it explains the basic concept of fire control system, very early smoke detection system, passive fire measures and aspirator smoke detectors

2.  Fire Suppression Systems (FSS)
are commonly used on heavy
power equipment.
 Suppression systems use a
combination of dry chemicals or
wet agents to suppress equipment
fire.
 Suppression systems have
become a necessity to several
industries as they help control
damage and loss to equipment.
 Common means of detection are
through heat sensors, wiring, or
manual detection (depending on
system selection).

3. Different Types of Fires & Fire
Extinguishing Methods:
There are several kinds of fire which may erupt any
where. They are classified as
A class, B class, C class, D class, E class and K class
respectively depending upon the material causing fire.
• A class fire is due to sold i.e. paper, cloth and wood.
• B class is due to liquids i.e. petrol, oils etc.
• C class is due to gases i.e. acetylene and natural
gases.
• D class is due to metal
• E class is due to electrical wiring, switches,
transformers etc.
• K class is due to vegetable oil or animal oil and fats.

4.  Fire Protection Association of Pakistan (FPAP)
is a voluntary and non profit organization for
promoting fire protection awareness and
advancement.
 Informative publications, member meetings,
community awareness programs, organizational
training sessions, country’s best fire protection
library having latest publication from all over the
world, technical assistance projects and
memberships of CFPA (Int’l) and CFPA (Asia)
are some of the achievements.
 FPAP is also the Distributor of NFPA (USA) and
FPA (U.K) in Pakistan.
 It is a good resource for Fire Professionals and
Engineers in industry, commerce and public
sector, to achieve and maintain highest
standards of Fire Safety Management

5.  Informative Publications
 Member’s Meeting
 Community Awareness Programs
 Organizational Training Sessions
 Fire Risk Assessment
 Fire Load Assessment
 Technical Assistance Projects
 Consultancy
 Experience Sharing
 Country’s Best Fire Protection Library
 FPAP Publications & Products
 NFPA USA Publications & Products
 Latest Publication of all over the World
 FPA UK Publications & Products

6.  The Fire Protection Association (FPA) is the UK's national fire
safety organization
 Work to identify and draw attention to the dangers of fire and
the means by which their potential for loss is kept to a
minimum.
 It was formed in 1946 and attained an unrivalled reputation for
quality of work and expertise in all aspects of fire including
research, consultancy, training, membership, publications, risk
surveying and auditing.
 Products and services are designed to assist fire, security and
safety professionals achieve and maintain the very highest
standards of fire safety management.

7. Training credentials speak for themselves:
 An Institution of Fire Engineers (IFE) Approved Training Centre
 Significant experience of delivering fire safety training, from major blue
chip companies to the public sector and SMEs
 Constituent member of the Confederation of European Fire Protection
Associations (CFPA Europe)
 A NEBOSH Accredited Centre
 An Edexcel Accredited Centre
 Achieved the Investors in People Award
Five stakeholders who currently sit on the FPA board are:
 The Association of British Insurers (ABI)
 Lloyd's
 The Chief Fire Officers Association (CFOA)
 The Institution of Fire Engineers (IFE)
 The Fire Industry Association (FIA)

8. The agreed aims and objectives of the FPA are:
 To protect people, property and the environment by
advancing fire prevention and protection techniques
 To collaborate with central Government, the Fire Service
and other agencies in this work
 To focus national and European attention on these issues
 To influence consumers and business related decision
making
 To collect, analyze and publish statistics, identify trends
and provide research
 To disseminate advice and information

9.  FPA operates via two Divisions, each led by a Director.
 Education and Training Division encompasses the
publications and training teams
 Technical Division undertakes research, audits, fire risk
assessments and consultancy in support of all aspects of
fire prevention and protection.
 The FPA supplies the UK’s most comprehensive range
of publications in the fields of fire safety, fire prevention
and related topics.
 FPA publications provide invaluable information and
guidance to meet all your fire safety needs, from staff
training and educational resources through to detailed
technical reference materials.

10.  The FPA has been providing training courses for over
35 years and delivers one of the most comprehensive
ranges of fire safety training courses in the United
Kingdom.
 The Training Department currently offers approximately
55 different courses covering fire safety management,
fire safety engineering, health and safety and N/SVQs in
fire safety.
 Technical services team routinely undertake studies on
behalf of commerce and industry, insurers, military, local
government and the public sector, to name but a few.
 Recognized experts offer a truly comprehensive service,
which are tailored to meet the client’s precise
requirements, as well as ensuring conformity with
current legislation and codes of practice.

