1. Georgia to
South Africa
By Tiye Boyd

2. What was the Apartheid in
South Africa?
O Racial Segregation between the 4 main
racial groups
O White (Afrikaans), Native (Blacks)
, Colored, and Indian
O Colored-Mixed European and African
O Native-Blacks
O Identity Cards given to 18 and older
O Prevent migration & Control the
Population

3. Goals of the Apartheid
O Placement of People by race
O Coloreds were affected by this because it
broke families apart
O In 1951 the government allowed whites to
destroy black’s slums
O For Blacks who were permitted to live there
OR
O Reserved for Whites

4. Goals of the Apartheid
continued
O Prohibited interracial marriage
O Interracial sex was a criminal offense
O Municipal Grounds were reserved for a
Race

5. Goals of the Apartheid
continued
O Education was segregated
O 1953 Bantu Education Act
O Aimed blacks to be laboring class
O Worse Education than the Afrikaans
O Proposed African self government… Never
went through

6. Goals of the Apartheid
continued
O Black Homeland Citizenship Act of 1970
O Black were no longer citizens
O Only of the 20 autonomous territories
O Lebowa, QwaQwa, Bophuthatswana, KwaZul
a, KaNgwane, Transkei, Ciskei, GazanKula, V
end, and KwaNolebete

7. Goals of the Apartheid
continued
O Black women had few to no rights
O Worked as agricultural or domestic
O Jobs hard to find
O Low wages
O Children suffered from disease from
malnutrition & sanitary problems
O Sports
O First divided by race
O Soccer leagues

8. Censorship
To end the extra-parliamentary
movement, African National Congress
(AFC), and to erase public memory.
O TV was introduced in 1976
O English programming was a so-called
threat to their African language

10. Anyone try end the
Apartheid?
O Nelson Mandela

11. Nelson Mandela’s tactics
O Joined the African National Congress in
1944
O Resistance of the Apartheid
O Outlawed in 1960
O He co-founded The Umkhonto We Sizwe in
1961 (means Spear of the Nation)
O Wanted to solve political issues
O In 1961, guerrilla attacks were initiated, but
he was put on trial. ANC eventually became
the main mass resistance again.

12. Arrest
O Mandela was on the run for 17 months
O on august 5, 1962 he was arrested in the
Johannesburg Fort.
O The CIA helped locate him
O On October 25, 1962 he was sentenced to
5 years in prison
O Members of the ANC were arrested during
his imprisonment

13. The Rivoni Trial
O The government proposed that the
Umkhonto We Sizwe had too many violent
tactics and plotted to overthrow the
government.
O June 12, 1964, 8 members & Mandela
were convicted to life in prison.

14. Charges
O Recruitment of training of those who were
going to create acts of sabotage
O Mandela organized sabotage campaigns
against military & the government
O Aid of foreign military unites when they
invaded the republic
O Further objects of Communism
O Receiving and Soliciting money in other
African nations

15. Statement at Docks
Summary
He was a prisoner for leaving the country
without the permit and telling people to go on
strike. The statement that the country is not
under the influence of foreigners or communists
is incorrect. He did what he did because of his
experience as an African, not when an outsider
did. Stories he listened to when he was a boy in
his tribe, and heard all of the powerful names of
his people who protected the entire African
nation. He wanted to make his own contribution
of their freedom struggle. He did plan to
sabotage as a result of a calm and sober
assessment of his people by the whites

16. Statement at Docks
Summary
He thought the cruelty and violence towards
his people was inevitable. He said that it
would eventually lead to terrorism and
bitterness throughout all races of the nation.
There had to be violence so the African can
succeed. He tried at first to avoid
violence, but he had to fight violence with
violence when the whites used that tactic
against them. They were not engaging in
terrorism. He believes that Africa belongs to
all groups and not a specific race.

