Mosaic In Ancient Time

Mosaic In Ancient Time
Putting art on the floor sounds like a strange idea, but that is exactly what the ancient Greeks did
when they built houses and temples thousands of years ago. The artists perfected an art form known
as mosaic that is very popular even today. Mosaics are pictures made from tiny colored stones and
bits of glass. The pieces are cemented into place using glue. The artists arrange the colored bits to
create detailed scenes from stories and other pictures. Mosaics in ancient times were parts of floors
or walls in the homes of the wealthy and in churches. Some were built into outdoor paths and plazas.
The first mosaics used black, white and gray pebbles. They added rocks of other colors to give even
more detail to their work. Bits of polished glass
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The Church Of San Vitale
The Church of San Vitale is an historical building that should be considered to be turned into an art
museum. The building itself is very beautiful on the outside and having replica of this building
would bring beauty and individuality to Stillwater. This oddly shaped church that was built in
Ravenna, Italy over 1,000 years ago, should be considered to be used as an art museum.
The Church of San Vitale located in Italy is an early Christian church completely made up of bricks,
which was built and completed between 538–548. It has an octagonal plan, with a two–story
ambulatory enclosing a central space. There is a narthex, or entrance porch attached to the west side
of the building at an angle, while a small choir and chancel, or extended ... Show more content on
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The centralized space is a used for a place of gathering, as well as the narthex. There are many
mosaics, or pieces of art, that are located around the building. All the mosaics are rich with colours,
vivid depictions of nature, and each one has a different but certain perspective. The apse has two
famous and stunning mosaics, these pieces were located on the side walls. These mosaics depicted
the East Roman Emperor, Justinian, and Empress Theodora. The two mosaics were created to depict
each one of them by themselves, but both pieces of art have similarities. The right panel mosaic
depicts Emperor Justinian with golden halo, standing in the middle of court officials, guards, and
Bishop Maximian. The halo and his position in the piece emphasizes Justinian as the leader of his
empire and the church. Justinian and Bishop Maximian are placed in front of the other individuals,
which represents their importance. On the opposite side, there is the mosaic of Empress Theodora.
In the mosaic, she can be depicted as a goddess because like Justinian, she too has a halo over her
head, with a crown and women amongst her. The mosaic represents movement in way, it shows the
women going into the church, while Empress Theodora is holding what seems to be wine.
The Church of San Vitale located in Ravenna, Italy. It is an important example of early Christian
Byzantine architecture in Europe. The church of San Vitale was dedicated to St.Vitalis, a slave that
converted

Essay Ravenna
Located in northeast Italy in the Emilia–Romagna region and the capital of the province bearing its
name, Ravenna is internationally celebrated for its stunning ancient mosaics and rich history.
Ravenna's prosperous past is evident in its wealth of still–standing examples of Byzantine art and
architecture. Positioned near the Adriatic Sea on a marshy plain, Ravenna has served as a strategic ?
capital three times: of the western Roman Empire, of Theodoric King of the Goths, and of the
Byzantine Empire in Europe? (History, par. 1). By delving into Ravenna?s history, as well as its
remarkable artistic achievements, the reasoning behind its popularity in tourism becomes clear.
Ravenna was formed by the buildup of centuries of silt deposits ... Show more content on
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The surrounding marshes provided a natural line of defense and its location at the crossroads of the
northern and southern peninsula made it exceptionally challenging to capture. These were all
influences in its allure as a bastion of control.
?The exact date of Roman control remains a mystery, as much of Ravenna?s past, although the first
record of a Roman fleet to reach the city was in 82 BC. Caesar chose Ravenna as his headquarters
while negotiating with the Senate and later as his base when launching various military campaigns
on surrounding areas. While there, he is thought to have begun construction on the port of Classe
(initially known as Classis), which served as the catalyst for Ravenna's first rise to greatness.
Emperor Octavius Augustus oversaw the port?s completion and, realizing its strategic location,
made the port the principal base for a fleet, 250 ships strong, to defend the ?Adriatic Sea and the
waters of the near eastern Mediterranean (History, par. 9). Augustus also created a canal, known as
the Fossa Augusta, linking the port to the southern branch of the Po. This canal permitted waters to
flow around the city walls to fortify Ravenna?s defense and through the center of the town to
facilitate transport and commerce. With the port as the focus of the city, Ravenna flourished as a
town of trade and industry (especially ship building). Though the port?s value waned by the sixth
century