11.  FPA supplies the UK's most comprehensive range of
publications and training aids in the fields of fire safety,
loss prevention and related topics.
 Whether a company looking to deliver professional and
comprehensive staff training in-house; a trainer looking
for up-to-date training aids and educational resources,
or a practitioner looking for detailed technical reference
materials, FPA can provide invaluable information and
guidance to meet all your fire safety needs.
 The FPA's range of training DVDs includes programs on
general fire safety induction, risk assessment and health
and safety.
 Tailored advice is also available for a number of specific
industry sectors, including schools, residential care
homes and healthcare premises.

12.  The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) is a United
States trade association, though with some international
members, that creates and maintains private, copyrighted,
standards and codes for usage and adoption by local
governments.
 This includes publications from model building codes to the
many on equipment utilized by firefighters while engaging in
hazardous material (hazmat) response, rescue response, and
some firefighting.
 The mission of the international nonprofit NFPA, established in
1896, is to reduce the worldwide burden of fire and other
hazards on the quality of life by providing and advocating
consensus codes and standards, research, training, and
education.
 NFPA membership totals more than 70,000 individuals around
the world.

13.  NFPA is responsible for 300 codes and standards that are designed to
minimize the risk and effects of fire by establishing criteria for building,
processing, design, service, and installation in the United States, as
well as many other countries.
 Its more than 200 technical code and standard development
committees have over 6,000 volunteer seats. Volunteers vote on
proposals and revisions in a process that is accredited by the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
Some of the most widely used codes are:
 NFPA 1 : Provides requirements to establish a reasonable level of fire
safety and property protection in new and existing buildings.
 NFPA 54 : National Fuel Gas Code, safety benchmark for fuel gas
installations.
 NFPA 70 : National Electric Code, The world's most widely used and
accepted code for electrical installations.
 .

14.  NFPA 85 : Boiler and Combustion Systems Hazards Code
 NFPA 10 : Life Safety Code, establishes minimum requirements for
new and existing buildings to protect building occupants from fire,
smoke, and toxic fumes.
 NFPA 704 : Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of
Materials for Emergency Response, defines the everyday "fire
diamond" used by emergency personnel to quickly and easily identify
the risks posed by hazardous materials
 NFPA 70 : National Electrical Code
 NFPA 70B : Recommended Practice for Electrical Equipment
Maintenance
 NFPA 70E : Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace
 NFPA 72 : National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code
 NFPA 101 : Life Safety Code
 NFPA 704 : Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of
Materials for Emergency Response (four-color hazard diamond)

15.  NFPA 1123 : Code for Fireworks Display
 NFPA 1670 : Standard on Operations and Training for Technical
Search and Rescue Incidents
 NFPA 1901 : Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus
 NFPA 1123 : Code for Fireworks Display
 NFPA 1670 : Standard on Operations and Training for Technical
Search and Rescue Incidents
 NFPA 1901 : Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus
 NFPA 921 : Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations
 NFPA 1001 : Standard for Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications

16.  Fire needs fuel, oxygen and heat in order to burn.
 In simple terms, fire extinguishers remove one of these
elements.
 Fire extinguishers are filled with water or a smothering
material, such as CO2.
 By pulling out the safety pin and depressing the lever at
the top of the cylinder (the body of the extinguisher), this
material is released by high amounts of pressure.
 Our commitment is to focus on developing new and
innovative products which are on leading edge of quality
and technology.

17.  Potable Fire Extinguisher:
 Water type
 Foam type
 CO2 type
 Dry Powder type
 Fire Brigade Equipment:
 Fire Pump
 Fire Brigade Vehicles
 Fire Hose’s
 Fire Hydrant Equipment
 Gas Masks
 Breathing Apparatus
 Branch Pipe & Nozzles

18.  Fixed Installation:
 Sprinkler System
 Foam Injection System
 Fire Hydrant System
 CO2 System
 P.P.E (Personal Protective Equipment)
 Safety Goggles
 Safety Helmet/Shoes
 Rubber Gloves
 Respiratory Equipment
 Chemical Suits
 Fire Suits


19.  Fire Alarm System
 Control Panel
 Heat & Beam Detectors
 Smoke Detectors
 MCP (Manual Call Point)
 Fire Bell/Sounder
 Manual Fire Alarming System
 Security Equipment
 Metal Detector
 Walk Through Gate
 C.C.T.V System
 Reflective Jackets

20. Before deciding to fight a fire, be certain that:
 The fire is small and not spreading. A fire can double in size within
two or three minutes. You have the proper fire extinguisher for what
is burning.
 The fire won't block your exit if you can't control it. A good way to
ensure this is to keep the exit at your back.
 You know your fire extinguisher works. Inspect extinguishers once a
month for dents, leaks or other signs of damage. Assure the
pressure is at the recommended level. On extinguishers equipped
with a gauge, the needle should be in the green zone - not too high
and not too low.
 You know how to use your fire extinguisher. There's not enough time
to read instructions when a fire occurs.

