The Square Kilometre Array: Overview and Engineering Update

The Square Kilometre Array:
Overview and Engineering Update
Juande Santander-Vela
ALMA SCO HQ, Dec 11 2014

Outline
• Who am I?
• SKA Science
• Site, Telescopes, Technologies
• SKA Organisation
• Engineering Progress
• SKA: the Exaflop HI Tomograph
• ALMA vs. SKA: Telescope Control
• What’s Next?

Who am I?

Who am I?
• Systems Engineer for the SDP/TM elements
(since March 2014)
• VIA-SKA Project Manager (Jan ’12-Feb ’14)
• Former VLT Archive Applied Scientist (Jun ’09-
Feb ’11), ALMA Science Archive Front-/Back-end
Developer at ESO Garching (Mar-Dec 2011)
• Ph.D. in Radio Astronomical data archives &
Virtual Observatory
• Software Analyst/Manager in Industry

Great observatories of the present…
• Introduction
• Science
• SKA as an Exaflop Camera
• What’s Next?

…and the future
• Introduction
• Science
• SKA as an Exaflop Camera
• What’s Next?

SKA Science

Why we do this? SKA Science Goals
XX Century: We discovered our place in the Universe
XXI Century: We understand the Universe we inhabit
Fundamental Forces & Particles
• Gravity
• Radio pulsar tests of
General Relativity
• Gravitational Waves
• Dark Energy
• Magnetism
• Origin and evolution of
Cosmic Magnetism
Origins
• Galaxies and the Universe
• Cosmic Dawn
• First Galaxies
• Galaxy Assembly &
Evolution
• Stars, Planets & Life
• Protoplanetary Disks
• Biomolecules
• SETI
Some of these can
only be achieved
with SKA2

SKA Science Goals
• Initial SKA Science Book (2004): 5 KSPs, 43
additional ones
• Updated SKA Science Book (2014): 13 Phase
1 Headline Projects, 130 Chapters
• Projects reduced, parameterised from ~43
projects, through science prioritisation
exercise with SKAO and SWGs

SKA Science Goals: WGs
• Astrobiology (“The Cradle of Life”)
• Project Scientist: Tyler Bourke
• WG Chair: Melvin Hoare
• Galaxy Evolution – Continuum
• Project Scientist: Jeff Wagg
• WG Chairs: Nick Seymour &
Isabella Prandoni
• Cosmic Magnetism
• Project Scientist: Jimi Green
• WG Chairs: Melanie Johnston-
Hollitt & Federica Govoni
• Cosmology
• WG Chair: Roy Maartens
• Epoch of Reionisation & Cosmic Dawn
• WG Chair: Leon Koopmans
• Galaxy Evolution – HI
• WG Chairs: Lister Staveley-Smith
& Tom Osterloo
• Pulsars (“Strong field tests of gravity”)
• WG Chairs: Ben Stappers &
Michael Kramer
• Transients
• Project Scientist: Tyler Bourke
• WG Chairs: Rob Fender & J.-P.
MacQuart

SKA Science Goals: Headline Projects
Year in the life of SKA1: Mock-up
3-years scheduling to constrain
operations, computation

Telescopes, Sites,
Technologies

SKA Telescopes
SKA1-Low

SKA Telescopes
SKA1-Mid

SKA Telescopes
SKA1-Survey

SKA1-Mid:
Karoo Site

SKA1-Low/-Survey:
Murchison Radio Observatory

SKA Organisation

• Australia (DoI)
• Canada (NRCZHIA)
• China (MOST)
• Germany (BMBF)
• India (NCRA)
• Italy (INAF)
• Netherlands (NWO)
• New Zealand (MED)
• South Africa (DST)
• Sweden (Chalmers)
• UK (STFC)
SKA Organisation
Other partners in negotiation, expected
Currently UK Company Limited by Guarantee → Treaty Organisation