Byzantine Mosaics And San Marco Basilica Essay
Byzantine Mosaics and San Marco Basilica
Intro Mosaics have been present in Italy dating back to the Romans. They were originally used in
palaces, temples, and other monumental structures as a way of decoration and paving of surfaces
such as walls, ceilings, and floors, however they can also serve as pictorial art. Mosaics are pictures
formed by marble, stones, and vitric tesserae of various colors, placed on a layer of stucco, putty or
other durable building material. Then the surfaced is finished by smoothing and polishing the stones.
Byzantine mosaics, which are present in the San Marco Basilica, utilize vitric tesserae, a glass like
tile, instead of marble and stone which the Romans and Greeks traditionally used. Mosaic
techniques ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mosaics located on the wall and ceilings of a space are more polished and elaborate in color giving
the space it is situated in an inspiring aesthetic. Mosaics are unique to other art materials in that they
have a shape of their own. They are not soft like paint or clay and cannot be fused with their
material equals but only placed at their side. It remains a building stone in the fact that the material
cannot adapt itself to the intricate turns of cutting tools. Each tesserae is shaped by the artist's
hammer out of a block of colored stone or vitreous paste. Byzantine mosaics have a rough character
to them whereas other styles such as Hellenistic mosaics have a smooth polished look to them.
Byzantine mosaics outline the human figure in dark contours which removes its softness and reveals
its own character by detaching itself from the object represented. The tesserae are larger in size and
do not form a solid surface, instead are placed freely with clear intervals between each piece. The
tesserae are placed irregularly, tilting against each other, some protruding more than others which
creates a rough surface accentuated by light and shadow. This technique breaks up

Cultural Mosaic
"Cultural Mosaic"
There are many different types of ethnicities throughout the world, all of which have their own
system of living, praying, and joining with one another. We as humans refer to this as culture,
culture sums up everything that we do as citizens or do differently as persons in one word. This
word is used all over the globe to give people what they deserve, their own way of living. The
United States of America is a very diverse place which is made up of many cultures or ways of
living. We usually refer to this as the "melting pot" of the world because of how different we are
from each other as well as how all of our different cultures interact with each other. Another term
some use is there expression "cultural mosaic", ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We shouldn't confuse the cultural mosaic and melting pot with the term multiculturalism, which
refers to the state of racial, cultural and ethnic diversity within the demographics of a specified
place. State would refer to the way people have developed themselves around the changes that have
been brought upon them. Canada is world renown for being one of the most tolerant, welcoming,
and democratic countries in the world – a

Shield With Coyote Analysis
The piece of artwork part of the Indigenous North and South America's art and design, Shield with
Coyote, probably Tenochtitlan made in 1525, and the piece of artwork part of the Byzantine,
Romanesque, and Gothic architecture and interiors, The Transfiguration of Christ with Saint
Apollinaris, First Bishop of Ravenna, mosaic in the apse, Church of Saint'Apollinare in Classe,
made in 533–549. Both art pieces are a similar type of art and styles, yet they both have different
functions, symbolism, and cultural context. A mosaic is a type of art that requires the assemblage of
small pieces of coloured glass, stone, or other materials. The art piece from the Indigenous, Shield
with Coyote, is a mosaic that is a decorative art, while The Transfiguration of Christ with Saint
Apollinaris used ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Shield with Coyote is a feathered mosaic; the use of bird feathers was used to make this shield.
The Transfiguration of Christ with Saint Apollinaris is an interior mosaic, it is part of a church in
Italy, it uses glass and other materials. Both artworks have similar styles of idealism, however, their
functionally and symbolism differ. The function of the Shield with Coyote is a shield, used in battles
for a soldier in a high ranking among the Indigenous people, on the shield is a blue coyote. While
the function of The Transfiguration of Christ with Saint Apollinaris is an interior decoration on a
dome of a church, used to tell stories and communicate a message for those who couldn't read
during that period. The symbolism during the time of Indigenous was very spiritual, they believed in
animals and creatures on a spiritual level, which is why on the shield it features a blue coyote. The
blue coyote must have represented strength and power because the shield was given to a high ranked
soldier. As