21. How to Fight a Fire Safely:
 Always stand with an exit at your back.
 Stand several feet away from the fire, moving closer once the fire starts to
diminish.
 Use a sweeping motion and aim at the base of the fire.
 If possible, use a "buddy system" to have someone back you up or call for help
if something goes wrong.
 Be sure to watch the area for awhile to ensure it doesn't re-ignite.
Never Fight a fire if:
 The fire is spreading rapidly. Only use a fire extinguisher when the fire is in its
early stages. If the fire is already spreading quickly, evacuate and call the FIRE
BRIGADE 16.
 You don't know what is burning. Unless you know what is burning, you won't
know what type of fire extinguisher to use. Even if you have an ABC
extinguisher, there could be something that will explode or produce highly toxic
smoke
 There is too much smoke or you are at risk of inhaling smoke. Seven out of ten
fire-related deaths occur from breathing poisonous gases produced by the fire.

22. Inspect fire extinguishers
 at least once a month. Fire extinguisher maintenance is important
for everyone’s safety.
You must ensure that:
 The extinguisher is not blocked by equipment, coats or other objects
that could interfere with access in an emergency.
 The pressure is at the recommended level. On extinguishers
equipped with a gauge, the needle should be in the green zone - not
too high and not too low.
 The nozzle or other parts are not hindered in any way. The pin and
tamper seal (if it has one) are intact.
 There are no dents, leaks, rust, chemical deposits and/or other
signs of abuse/wear. Wipe off any corrosive chemicals, oil, gunk etc.
that may have deposited on the extinguisher.

23.  Some manufacturers recommend shaking your dry chemical
extinguishers once a month to prevent the powder from
settling/packing.
 If the extinguisher is damaged or needs recharging, replace it
immediately.
 A typical fire extinguisher contains 10 seconds of extinguishing
power. This could be less if it has already been partially discharged.
Always read the instructions that come with the fire extinguisher
beforehand and become familiarized with its parts. It is highly
recommended by fire prevention experts that you get hands-on
training before operating a fire extinguisher. Once the fire is out,
don't walk away! Watch the area for a few minutes in case it re-
ignites.
 IMPORTANT: Recharge all extinguishers immediately after use
regardless of how much they were used

24.  Small business fire safety
Small businesses need to have plans to prevent fires & to help their
business recover should an unforeseen emergency occurs.
 Is your small business fire safe?
The Fire Brigades recommends this simple safety check-list to assist
your small business prevent damage that could be caused by fire.
• Teach your staff about workplace fire prevention and safety.
• Avoid storing or stockpiling flammable materials such as packaging
materials or waste where they could be accessed by the public,
including areas immediately outside your business premises

25. • Make sure all machinery is serviced as recommended by
manufacturers and is kept clean. If possible, switch machinery off
when the business is unattended
• Secure all doors, windows or other access points when the business
is unattended
• Ensure your business has an adequately serviced and functional fire
alarm system that is suitable to your small business e.g. sprinkler
systems, heat or smoke alarms etc.
• If your business stores dangerous goods, ensure their storage and
use adheres to legislative requirements

26.  Make sure your business has a written and practiced fire escape
plan that includes full staff lists and designated meeting points
 The Fire Brigades recommends this simple safety check-list to
assist your small business to reduce damage caused from fire and
to assist in a speedy business recovery
 Ensure that all of your staff has sufficient training in what they
should do if your small business is exposed to an unexpected fire.
Depending on your business, this will at least mean knowing where
to escape to and dialing 16.
 Make sure you know what information is important for your business
continuity. This should include having contingency plans to protect
and/or restore all important information like supplier and client lists,
business contracts and insurance details
 Consider having an off site secure location to store important
information in your contingency plan.