SKA Governance: Pre-Construction
SKA Governance
******************
Members$
Board$of$Directors$
Director;General$
$
SKA$Office$
~50$staff$
$
11$Design$ConsorXa$
~500$ScienXsts$&$Engineers$
Strategy$&$$
Business$Dev$
Cmte$
Finance$
Cmte$
ExecuXve$Cmte$
Science$&$Eng$
Advisory$Cmte$
€23.4M$
(cash)$
~$€125M$
(in;kind)$

SKA International Design Consortia
Project Management and System Engineering Team based at JBO
(UK)
~500 scientists & engineers in institutes & industry in 11
Member countries

Engineering
Progress

erKAT receiver and digitiser
SKA1 Precursors: MeerKAT
64 x 13.5m offset Gregorian
antennas
8km maximum baseline length
First receivers:
0.9 – 1.67 GHz (L-band)
0.58 – 1 GHz (UHF)
770 MHz bandwidth
Early operations 2016/7
First light with L-band

SKA1 Precursors: MeerKAT
Lot’s more of infrastructure already in place: dish assembly

SKA1 Precursors: ASKAP
36 x 12m antennas
3-axis movement
30m – 6km baselines
Novel PAF receiver
700MHz – 1800MHz
Wide field of view
Fast survey speed

SKA1 Precursors: ASKAP
BETA
• 6 Mk I PAFs and digital systems
• Commissioning, learning about beamforming
Lesson: deploy early, test, ensure adequate gap
to production commitment
ASKAP
• First Mk II PAF installed
• Results expected in next few weeks
• Production of Mk II PAFs install through to Feb 2016

SKA1 Precursors: MWA
Murchison Widefield Array, Operational
17 refereed papers published, more coming

3 dish prototypes in testing

SKA: the Exaflop
HI Tomograph

Engineering Challenges
• Dishes, feeds, receivers (N=250 → 2500)
• Low and mid aperture arrays (n=250k → 1000k)
• Signal transport (~1 Pb/s → 10 Pb/s)
• Signal processing (exa-MACs)
• Software engineering & algorithm development
• High performance computing (exa-flop
capability)
• Data storage (exa-byte capacity)
• (Distributed) power requirements (10 → 50MW)

SKA High-Level Architecture
SKA-TEL-SKO-DD-001
Revision : 1
SKA Observatory Global
Headquarters
Australia
SKA1-survey
South Africa
SKA1-mid
Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the SKA Observatory, showing the geographical locations ALMA SCO of HQ, site Dec entities
11 2014
(telescopes), the entities at regional centres (Host Country Headquarters and Science Data Processing), and
Regional
Science &
Engineering
Centre(s)
Regional
Science &
Engineering
Centre(s)
Remote stations
on spiral arms
Science
Computing
Remote
Station
Remote
Station
Remote
Station
Host Country
Headquarters
Central Signal
Processing
SKA1-low
Core Arrays
Remote stations
on spiral arms
Science
Computing
Remote
Station
Remote
Station
Remote
Station
Host Country
Headquarters
Central Signal
Processing
Mid-Freq
Aperture Array
(SKA2)
Core Arrays

SKA Elements & Interfaces
Conceptual figure:
it should be split by
telescope
SaDT
Timing
INFRA
DSH
LFAA
TM
CSP SDP
Command control flow
Data flow

SKA Elements & Interfaces
Conceptual figure:
it should be split by
telescope
SaDT
Timing
DSH/LFAA CSP SDP TM
INFRA
Command control flow
Data flow

SKA is a Software-Defined Telescope
• Software Defined Networking
• Allows easy partitioning, sub-arraying,
quality of service, commensality…
• Software Defined Beamforming (-Low, -
Survey)
• Software Defined Computing
• Data-Flow Driven Science Data Processing
Lots of computing challenges

