Hartford
Conn.
Principal till 1830
Prof. of Philosophy @ NYU
Called for special schools to
train teachers
Wrote textbooks for
children/people w/ hearing
impairments
Gallaudet University in Wash.
Named after him.
62. All students with brown eyes
will take a pop quiz today, while
the rest of the class will play a
game.
Write your feelings about this.
63. Analyze the moral arguments for and against
the abolition of slavery
Cristo Rey Network Benchmark: 9.11.1
64. In the years between 1810-1830- slavery
doubled from 1.2 million to 2 million
By 1830, the majority of slaves were born in
America and spoke enough English to be able
to communicate with other slaves
On large plantations, men, women and even
children toiled from dawn to dusk in the
fields.
The whip of the overseer or slave driver
compelled them to work faster
65.
66.
67. By 1830s, the promise of cotton wealth had lured many
Southern whites into farming, thus creating a shortage
of white laborers for such industries as mining and
lumber
As a result, demand arose for slaves as workers in mills
and on ships
Slaves who had developed specialized skills on
plantations were now in demand in Southern cities
Slaves filled skilled occupations such as blacksmithing
or carpentry resulting in a new class of skilled black
laborers
Enslaved blacks could hire themselves out as artisans in
Southern cities, often more easily than free blacks in
the North, where racial discrimination prevailed
68. Born into slavery in 1800 in Captured, tried and
VA hanged; and in retaliation-
Gifted preacher- believed whites killed as many as
he was chosen to lead his 200 blacks, many innocent
people out of bondage Rebellion strengthened the
Aug. 1831- judged an resolve of Southern white
eclipse of the sun to be a to defend slavery and to
divine signal for action control their slaves
Along with 80 followers,
attacked four plantations
and killed almost 60 whites
until they were captured
by state and federal troops
69.
70. Some argued that the only way to prevent
further slave revolts was through
emancipation
Others wanted tougher restrictions on slaves
71. VA Gov. John Floyd Many believed education
wrote of his wish for a and privledge inspired
“law gradually abolishing revolt
slavery in this State” Many slave owners
Jan. 1832- state pushed legislation to
legislature hotly debated place further controls
Resulted in a motion for These became known as
abolition the slave codes
Motion lost 73 to 58 in a
vote
Debate closed the issue
of slavery in the
antebellum period
72. 1833- Alabama forbade free and enslaved blacks
from preaching the gospel unless “respectable
slaveholders were present”
1835- NC- last state in South to deny the vote to
free blacks
Blacks lost rights to own guns, purchase alcohol,
assemble in public, and testify in court
Some Southern cities barred African Americans
from owning property, learn to read and write or
work independently
73. Abolition
•1830s Americans who had
been against slavery for
years began to take
organized action.
•formed a movement to
support abolition
•Some wanted
immediate emancipation.
74. Minority in U.S. but
very vocal
Different
backgrounds/diff.
reasons
Quakers [religious
grounds]
Ministers of 2nd Great
Awakening [morals]
Political theorists [ideals
of Declaration of
Independence]
75. Abolitionists disagreed
what ending slavery
would mean
Should be treated the
same as whites
Opposed full social and
political equality for
African Americans
Send African Americans
to Africa to prevent
racial conflict
76. American
Colonization
Society
•1817 founded by
Robert Finley
•5 yrs later-
founded colony of
Liberia on West
coast of Africa
•12,000 African
Americans settled
there
•Many who once
favored
colonization,
turned against
77. Speaking tours
Wrote newspaper articles/pamphlets
Poetry
Literature
William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator 1831
Founded the American Anti-Slavery Society
78. Stand your Liberator & Anti-Slavery
Society relied on support
ground! of Free African Americans
•Spread lit. thru-out N. &
Mid W.
•Petitions to Congress
•1840- split:
•Immediate freedom
for slaves
•Women should be =
to men in abolitionist
movement
•Other group: slower
emancipation/limited
role for women
79. Grimke How did the members of
the Anti-Slavery Society
Sisters fight slavery?
2 southern women:
Angelina
Sarah
•Well know activists
•Family of S. Carolina slaveholders
•Moved to Philly.
•Wrote popular essay
•Became 1st women to speak before
Male/Female audience for Anti-
Slavery Society
American Slavery As it Is – most
important anti-slavery writing of the
time.
80. One manuever to assist Nevertheless,
abolition was to swamp abolitionists efforts
Congress with petitions intensified during the
to end slavery 1850s, some turned
Southern represenatives violent.
countered in 1836 by The nation was now
securing a gag rule, divided.
preventing debate on an
issue
Gag rule was repealed in
1844
82. In 1845 Frederick Douglass published the first of three autobiographies
describing his life as a slave and his abolitionist efforts once he gained
his freedom. In the following excerpt he explains the purpose of his
autobiography.
Sincerely and earnestly hoping that this little
book may do something toward throwing light
on the American slave system, and hastening
the glad day of deliverance to the millions of my
brethren in bonds—faithfully relying on the
power of truth, love, and justice, for success in
my humble efforts—and solemnly pledging
myself anew to the sacred cause,—I subscribe
myself, Frederick Douglass.