27. Small business fire safety tips
 Remember that smoke from a fire will make you confused and that
you cannot see in smoke
 Always ensure your business has sufficient fire insurance
 If you see fire or smoke, do not panic or shout.
Remember R A C E
 RESCUE : Rescue any people in immediate danger (only if it safe to do so).
 ALARM : Raise the alarm, ring the Fire Brigades on 16, notify your
switchboard, notify the staff member in charge
 CONTAIN : If practicable, close all doors and windows to contain the fire
(only if it safe to do so)
 EXTINGUISH : Try to extinguish the fire using appropriate fire fighting
equipment only if you are trained & its Safe to do so

28.  After carrying out RACE:
Follow the instructions of your Fire Wardens
 Prepare to evacuate if necessary
 Leave the lights on
 Save records if possible
Evacuation :
 Evacuation is the rapid removal of people in a safe and orderly
manner from immediate or threatened danger in a workplace.
 Alert the Fire officer and other staff.
 Ensure the emergency services have been notified
 (Ring 16 and ask for Fire, Police 15 or Ambulance 115).
 Assembly : Tell staff which assembly areas is to be used.

29.  Evacuate : staff and visitors in the following order:
1. Out of immediate danger (e.g. out of room)
2. Out of compartment (e.g. through the fire doors or smoke doors) or
to a lower level of the building
3. Total evacuation of the building.
 Check : Check all rooms, especially change rooms, toilets, behind
doors, storage areas etc.
 Records : Save as many records as possible if it is safe to do so.
 Head count : Do a head count of all staff, contractors and visitors.
 Report : To the Fire Officer and notify emergency services of any
people unaccounted.

30. Install & Maintain Smoke Detectors
 Smoke detectors warn you of fire in time to let you escape. Install them on each
level of your factory and outside of each sleeping area. Follow the
manufacturer's directions, and test once a week. Replace batteries twice a year,
or when the detector chirps to signal that the battery is dead. Don't ever take the
battery out for other uses!
Space Heaters Need space
 Keep portable space heaters at least 3 feet (1 meter) from paper, curtains,
furniture, clothing, bedding, or anything else that can burn. Never leave heaters
on when you leave home or go to bed, and keep children and pets well away
from them.
A Match is a Tool for Adults
 In the hands of a child, matches or lighters are extremely dangerous. Store
them up high where kids can't reach them, preferably in a locked cabinet. And
teach your children from the start that matches and lighters and lighters are
tools for adults, not toys for kids. If children find matches, they should tell an
adult immediately.

31. Cool a Burn
 If someone gets burned, immediately place the wound in cool water for 10
to 15 minutes to ease the pain. Do not use butter on a burn, as this could
prolong the heat and further damage the skin. If burn blisters or chars, see
a doctor immediately.
Crawl Low Under Smoke
 If you encounter smoke using your primary exit, use your alternate route
instead. If you must exit through smoke, clean air will be several inches off
the floor. Get down on your hands and knees, and crawl to the nearest safe
exit.
Plan and Practice Your escape
 If fire breaks out in your home, you must get out fast. With your family, plan
two ways out of every room. Fire escape routes must not include elevators,
which might take you right to the fire! Choose a meeting place outside
where everyone should gather. Once you are out, stay out! Have the whole
family practice the escape plan at least twice a year.

32. Be Careful Cooking
 Keep cooking areas clear of combustibles & don't leave cooking
unattended. Keep your pot's handles turned inward so children won't knock
or pull them over the edge of the stove. If grease catches fire, carefully slide
a lid over the pan to smother the flames, then turn off the burner.
Use Electricity Safely
 If an appliance smokes or begins to smell unusual, unplug it immediately
and have it repaired. Check all your electrical cords, and replace any that
are cracked or frayed. If you use extension cords, replace any that are
cracked or frayed; and don't overload them or run them under rugs.
Remember that fuses and circuit breakers protect you from fire: don't
tamper with the fuse box or use fuses of an improper size.

33. STOP, DROP, AND ROLL
 Everyone should know this rule: if your clothes catch fire, don't run! Stop
where you are, drop to the ground, and roll over and over to smother the
flames. Cover your face with your hands to protect your face and lungs
Practice Candle Safety
 The popularity of candles as home decorations in recent years, has resulted
in an increase of candle related fires. Some safe tips include: Never leave a
lit candle unattended in any room of the house; Never leave candles
burning when you go to bed; and never use candles near combustible
materials such as curtains, drapes, bedding and cabinets.

35.  Passive Fire Protection (PFP) is an integral component of the three components
of structural fire protection and fire safety in a building.
 PFP includes compartmentalization of the overall building through the use
of fire-resistance rated walls and floors. Organization into smaller fire
compartments, consisting of one or more rooms or floors, prevents or slows the
spread of fire from the room of fire origin to other building spaces, limiting
building damage and providing more time to the building occupants
for emergency evacuation or to reach an area of refuge.
 Fire prevention includes minimizing ignition sources, as well as educating the
occupants and operators of the facility, ship or structure concerning operation
and maintenance of fire-related systems for correct function, and emergency
procedures including notification for fire service response and emergency
evacuation.