Telescope Manager
Science Data Processor Local M&C
Science Data Processor
Correlator /
Beamformer
Data Routing Ingest
Visibility
processing
Multiple
Reads
Time Series
Search
Data Routing Data$Buffer
Multiple
Reads
Image Plane
Processing
Time Series
Processing
Data
Prodcuts
Sky Models,
Calibration
Parameters ...
Meta Data
MMaassteterr C Coonntrtroolllelerr Local M&C
Database
Tiered Data
Delivery

courtesy
Performance Modelling
• Imaging and calibration determines
system sizing
• Data is Buffered after Ingest
• Detailed analysis building on Cornwell:
• Imaging
o AW-projection
o Plus w-snapshots
o Plus faceting (working memory size)
• Continuum imaging always required for
calibration
o Field of view to second zero of beam
• Maximal case includes “science discovery”
mode of forming high spectral-resolution image
cube over primary beam
• Commensal fast-imaging mode for slow
transients
Processing
maximal
(Pflop)
Ingest
(GB/s)
Use Case
examples
(GB/s)
LFAA! 100! 7300! 245!
Survey! 135! 4600! 995!
Mid! 360! 3300! 255!
Detailed analysis is much
more complicated

SKA1 Archive Size

ALMA vs. SKA:
Telescope Control

SKA Control Problem
• Need to find COTS-based solution
• Move away from expensive hard real-time
solutions
• Switched network inside products
• Orchestration instead of deterministic control
• Certain amount of product independence

SDP.PIP.*
Figure 1. ALMA Software Subsystems interaction diagram (source: ALMA Software documentation)
CSP
SDP
SDP.PIP.*
TM.OBSMGT
TM.TELMGT
SDP.INGEST

SKA Observation interaction: SKA1-Mid
TM.OBSMGT
TM.TELMGT
DSH.LMC CSP.LMC
SDP.LMC
Data
Commands
Monitoring/Status
SDP.INGEST SDP.PIP.* SDP.ARCH
DSH.RECEIVER CSP.CORR

(EPICS/TANGO/OPC UA)
Ethernet switching
Middleware TBD
DSH.LMC
SADT.DDBH
SADT.TM
CSP.LMC
SADT.SAT

TM.OBSMGT TM.TELMGT
TM.TELMOD
SDP.PIP.

What’s next?

The SKA1 timeline
KEY:/Blue/=/SKA1/science/&/engineering;/orange/=/policy;/green/=/SKA2;/milestones*in*italics*=/proposals/under/discussion
Design/consortia/start
High/level/design
Rebaselining/submissions/(RBS)
Preliminary/Design/Review/(elements)
Board/RBS/approval 3K5/Mar/15
Construction*Readiness*Review*
(1*dish*line9up)
Key/Doc/Set/&/Prospectus
Agreements/in/Key/Doc/Set/signed
Formal/negotiations
Ratification/of/Agreements Organisation/has/minimum/no./Members/with/Agreements/ratified
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Detailed/design
Prototype/systems/deployed
Critical/Design/Review
SKA1/construction/approved
Procurement
SKA1/construction
SKA1/early/science
SKA2/concept/development
SKA2/detailed/design
SKA2/procurement
SKA2/construction/starts
15K22/Sep/14
1/Nov/13
PreKconstruction/Stage/1
PreKconstruction/Stage/2
Production*Readiness*Review*(4*dish*array)
New/SKA/Organisation/in/place
Andrea/Casson,/SKAO/Project/Controller,/Sept/2014
System/PDR
Integration/testing/on/site
Advanced/Instrumentation/Prog.

The SKA1 timeline
!!
!!
!!
Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
Issue%Baseline%
Design
Science%
Assessment%
Workshops
Proposal%
Feedback
Level%1%
Requirements%
Feedback
Science%
Conference
Engineering%
Meeting
Level%0%
Requirements
Brief%
SEAC
Engineering%Change%Proposals
Designs%&%
Costs SKAO%Review
Technical%
Advice
(working%
groups)
SEAC
Board
Consortium%Design%Activities
2013 2015
2014
PDR
Science
Review%Panel
Science
Review%
Panel
!! !!
!! !!
!!
!!
!!(43)
!!

Questions?
Juande Santander-Vela
j.santander-vela@skatelescope.org

The Square Kilometre Array: Overview and Engineering Update

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The Square Kilometre Array: Overview and Engineering Update