1. In what ways was the African
American freedom struggle, better
known as the civil rights movement,
part of a global movement for
human rights in the 20th century?

3. • What is the difference
between civil rights
and human rights?

4. • Civil Disobedience pioneer
• 1921 – led nationwide campaigns for:
• easing poverty
• expanding women’s rights
• building religious and ethnic amity
• ending untouchability
• increasing economic
self-reliance
• achieving the independence of
India from foreign domination.

5. “What difference does it make to
the dead, the orphans, and the
homeless, whether the mad
destruction is wrought under the
name of totalitarianism or the
holy name of liberty and
democracy?”
Gandhi, 1921

6. “In the future days, which we seek to make
secure, we look forward to a world founded upon
four essential human freedoms. The first is freedom
of speech and expression--everywhere in the world.
“The second is freedom of every person to
worship God in his own way--everywhere in the world.
“The third is freedom from want--which,
translated into universal terms, means economic
understandings which will secure to every nation a
healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants-everywhere in
the world.
“The fourth is freedom from fear--which,
translated into world terms, means a world-wide
reduction of armaments to such a point and in such
a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a
position to commit an act of physical aggression
against any neighbor--anywhere in the world...”
Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1941 (emphasis added).

7. 1945 - President Truman appointed her as a
delegate to the United Nations
General Assembly.
1948 - Played an instrumental role in
drafting the UN Universal
Declaration of Human Rights.
1949 - Served as the first chairperson of the
UN Human Rights Commission.

8. • Anti-apartheid activist
• Leader of the African National
Congress’(ANC) armed
faction
• Tried and convicted of sabotage
• Accused of being a communist
and a terrorist
• Sentenced to life in prison
• Served 27 years in prison
(1964-1990)

9. • First President of South Africa to
be elected in a fully
representative democratic
election, serving in the office
from 1994–1999

10. “It was during those long and
lonely years that my hunger for the
freedom of my own people became
a hunger for the freedom of all
people, white and black. I knew as
well as I knew anything that the
oppressor must be liberated just as
surely as the oppressed. A man
who takes away another man‟s
freedom is a prisoner of hatred, he
is locked behind the bars of
prejudice and narrow-
mindedness.”
Nelson Mandela, 1993

11. “I did not want to be mistreated, I did not
want to be deprived of a seat that I had paid
for. It was just time... there was opportunity
for me to take a stand to express the way I
felt about being treated in that manner. I
had not planned to get arrested. I had plenty
to do without having to end up in jail. But
when I had to face that decision, I didn‟t
hesitate to do so because I felt that we had
endured that too long. The more we gave in,
the more we complied with that kind of
treatment, the more oppressive it became.”
Parks, 2005

12. “He who passively accepts
evil is as much involved in it
as he who helps to perpetrate
it. He who accepts evil
without protesting against it
is really cooperating with it.”
King, 1962
“A right delayed is a right
denied.”
King, 1963

13. “How is a black man going to
get „civil rights‟ before he first
wins his human rights? If the
American black man will start
thinking about his human
rights, and then start thinking
of himself as part of one of
the world‟s greatest people, he
will see he has a case for the
United Nations.”
Malcolm X, 1964

14. Malcolm X in an interview while
attending the Organization of
African Unity in Cairo, Egypt. July
1964.

15. • The term “civil rights” fails to encompass the
cultural, social, and economic goals of the
struggle.
• Desegregation and voting rights were a means to
achieve broader goals, such as overcoming
social forces that limited freedom and
opportunity.