36.  The aim for PFP systems is typically demonstrated in fire testing the ability to
maintain the item or the side to be protected at or below either 140 °C (for walls,
floors and electrical circuits required to have a fire-resistance rating) or ca. 550
°C, which is considered the critical temperature for structural steel, above which
it is in danger of losing its strength, leading to collapse.
 PFP measures are intended to contain a fire in the fire compartment of origin,
thus limiting the spread of fire and smoke for a limited period of time.
 PPF measures such as fire stops, fire walls and fire doors are tested to
determine the fire resistance rating of the final assembly usually expressed in
terms of hours of fire resistance (e.g., ⅓, ¾, 1, 1½, 2, 3, 4 hour)etc.
 PFP attempts to contain fires or slow the spread, through use of fire resistant
walls, floors, and doors (amongst other examples).

37.  As the name suggests Passive Fire Protection (PFP) remains inactive in the
coating system until a fire occurs.
 There are mainly two types of PFP: Intumescent fire protection and
vermiculite fire protection.
Ser. Intumescent fire protection Vermiculite fire protection
1 It is a layer of paint which is applied along with the
coating system on the structural steel members.
The thickness of this intumescent coating is
dependent on the steel section used.
Structural steel members are covered with
vermiculite materials, mostly a very thick layer. This
is a cheaper option as compared to an intumescent
one, but is very crude and aesthetically unpleasant.
2 Intumescent coatings are applied as an
intermediate coat in a coating system (primer,
intermediate, and top/finish coat). Because of the
relatively low thickness of this intumescent coating
(usually in the 350- to 700-micrometer range), nice
finish and anti-corrosive nature. Intumescent
coatings are preferred on the basis of aesthetics
If the environment is corrosive in nature, then the
vermiculite option is not advisable, as there is the
possibility of water seeping into it (because of the
porous nature of vermiculite), and there it is difficult
to monitor for corrosion.

38.  It should be noted that in the possibility of a fire, the steel structure will
eventually collapse once the steel attains the critical core temperature
(around 550 degrees Celsius or 850 degrees Fahrenheit).
 PFP system will only delay this by creating a layer of char between the steel
and fire. Depending upon the requirement, PFP systems can provide fire
ratings in excess of 120 minutes. PFP systems are highly recommended in
infrastructure projects as they can save lives and property.
 Such protection is either provided by the materials from which the building
is constructed, or is added to the construction materials to enhance their fire
resistance. It is vital that these protection measures are correctly designed,
specified and installed if the building is to behave as expected should fire
break out.

39.  PFP is vital to the stability and integrity of a building or structure in case of
fire. These are designed to restrict the growth and spread of fire allowing
the occupants to escape or the fire fighters to do their job.
 By their nature they are ‘passive’ until there is a fire and only then will their
fire performance be demonstrated. The occupants of a building will attend
to their daily business, visitors will shop, be entertained, or enjoy recreation
without any knowledge of the PFP measures that will protect them in fire.
However, it is essential that these measure will work if an emergency
occurs.

40. PFP includes:
 Cavity barriers
 Ceiling systems
 Compartment walls
 Fire doors and furniture (e.g. self-closing devices, latches etc.)
 Fire fighting shafts and stairwells
 Fire-resisting air transfer grilles (mechanical or intumescent)
 Fire-resisting dampers (mechanical or intumescent) used in horizontal or
vertical air distribution ducts
 Fire-resisting ductwork
 Fire-resisting glazing
 Fire-resisting service ducts and shafts

41.  Fire-resisting walls and partitions
 Hinged or pivoted fire door sets (timber or steel)
 Industrial fire shutters (rolling or folding)
 Linear gap seals
 Penetration seals for pipes, cables and other services
 Structural frame fire protection
 Suspended ceilings
 Membrane ceilings (horizontal partitions)
 The building envelope, e.g. fire-resisting external walls, curtain walls etc.
Other elements of the building may also have a role in PFP.

42.  Air transfer grille: A device which allows the passage of ventilation air in
normal conditions through a fire door, wall or partition but closes automatically
to prevent the passage of fire in a fire condition for stipulated time period.
 Automatic fire and smoke damper: A device which allows the passage of
ventilation air in normal conditions through a duct, fire wall or partition but closes
automatically to prevent the passage of smoke and fire in a fire condition for a
stipulated period of time. Response to smoke is typically achieved by linking to
the automatic fire detection system.
 Building hardware: Fittings designed for incorporation in a fire-resisting door
set and which contribute to ensure that the fire-resisting door (when closed)
resists the passage of fire and/or gaseous products of combustion. Such fittings
include hinges, pivots, door closing devices, latches, locks, and door furniture
(lever handles, knobs).

