Lecture on Requirements for Sustainability at the ICT4S summer school at the Lorentz Center in Leiden, Netherlands (lorentzcenter.nl) This summer school belongs to the International Conference Series on Information and Communication Technology for Sustainability: http://www.ict4s.org/

1. Requirements for Sustainability:
Imagining the sustainable society
Birgit Penzenstadler
ICT4S Summer school 2017
CC ADribuEon-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
unless specified otherwise on the slides.
Photo credit: Joshua Fuller, Unsplash

2. Outline
• Requirements engineering for sustainability
arEfact model
• EvaluaEon studies
• Imagining the sustainable society
Photo credit: Jonathan Pie, Unsplash

3. Requirements Engineering for
Sustainability (RE4S) – ArEfact model
RE4S helps elicit and document requirements with a focus on analyzing
the different dimensions of sustainability in the wider system context.

4. What is a Stakeholder?
4
Defini&on
A stakeholder is a person or organizaEon who
influences a system's requirements or who is
impacted by that system.
Addi&on
Interest in the system does not necessarily mean
interest in project success (Example: legislaEon,
staff associaEon)

5. Stakeholder Reference Model
[GREENS’13] Who’s the advocate?

6. Stakeholder Model Example

7. What is a goal?
Defini&on
DiscreEonary abstract characterisEc, which
1. the system shall fulfill w.r.t. it‘s operaEonal environment
or
2. the development process of the system shall fulfill.
Cri&cal points
• No hint w.r.t. the soluEon and oeen not quanEfied.
à Unmistakeable clarity, when a goal is reached
à Basic achievability of a goal
7

8. Sustainability Reference Model
• 5 dimensions of sustainability
• Decompose into values and supporEng acEviEes
8
<Dimension>
Economic
Sustainability
<Dimension>
Technical
Sustainability
<Dimension>
Environmental
Sustainability
<Dimension>
Individual
Sustainability
<Dimension>
Social
Sustainability
<Value>
long-term
profit
<Activity>
long-term
strategy
<Value>
healthy
environment
<Value>
human
health
<Value>
human
capital
<Value>
community
<Value>
trust
<Regulation>
human rights
<Regulation>
millenium
goals
<Value>
long-term
use
<Value>
education
<Activity>
education
programs
<Activity>
optimize
resource
consumption
<Activity>
reduce
<Activity>
reuse
<Activity>
recycle
<Activity>
mentoring
<Activity>
knowledge
management
<Activity>
use sustainable
resources
......... ......
<Goal>
Sustainability
<Indicator>
continuous
ROI
<Activity>
Restoration
<Value>
maintain
ability <Value>
conservation
of biodiversity
<Regulation>
wildlife
conservation
<Regulation>
guarantees
… … … … …
[GIBSE’13] A Generic Model for Sustainability with Process- and Product-specific Instances. Birgit Penzenstadler, Henning Femmer
1st Intl. Workshop on Green In Soeware Engineering, Green By Soeware Engineering (at AOSD'13)

9. Sustainability Reference Model (Excerpt)
9
exemplary and incomplete
<Dimension>
Economic
Sustainability
<Dimension>
Technical
Sustainability
<Dimension>
Environmental
Sustainability
<Dimension>
Individual
Sustainability
<Dimension>
Social
Sustainability
<Value>
long-term
profit
<Activity>
long-term
strategy
<Value>
healthy
environment
<Value>
human
health
<Value>
human
capital
<Value>
community
<Value>
trust
<Regulation>
human rights
<Regulation>
millenium
goals
<Value>
long-term
use
<Value>
education
<Activity>
education
programs
<Activity>
optimize
resource
consumption
<Activity>
reduce
<Activity>
reuse
<Activity>
recycle
<Activity>
mentoring
<Activity>
knowledge
management
<Activity>
use sustainable
resources
......... ......
<Goal>
Sustainability
<Indicator>
continuous
ROI
<Activity>
Restoration
<Value>
maintain
ability <Value>
conservation
of biodiversity
Contributes
Influences
Legend
Supports
Goal
Dimension
Value
Regulation
Activity
<Regulation>
wildlife
conservation
<Regulation>
guarantees
5 dimensions of sustainability
Decompose into values and supporEng acEviEes

10. Example Example

11. DefiniEon: System vision
• Def.: The system vision is a joint vision of the
system agreed upon by all acEve
stakeholders
• CharacterisEcs
– Big picture
– Abstract
• Purpose
– Agreement on what this project is about
– Easy communicaEon with stakeholders
Dr. Birgit Penzenstadler 11

12. Example: Car Sharing System
Dr. Birgit Penzenstadler 12
Management(
CRM(
Data(
Base(
Administra2on(
Car(Sharing(Community(
Rental(
Available(
Return(
Car(pool(
Search(
I(want(to(
minimize(my(
environmental(
impact.(
Sustainability?(
Repor2ng(
Billing(/(
Sta2s2cs(
Profit?(
Call(center(
I(want(to(
drive(from(
A(to(B.(
Complaint(
Service(team/(
Fleet(management(
Fill(up(gas,((
clean,((
repair(
Share(
Rent(
Save(costs(
&(energy(
Register((Adver2se(
We(want(to(contribute(
to(sustainable(mobility.(
Answer(
customer(
enquiries.(
High(
availability(
Easy(
maintenance(
Method: [Monk & Howard, „Rich Pictures“, 1998]

13. Usage Model
• Def.: A usage model describes the
system behavior form the point of
view of the user („Black box“) by
modeling interacEon sequences.
• It specifies the use cases
(from the system vision)
• Why? Understanding of
intended uses the system.
• NotaEons:
– Use case overview diagram
– Structured text (templates)
– UML acEvity diagrams
– Message Sequence Charts
Dr. Birgit Penzenstadler 13
[ScoD W. Ambler 2007]

14. Sustainability Analysis
• “What does X mean for my/our system?”
• Sustainability dimensions
– Environmental, individual, social, economic,
technical
• Orders of impact
– Immediate
– Enabling
– Structural
14

15. Sustainability analysis instance

16. EvaluaEon
• Studies
– Car sharing system
– MedicaEon adherence system
– CollaboraEve modeling tool
– 5 systems at special course at LUT in Finland: Työ,
MaDressBnB, ShareVoyage, Foodie, EcoEstate
• Method
– Survey on usability, syntacEc and semanEc quality and
suitability
– QualitaEve analysis of elaborated arEfacts
• Future: industrial evaluaEon with pracEEoners

17. Imagining the sustainable society
Design fic&on
• What kind of stories would design tell and in
what style or genre? Might it be a kind of half-
way between fact and ficEon?
• How can science ficEon be a purposeful,
deliberate, direct parEcipant in the pracEces
of science fact?
Bleecker, Julian. Design ficEon. A short essay on design, science, fact, and ficEon. Near future laboratory, 2009.
hDps://pdfs.semanEcscholar.org/a2a2/0834d8debb32acf50b5f2c24fc6b020f013b.pdf

18. Imagining the sustainable society
• Design thinking
1. Design thinking
2. Requirements engineering