17. Life in Prison
O Endure hard labor for the first 5 years
O Blacks and political prisoners received the
fewest rations of food
O Political Prisoners- someone who s
imprisoned due to opposing or criticizing
the government.
O Became a national symbol as an anti-
apartheid movement

18. Release from Prison
27 years later
O Released on February 11, 1990 in Cape
Town
O Apartheid laws were not so strict anymore
O He celebrated in front of a crowd of
thousands
O He was quickly elected president of the
ANC
O “Our march to freedom is irreversible”

20. Aftermath for
South Africa/Mandela
O Chris Hani (a leader of the ANC) was
assassinated in 1993
O Riots in the streets broke out
O Mandela told them that South Africans
need to stand together as nation right now
so we bring him to justice.

21. Aftermath for
South Africa/Mandela
O Nelson Mandela served a one term
presidency from 1994 to 1999 (75-80 age)
O 1st person who was not black to be head of
state
O 1st multi-racial election
O Election ended the Apartheid
O Won 62% of the vote
O Retired before a second term because of
his old age

22. Mandela’s Reforms
O Free health care (to those who needed it)
O Increase of spending on education
O The Land Restitution Act made blacks get
their land lost from them the Natives Land
Act back.
O Easier availability for
O water, medicines, free meals for students,
construction of 750,000 houses, social
assistance, and a number of others

23. Was the Apartheid like The
Civil Rights Movement?

24. The Albany Movement
O 1961- 1962
O Martin Luther King J.R. and more than a
thousand blacks were jailed

25. Goals
O To desegregate Albany, Georgia
O To set up voter registration booths
O To gain control of the local government
O Improvement of black neighborhoods

26. How it Began
O Charles Sherrod, Cordell Reagon, and
Charles Jones arrived to set up a voter
register drive
O Part of the Student Nonviolent
Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
O SNCC challenged segregation policies
O Meetings and protests
O 500 jailed

27. In Trouble
O Decided to call Martin Luther king Jr.
O To keep the protester’s desire
O To create an even bigger crowd
O Spoke at a meeting and marched to City
Hall
O Next day he was jailed

28. Release
O Accepted bail
O Whites in power refused to agree to the
movement’s goals
O Returned to Albany the next summer for
the convictions
O Chose jail instead the payment of the fines
O White lawyer paid their fines
O Along with Ralph Abernathy ( a civil rights
leader)

29. King’s Stay
O King brought his SCLC (Southern
Christian Leadership Conference) to help
the movement
O The chief of Police (Laurie Pritchett) knew
of King’s non-violent acts
O Decided to retaliate the same way
O Instead jailed more and more marchers
O No more room for them in Albany or other
counties
O City refused to jail King

30. Aftermath for King
O King said it was a lost victory
O Helped motivate and learn from his
mistakes to prepare for the Birmingham
that eventually became a success

31. Aftermath for Albany
O Businessman Thomas Chatman got
enough votes for a city commission
O Forced a run off election
O Next spring, racism was removed form
books

32. Aftermath for Georgia
O In Southwest Georgia, cities and towns
challenged the white power
O Segregation laws were overturned
O Ex: courts made buses available for
everyone
O In the 60s and 70s schools integrated
O White families started to attend private
academies

34. Research Question
How has the imprisonment of Nelson
Mandela and his anti-apartheid movement
compare to the Civil Rights Movement in
America throughout the 60s?

35. Research Question
Answer
Nelson Mandela wanted equal rights between the 4
race groups of the South African Nation. He wanted
the social, economic, and physical hardships to stop
so everyone can have a brighter future, and a better
reason to live. He fought so hard, that he was
imprisoned for 18 years. Although he stumbled upon
this obstacle, the South African Apartheid ended with
the help of his organizations.
Like the civil rights movement throughout America
in the 60s, leaders and activists wanted to stop these
racist antics as well. They were punished with jail
time like Mandela and even death, but they
eventually ended racist laws in America.

