Social science 2 Social Groups

Republic of the Philippines
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY
School of Management Sciences
Banga, Aklan

SOCIAL GROUPS AND SOCIAL
ORGANIZATIONS
Social Science 2 – Society and Culture with Family Planning
MARICHU T. CALIZO, Instructor

JUSTINE ROWEL N. OROZCO
ROSMARY D. ROLDAN
Associate in Office Information Management 2-1
Free Powerpoint Templates
First Semester A. Y. 2012-2013 Page 1

What is Social
Groups mean?

Page 2

• Social Groups is defined as two or more
people who have a high degree of common
identity and who interact on a regular basis.
(Macionis, John J. : Sociology Second Edition Prentice
Hall, Englewood Cliffs New Jersy 07632)
• Social group is two or more humans who
interact with one another, share similar
characteristics and collectively have a
sense of unity although the best way to
define social group is a matter of
conjecture. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_group)
• A social group is a collection of people who
interact with each other and share similar
characteristics and a sense of
unity.(www.cliffnotes.com/ study_guide/Social-
Groups.topicArticleId-26957,articleId-26868.html)
Page 3

SOCIAL GROUPS

As a social being, a person is
born into the company of others,
never in isolation. He has to
depend on others, and vice-
versa. An individual who lives
and interacts in an environment,
ex. the family, the school, the
church, the office, the factory, or
a basketball court, shares and
acquires his personal habits and
attitudes, values, and ambitious.
Page 4

The Family The School The Church

The Office The Factory Page 5

What are the
Types of
Social Groups?

Page 6

TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS

Sociologists recognize several
types of groups. These are:

1. Categorical Group
2. Aggregate Group
3. Collective Groups
4. Associational Group

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CATEGORICAL GROUP

Members of this group share
particular characteristics and a
common identity. The categorical
grouping is important to people for
they tend to share certain
characteristics and interest and
be aware of their similarity to
other members of their own social
category.

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AGGREGATE GROUP

An aggregate is any
collection of people who are
together in one place
without interacting with one
another. Participants in an
aggregate are generally not
concerned with the feelings
and attitudes of others.
Page 9

COLLECTIVE GROUPS

These are temporary groups
which are not generally
governed by established
norms of the culture and are
composed of people who
share some kind of belief
which motivates them to
prepare for action.
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ASSOCIATIONAL GROUP

This group is composed of
people who join together in
an organized manner to
pursue a common interest.
Generally, this group has a
formal group.

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From the group that have been
identified, these groups may be classified on
the basis of social boundaries between
members and non-members and adherence
to a special set of norms. There would be
some kind of agreement that membership in
a social group involves:

1. Some type of interaction.
2. A sense of belonging or membership
3. Shared interest or agreement on
values, norms.
4. A structure (Eshleman J. Ross et
al., 1988).
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THE PRIMARY AND THE
SECONDARY GROUPS
Perhaps the most fundamental difference in
the classification of social groups is that
made between primary and secondary
groups. The term primary group was coined
by Charles W. Cooley and is used to refer to
small, informal groups of people who
interact in a personal, direct and intimate
manner. Primary groups include the family
and play groups which Cooley believed
were the most important in shaping the
human personality.

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PRIMARY GROUP

Primary group are characterized by
intimate face-to-face association
and interaction and, there,
members develop a sense of “we-
ness.” “We,” the natural and mutual
expression among the members,
involves reciprocal identification
and shared feelings.

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SECONDARY GROUP

A secondary group is a
group whose members
interact in a business-like
manner; relationship is
impersonal; and emotional
ties are loose. Generally,
members come together for
specific objectives.
Page 15

Comparison of Primary
and Secondary Groups
Primary Group Secondary Group
• Generally small • Usually large
• Relatively long period • Relatively short duration
of interaction often temporary
• Intimate, face-to-face • Little social intimacy or
association mutual understanding
• Some emotional depth • Relationships generally
in relationships superficial
• Cooperative, friendly • More formal and
impersonal

Source: Free Powerpoint Templates
Schaefer Richard T.,: Sociology Ninth Edition McGraw-Hill International Edition 16
Page

Primary and secondary groups are
imperatives both to individuals and to
society. Erich Fromm (1965) and Lewis
Mumford (1962) contend that the strength
and vitality of primary groups are the basis
of the health of a society. In spite of the
fact that primary groups are important to
the health of both individuals and the
society, secondary groups are likewise
important for they tend to meet specific
goals. Both help society to function
effectively and allow people who do not
know one another intimately to perform
their job effectively.
Page 17

GEMEINSCHAFT AND
GESSELSCHAFT
Generally, Filipinos are sentimental and
sympathetic. These qualities greatly affect
their social relationship. That is why the
Filipino family is a closely knit one. Because
of modernization, the family ties, to a great
extent, are slowly loosening. For a
Filipino, loyalty is almost synonymous to
interdependence. To remain an accepted
member of the group, one may have to
compromise his principles, even if the group
hampers
creativity, resourcefulness, interdependence,
and ingenuity necessaryPowerpoint Templates
Free for development.
Page 18

Different groups exert tremendous
pressures on the activities of their
members. This usually happens among
young and idealistic students in the
universities who form themselves into
fraternities which oftentimes end up in
gang wars and rumbles.