43.  Cavity barrier: A construction provided to close a concealed space against
the penetration of smoke and flame or to restrict the movement of smoke or
flame within such a space for a stipulated time period.
 Combustibility: This assesses whether a material will burn and add to a
fire when subjected to an existing fire. Spread of flame this assesses
whether the fire will spread over the surface of the material (especially wall
linings).
 Compartment(fire): A building or part of a building, comprising one or more
rooms, spaces or floors constructed to prevent the spread of fire to or from
another part of the same building, or an adjoining building. The basis is to
provide adequate means of escape, and to provide fire separation for
adjoining buildings.

44.  Fire door(assembly): A door or shutter provided for the passage of
persons, air or objects which together with its frame and furniture as
installed in a building is intended when closed, to resist the passage of fire
and/or gaseous products of combustion and is capable of meeting
specified performance criteria to those ends.
 Fire-resisting door set: A complete installed door assembly comprising
door frame, door leaves, building hardware, seals and any glazing that,
when closed, is intended to resist the passage of fire and smoke in
accordance with specified performance criteria.
 Fire-resisting glazed screen: Glazed structure or window incorporating
fire-resisting glass and designed to resist the spread of fire and the
gaseous products of combustion for a stipulated period of time.

45.  Fire-resisting glass: A glass that demonstrates its ability to meet the
defined heating and pressure conditions specified in Fire resistance Test (or
any other National or International fire resistance test method). Typically,
the glass will be clear, textured, toughened, laminated or wired and may
incorporate special features such as coatings or laminations that enable the
glass to achieve a particular fire performance in terms of integrity and
insulation.
 Fire-resisting ductwork: Ventilation or extraction ductwork designed to
contain fire and the products of combustion in a manner that does not allow
passage to other parts of the building from the compartment of origin for a
stipulated time period.

46.  Fire-resisting partition: An internal non load bearing vertical dividing
structure designed to resist the spread of fire, heat, and the products of
combustion for a stipulated period of time. Such a partition can include a
glazed section or a fire door.
 Fire-resisting suspended ceiling: A suspended ceiling designed to
contribute to the overall fire resistance of a floor assembly or to prevent the
collapse of steel beams supporting a floor or roof, for a stipulated period of
time. It may also provide fire resistance as a membrane in the same way as
a partition.

47.  Fire-stopping: Sealing products that take up imperfections of fit or design
tolerance between the fire resisting fixed elements of a building to restrict
the passage of fire and smoke. They continue to take up the imperfections
of fit at all times and have the same fire rating as the fixed elements of
which they form a part. In reaction to a fire condition they swell, spread or
deform to achieve their performance.
 Fire-resisting luminaire: Lighting structure or fitting for suspended ceilings
designed to resist the spread of fire and the products of combustion for a
stipulated period of time. It is required to be tested for integrity when fitted
to an individual manufacturer’s suspended ceiling.
 .

52.  Aspirated smoke detection (ASD) is a method of smoke detection where the air
from the protected area is actively drawn through a network of air sampling
pipes, passed through a central detection unit and sampled for the presence of
smoke.
 The sampling chamber is based on a nephelometer that detects the presence of
smoke particles suspended in air by detecting the light scattered by them in the
chamber.
 In most cases aspirating smoke detectors require a fan unit to draw in a sample
of air from the protected area through its network of pipes, such as is the case
for Wagner, Safe Fire Detection's ProSeries and Xtralis ASD systems.
 Aspirating smoke detectors can detect smoke before it is visible to the human
eye.

53.  ASD design corrects shortcomings of conventional smoke detectors by
using sampling pipe with multiple holes.
 The air samples are captured and filtered removing any contaminants or
dust to avoid false alarms and then processed by a centralized highly
sensitive laser detection unit.
 If smoke is detected, the systems alarm is triggered, and signals then are
processed through centralized monitoring stations within a few seconds.
 Unlike passive smoke detection systems including spot detectors, ASD
systems actively draw smoke to the detector through bore holes within a
piping system that runs throughout the protected area.

54.  ASD systems incorporate integrity monitoring to ensure an alert is raised at
any time the ASD’s ability to detect smoke is compromised. This is not the
case with passive devices that are generally only electrically monitored with
no ability to determine if smoke can actually reach the detection element.
 ASD systems incorporate more than one level of alarm. This allows an ASD
system to provide very early warning of an event, prompting investigation at
the earliest shouldering stage of a fire when it is easily addressed.
 Other alarm levels may be configured to provide fire alarm inputs to fire
systems as well as releasing suppression systems.