36. Oral History of
Mr. Richard Wilson
Mandela’s struggle to achieve rights for “Bantu” people in
South Africa is very similar to that of the Civil Rights of
“Blacks” in America in a number of ways. First Mandela
much like Malcolm X chose a path of public resistance to
achieve his goal. Like the Malcolm X phrase “by any means
necessary” Mandela was prepared to die for the cause (one
could argue the same about Dr. King however he pushed for
a more nonviolent approach as did Desmund Tutu). The use
of government forces to brutally suppress the resistance and
torture those who fought against the government’s racially
biased polices convinced the many that a violent solution
could succeed where non-violence had failed. Secondly, he
was an advocate for desegration and pushed for democratic
solutions to achieve equality. Finally Mandela’s
imprisonment (Like Dr. King and other Civil Rights
advocates) became a symbol of the struggle uniting many
that would have otherwise abandoned the cause.

37. Did the African National Congress and eventually the Umkhonto
We Sizwe, help the South Africans end this apartheid movement
or only create a bigger problem between the Natives, Afrikaans,
Coloreds, and the Indians of the nation?
First and foremost this organization was classified as a “terrorist
group.” That label certainly shed a dark shadow on their overall
cause, “desegration” thus further dividing those who favored a
more non-violent approach. Afrikaaners certainly used this to
demonstrate the need to keep the races separate. The ANC did
(at least on paper) bring about the desegration in South Africa.
The larger issue was the development of SOWETO’s that
segregated based on economics. However in reality the poor in
South Africa were indeed “Black.” This became a type of
instutionalized segregation based on economics but certainly
reflected color. As in America instutionalized segregation causes
the poor to become frustrated and disinfranchized and their
protest methods usually involve violence. Therefore my
contention is that it actually did little to change much of
anything in South Africa.

38. Was the Albany Movement successful for
Albany, Georgia, or was it a fail like Dr. Martin Luther
King said? Why?
The SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee) encouraged black activism and gave
legitimacy to the movement. However, very few
concessions were given by local government
agencies to the black population. In my opinion the
movement attempted to focus not on specific issues
but segregation as a whole. In other words it was
too big of a topic and thus meet with resistance
from state and local governments. Thus I tend to
support Dr. Kings assertion that the movement
failed it achieved little to change the serrations
practices in Albany.

39. Oral History for Matt Rehmn
Nelson Mandela was imprisoned by the
government in an attempt to reduce his influence
and the influence of the ANC in the same way that
state and federal governments attempted to
reduce the influence of the leaders of the civil
rights movement in the United States. There were
plots by the government to assassinate Mandela
and many people believe that the government was
involved in some of the political assassinations
that occurred in the United States during the civil
rights movement.

40. Did the African National Congress and eventually the Umkhonto
We Sizwe, help the South Africans end this apartheid movement
or only create a bigger problem between the
Natives, Afrikaans, Coloreds, and the Indians of the nation?
That’s very difficult to say and there is no
definitive answer. The African National
Congress clearly helped but there is debate
about Umkhonto we Sizwe. Mandela made it
clear that the support of MK policies of violence
came only after all efforts at peaceful protest and
efforts at change had failed. The violence used
by MK definitely created problems for them in
that they lost some support from other groups.
At the same time, others would say that a people
can only be expected to tolerate oppression for
so long and it is to be expected that they will
take-up arms against their oppressors
eventually.

41. Was the Albany Movement successful for
Albany, Georgia, or was it a fail like Dr.
Martin Luther King said? Why?
I think whether you feel the movement failed or not
depends on your perspective. From Dr. King’s
perspective in the moment and while the major
achievements of the civil rights movement were still
well-off in the future, it is easy to understand why a
person might look at the movement as a failure. If
looked-at from a current perspective, I think the
movement was one step that had to happen in order to
begin the erosion of racist and oppressive policies and
opinions. While the movement didn’t achieve all of its
goals, it played a significant role in drawing public
attention to the wrongs that were occurring and set
the wheels of change in motion.