83. “The blessings in which you, this day, rejoice,
Frederick are not enjoyed in common… This 4th of July is
Douglas yours, not mine. You may rejoice, I must
mourn.”
•1841: Douglas began
giving regular lectures-
Speaking @ a 4th of
July Celebration in 1852
•Spoke in U.S./Eur.
•Published the North
Star
•Others included:
Sojourner Truth &
Charles Remond
84. 1830s- group helped slaves escape South
Free African Americans
Former Slaves
Few White Abolitionists
Arranged transportation/hiding for
fugitives/escaped slaves
Wore disguises @ night, followed N. Star
Hid in Attics, barns, other secret locations
85. How did Free African
Americans & former slaves try
to end slavery?
Most famous/daring
conductor
Escaped in 1849
Returned to South 19x
Freed family and up to
300 slaves
Never lost a fugitive
Reward for Tubman @
$40,000
40,000 slaves used RR
1810-1850
87. Many white N. did not Fed. Gov. stood in way
believe in = treatment of Abolitionists
for Afr. Am. 1836-1844- U.S. HoR
Warned freed slaves used Gag Rule to
would move N. & take prevent discussion of
jobs 1000s of antislavery
Some joined violent petitions
mobs that attacked Violated 1st
Afr. Am & burned anti- Amendment
slavery lit.
88. Many thought slavery Some believed slavery
vital to economy & protected African
culture Americans
Believed outsiders had Virginia lawyer- George
no business interfering Fitzhugh: “freed slaves
After Turner’s Rebellion- would freeze or starve in
open talk of slavery north”
question disappeared in Racism, fear, and South’s
South economic dependence
made emancipation
unpopular in South
89. Northern Feared loss
of jobs
Believed slavery
Southern was central to
economy &
culture
91. Identify three famous women from
the 1900s or 2000s. Rank their
influence on culture.
92. Analyze how ideas found in key documents
(i.e., the Declaration of Independence, the
Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments and
Resolution) contributed to demanding
equality for all.
NJCCCS: 6.1.12.A.4.b
93. Grimké Sisters &
Sojourner Truth were
Abolitionists turned
women’s rights
advocates [mid 1800s]
Felt they had to defend
rights in public
94. Critics believed
women should
not give public
Everyone is a Critic
speeches and
should stay in
traditional
female roles.
Critics: [some
members of]
1. Press
2. Clergy
3. Male
Abolitionists
95. Grimké sisters: women Sarah argued for equal
had a moral duty to lead educational
antislavery movement opportunities.
“I ask no favors for my Pointed out laws that
sex… All I ask our negatively affected
brethren is, that they women
will take their feet from Called for = rights/pay
off our necks, and
permit us to stand
upright on that ground
which God designed us
to occupy”
96. Why did some people oppose women’s
efforts in the abolitionist movement, and
how did this opposition affect the
women’s rights movement?
Sojourner Truth- spoke for “That man over there says
abolition & women’s rights that women need to be
6 ft. tall & confident helped into carriages and
1851- challenged audience lifted over ditches, and
members not to think of not to have the best place
women as the “weaker everywhere. Nobody ever
sex” helps me into carriages or
over mud puddles, or
gives me any best place…
Look at me! I have
ploughed and planted
and… no man could
[outwork] me. And ain’t I
a woman?”
97. Shortly after America Took adv. Of
Rev. publications for educational
W.R’s appeared opportunities
Did not become a Learned how to
national movement for organize more
yrs. effectively by working
Social changes like in reform groups
abolition movement Some men assisted in
led to the rise of women’s rights
women’s movement
98. Not having the right to
vote
Married women in many
states had little or no
control over their own
property
Claims that: Women “did
not have the physical or
mental strength to
survive w/out men’s
protection”
Most people believed
men should control her
property
99. Some women said they
were not unequal to
men, just different and
did not need new
rights.
Some critics believed
women should not try
to work for social
changes in public but in
their own homes.
100.
101.
102. 1840- attended World’s
Anti-Slavery Convention
in London while on
honeymoon
Had to watch separately
from husband
All women were hidden
from men’s view by a
curtain
William Lloyd Garrison in
protest, sat with them
103. This treatment Planned to “form a
angered Stanton and society to advance the
Lucretia Mott. rights of women”
“[they] resolved to 8 years passed
hold a conversation as announced: The
soon as we returned Seneca Falls
home” Convention
Stanton+Mott – 1st public meeting
“resolved to hold a about women’s rights
convention as soon as to be held in the U.S.
we returned home”
104.
105. Convention organizers
wrote based on
language of Dec. of
Ind.
Detailed beliefs about
social injustice towards
women
100 people signed
240 attended
Convention inc.
Frederick Douglas
107. Lucy Stone Susan B. Anthony
Powerful speaker Turned movement political
Anti-Slavery Society Single Woman, Supported Self
Argued for = pay
Allowed to go into law
Property Rights
1860- NYC gave women
ownership of wages/property
Soon trickled to N.E. and
Midwest
Notes de l'éditeur
Translation: Other countries, other customs Meaning: Foreigners have different customs [which may be perfectly normal there] Similar: When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