55.  ASD alarm sensitivities are configurable and can be programmed to levels
ranging from thousands of times more sensitive than a conventional
detector, to much less sensitive.
 The detectors work best in non-volatile environments. They can also be
used in computer cabinets to alert users to the overheating of computer
cables or individual computer components.
 ASDs are suitable for environments where a highly sensitive rapid smoke
detection capability is required.

56.  This makes them suitable in clean rooms; areas which contain goods easily
damaged by fire, such as tobacco, electronic rooms and highly flammable
liquid and gases. Often, normal point detectors will recognize the danger
too late, as smoke often does not reach the ceiling quick enough for a fire to
be detected in a timely fashion.
 As they can be easily hidden, pipe networks are suitable in environments
where point detectors can be considered aesthetically displeasing, such as
offices, apartments and hotel rooms.
 This factor also makes them suitable in locations where point detectors can
be easily tampered with, such as in correctional facilities.

57.  Despite their high sensitivity ASDs can be used in dusty or dirty
environments as long as correct design, installation and maintenance
processes are followed.
 Most ASD products can accommodate a broad range of environments and
applications from both confined and open spaces to the cleanest or dirtiest
environment, including telecomm, control rooms, waste treatment, mining
and more.

61.  VESDA (an abbreviation of Very Early Smoke Detection Apparatus) is a
laser based smoke detection system.
 The name VESDA has become a generic name for most air sampling
applications. The name VESDA is a trade mark of Xtralis.
 VESDA system has a proven track record and has been developed beyond
traditional fire alarms, to the point where it is recognized as the most
advanced aspirating smoke detection system within the fire industry, holding
more certifications than any other aspirating smoke detector in the world.
 VESDA can be installed anywhere that a conventional smoke detector
system can but with greater flexibility.

62.  A VESDA detector is much like a vacuum cleaner. It sucks air from the
protected environment via purpose built aspirating pipe and fittings and
samples the quality of air passing through the VESDA detection laser
chamber.

63.  Where conventional systems have to be strategically placed to provide
maximum protection, VESDA systems can be installed in easily accessible
positions as the system is complimented by a network of high grade pipe
work.
 Additional benefits of using VESDA over conventional detectors are greater
reliability and efficiency with features which include entire airflow analysis
and ignition point targeting, with the ability to work alongside existing smoke
detection and air conditioning systems symbiotically.
 VESDA installations are in the widest variety of environments thanks to the
ingenuity of the design, these including ceiling voids, cold rooms, computer
rooms, and warehousing.

64.  The aspirating smoke detection market has change over recent years.
VESDA smoke detection was traditionally used for specialist smoke
detection environments
 VESDA smoke detection is now used more extensively in non specialist fire
detection application and of course the traditional specialist market
 VESDA detectors are normally used where high smoke sensitivity is
required
 VESDA detection works far more efficiently in area where there is high air
flow, such as computer rooms, Telecoms etc.

65. VESDA detection for warehouses:
 VESDA smoke detection is a suitable replacement for conventional smoke
detection where accessibility is limited.
 For example, VESDA detection will be better suited to a warehouse with smoke
detectors situated at high levels. Conventional smoke detectors can become
faulty and access equipment will need to be deployed, this can be extremely
disruptive to operation and it is also dangerous.
 VESDA smoke detection eliminates this issue as the aspirating pipe work will be
located at high levels and the VESDA detector will be located at accessible
levels.
 Aspirating pipe will replace the smoke detectors at high level, with holes in the
aspirating pipe replacing the smoke detectors. VESDA smoke detectors have
18000 events log memory. Smoke levels can be tracked and identified against
time and density.

66. VESDA detection for office rooms:
 VESDA smoke detection is commonly used where temperatures are not suitable
for other types of smoke detection. For example, a cold room operating
temperatures is an ideal environment for VESDA smoke detection.
 Cold temperatures will ice up the optical chambers of conventional smoke
detectors rendering the system useless.
 VESDA detectors are located outside the cold environment, with aspirating
pipe work located within the risk or outside the risk with capillary smoke
sampling heads located within the risk! The cold air is then drawn to the VESDA
smoke detector and is naturally heated before it arrives at the VESDA laser
chamber. The condensation is collected at a condensate water trap and dry air
arrives for sampling by the VESDA detector.