Primary and Secondary groups are
somewhat similar to the concept of
Gemeinschaft and Gesselschaft
developed by Ferdinand Tonnie, a German
sociologist.

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GEMEINSCHAFT

Gemeinschaft is a social community in which
most relationships are suggestive of mutual
cooperation and helpfulness, and are either
personal or traditional, or both.

The activities and interests center around the
families and immediate neighbors. The high
degree of comformity with the norms, values,
customs, traditions, language and moral ideas
becomes the unifying thread of the group. The
concept of Gemeinschaft is commonly
understood in the Filipino Language as
“BAYANIHAN.”

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GESSELSCHAFT

Gesselschaft is a social community in which
most relationships are characterized by
impersonal and rationalized relationships. It
veers away from personal to impersonal, from
informal to formal, and from dependence to
independence.

It is based on realism rather than on
sentimentalism and gives impetus to
specialization. The trend towards a
Gesselschaft is apparently manifested in
changing and dynamic society exemplified by
the rapid growth and development of urban-
industrial communities. Free Powerpoint Templates
Page 21

IN-GROUP AND OUT-GROUP

The sense of belongingness
matters much to an
individual and this is one of
the key characteristics of a
group

Page 22

IN-GROUP

In-group is a social category
where people feel they belong
and share a common
orientation, come from common
roots and background and
adhere to a common ideology. It
is characterized by individuals
whose loyalty to one another
brings out the feeling of
togetherness. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 23

OUT-GROUP
Out-group, the opposite of the in-group, is a group in
which people feel they are strangers. It is made up of
individuals who do not share awareness of kind or of
the same class.

The out-group attitude leads to dislike for, avoidance
of, antagonism or even hatred toward people because
of one’s predisposition to perceive his own in-group
as superior to others.

Sociologically, it is important to know the difference
between in-groups and out-groups. There is a
tendency of the in-group to think that people in the
out-group are stereotyped a standardized conception
or image vested with special meaning and held in
common be members of a group.
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REFERENCE GROUPS
A reference group is a group with which
people identify psychologically and to
which they refer in evaluating
themeselves and their behavior. The
reference group becomes the individual’s
frame of reference in relation to his
motivations, experiences, attitudes and
social affinity.

Psychologically, we tend to identify with
persons and groups who are important to
us, and we look these reference groups
for direction on how Free think and behave.
to Powerpoint Templates Page 25

INFORMAL AND FORMAL
GROUPS

Sociologists view the study of social
organization as the key to
understand society, groups, and
personal behavior that will explain
and give useful information. Groups
are classified according to their
form, nature and objectives and
how members relate to one another.
These are the informal groups and
formal groups. Free Powerpoint Templates
Page 26

INFORMAL GROUPS
Informal Group comes into being out of the
interactions of two or more persons on an
issue affecting welfare. At the outset, it
arises from the spur of the moment and
eventually draws persons to be involved
because they manifest the same emotions
and sentiments.

The members share a feeling of confidence
a sense of belongingness. Basically, the
members voluntarily join themeselves
together to insure cooperation of a common
action and to promote and safeguard their
interests and welfare.Free Powerpoint Templates Page 27

FORMAL GROUPS
A formal organization is a form of social
organization and is deliberately planned,
constructed and organized to achieve a certain
specific goal and objectives. It is a special-
purpose group designed and structured in the
interests of maximum efficiency ( Schaeffer,
Richard T. And Robert P. Lamm, 1992).

In society, formal organizations fulfill an
enormous variety of personal and societal
needs that shape the lives of every individual.
Every formal organization, whether civil,
military, political, economic or ecclesiastical,
has a philosophy defining its vision and mission.
Page 28

References:
Macionis, John J.,: Sociology Second Edition
Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersy
07632
Schaefer Richard T.,: Sociology Ninth Edition
McGraw-Hill International Edition
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_group
www.cliffnotes.com/ study_guide/Social-
Groups.topicArticleId-26957,articleId-26868.html
Zulueta, Francisco M.,: General Sociology
Revised Edition Academic Publishing
Corporation

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