67. VESDA detection for computer rooms:
 VESDA detection is ideal for area that have high airflow. Conventional
smoke detectors struggle to activate with bulk of air passing through their
chambers.
 VESDA detectors draw smoke from the aspirating pipe and the holes in the
pipe collectively capture the air and draw it back to the VESDA detector.
 Fire Suppression Limited have conducted test which conclusively prove that
VESDA smoke detection is far more responsive than conventional smoke
detectors

68. VESDA detection for Fire Suppression environments:
 VESDA detection with Fire Suppression is a fantastic combination. With
ever increasing environmental responsibilities, it is essential that a fire
suppression system should deploy unnecessarily.
 VESDA smoke detection use in conjunction with conventional smoke
detection is a perfect match.
 VESDA detection samples the air across the return plenums of the air
conditioning systems which provide primary smoke detection. An alert alarm
can be raised and human intervention can prevent the gas from
discharging.
 VESDA can also be used as a double knock system, which provides the
most suitable fire detection model for any automatic fire suppression
system.

70.  FM200 fire suppression is also known as HFC227. It is a waterless fire
protection system, it is discharged into the risk within 10 seconds and
suppresses the fire immediately.
 FM200 fire suppression is found as an active compound as a propellant in
medical inhalers. This goes without saying that FM200 gas is extremely
safe for occupied spaces with the correct fire suppression design.
 There is a common misconception that FM200 gas reduces oxygen this is
not true.
 FM200 is a synthetic/chemical fire suppression gas and extinguishes a fire
by removing the free radicals or heat elements from the fire
triangle. (Oxygen, Heat and Fuel)

71.  The main advantage of FM200 fire suppression, is the small amount of
agent required to suppress a fire. This means fewer cylinders, therefore
less wasted space for storage of FM200 cylinders.
 FM200 systems reach extinguishing levels in 10 seconds or less, stopping
ordinary combustible, electrical, and flammable liquid fires before they
cause significant damage.
 FM200 extinguishes the fire quickly, which means less damage, lower
repair costs. perfection
 Like any other fire suppression system, FM200 systems are designed with
an extra margin of safety for people. Refilling FM200 is simple and cost
effective, therefore, it also means less downtime and disruption to your
business.

72.  In addition to the fire protection benefits of using FM200, the environment
will benefit as well.
 FM200 fire suppressant does not deplete stratospheric ozone, and
has minimal impact on the environment relative to the impact a
catastrophic fire would have.

73.  Water-based fire suppression systems (sprinklers) are designed to protect
people and structures. But when it comes to protecting high value
machinery, computers and other electronic equipment, water can be more
damaging than the fire itself.
 ECARO-25 clean agent fire suppression system is the superior, cost-
effective choice for protecting electronics and high-value assets reducing
the threat of needless downtime and business interruption.
 ECARO-25 clean agent fire protection system requires 20% less clean
agent per cubic foot/meter than HFC-227 or FM-200 fire suppression
systems.

74.  ECARO-25 is the easiest and most cost effective replacement for existing
Halon 1301 fire protection systems.
 For decades, Halon was the preferred clean agent in automatic fire
suppression systems for the protection of critical business assets because
Halon 1301 has been discountinued, many companies need to find an
efficient, environmentally-friendly replacement for an existing Halon system
 Due to the physical properties Halon, ECARO-25 can work with your
existing Halon pipe network just replace the nozzles and containers with
ECARO-25, you can easily transform your old Halon 1301 fire suppression
system into an effective environmentally-sound clean agent system

75.  Ecoro-25 suppresses fire by absorbing heat energy at its molecular level
faster than the heat can be generated, so the fire cannot sustain itself.
 It also forms free radicals to chemically interfere with the chain reaction of
the combustion process. This makes it a highly effective fire fighting agent
that is safe for people and causes no damage to equipment.

76.  Novec 1230 fluid is a low global warming potential Halon replacement for
use as a gaseous fire suppression agent.
 Novec 1230 is manufactured by 3M. It is generally used in situations where
water from a fire sprinkler would damage expensive equipment or where
water-based fire protection is impractical, such as museums, banks, clean
rooms and hospitals.
 Novec 1230 fluid does not deplete ozone and has a global warming
potential of 1 over 100 years, equivalent to that of carbon dioxide.
 Novec 1230 fluid is a high molecular weight material, compared with the
first generation halocarbon clean agents.
 Although it is a liquid at room temperature it gasifies immediately after being
discharged in a total flooding system.

77.  The product is ideal for use in total flooding applications, localized flooding
systems, directional spray type applications and may be used in portable
extinguishers for specialized applications.
 In addition to the conventional methods of super-pressurization using
nitrogen, Novec 1230 fluid also lends itself for use in pump applications
because it is a liquid.
 It has been used as a full-immersion fluid in a proof of concept data center
cooling systems.