The Modern Mosaic
The modern mosaic differs greatly from the medium's ancient form. Once composed of uniform
pebbles in unstructured compositions, it wasn't until the 8th century BCE when the Greeks began
developing mosaics to form decorative and artistic designs. Using the small pebble technique the
ancient Greeks used strategic placement of the varying shades and colors to create geometric
patterns and detailed scenes including depictions of a variety of flora and fauna. As the practice of
art developed in the Greek empire the development of the tesserae technique by 200 BCE began to
generate more complex and detailed mosaic pieces, which more closely imitated paintings. Tesserae
is the use of small pieces of glass, stone, tile, or other materials to create a unified image in a
mosaic. The techniques of the Greeks to use in mosaics soon began to spread to through Italy but
especially hit in Rome. An Important preserved mosaic from this period that makes use of the
tesserae technique is The Alexander Mosaic. The Alexander Mosaic utilizes the minuscule pieces of
material to create highly detailed complex portraits in a emotive and action filled composition.
Created in c. 101 BCE the Alexander Mosaic was discovered in the House of Faun, located in the
ruins of Pompeii, Italy c. 1831 during an excavation. The ancient mosaic has many large patches of
missing composition but the majority that remains contains many detailed portraits of human and
animals fully entrenched in the throes

Mosaic Controversy
Mosaic, the world's largest producer of phosphate fertilizer, is facing controversy as a giant sinkhole
at one of their plants leaks polluted water into Florida's primary drinking water aquifer. Mosaic
became aware of the problem in August, but the public wasn't notified until September 15. Their
situation has become an issue in need of SIM and has been listed in standard indexes such as npr,
and Bloomberg markets. The issue is a quantifiable threat to Mosaic's operations and opposition to
the company and it's handling of the situation is being championed by environmental interest groups
like the Sierra club who have gained growing social and political influence. Coverage of the story
by the public and media has been largely negative in regards to Mosaic. The Orlando Sentinel's
headline, for instance, read, "Giant, radioactive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Politically, Florida Governor Rick Scott has already issued a new rule requiring the Florida
Department of Environmental Protection to notify the public of any pollution incident within 24
hours. Mosaic shares fell 0.6 percent in New York. Environmental issues such as this have already
been taxing on Mosaic with the company committing $630 million to start a trust fund to close and
clean fertilizer plants after violating state and federal laws for handling hazardous waste. They also
agreed to $170 million on projects to decrease the company's environmental impact, $2.2 million on
local environment projects, and an additional $8 million in civil penalties. Recent social trends are
very green and eco–friendly so the pollution incident and perceived hesitation to notify the public
will negatively impact brand image. Mosaic competes with a broad range of domestic and
international producers, so controversy can provide an opportunity for competitors to try and take
Mosaic's lead in the industry and provide friendlier options to

The And The Mosaic Law
Churches today have about the same level of knowledge as the Jews and Gentiles when Tertius
penned the words spoken by Paul to Rome. Dominations around the Globe live within a division
about the purpose of the Mosaic Law. One domination feels that the Mosaic Law has superior
presidencies over the Church that requires strict adherence in order to have righteousness to live a
Godly life. While the other dominations feel since Christ has fulfilled the Law (Romans 10:4 KJV),
the Mosaic Law pertains nothing to them or their actions as a Christian.
Paul directly tells the Jews and Gentiles they have miss interrupted the Mosaic Law; that the Mosaic
Law truly reveals that not one person is righteous before the Lord; therefore must seek salvation ...
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For the Law is not sufficiently convicting Israel of her sinfulness and sadly this applies to Gentiles
as well." For the Jewish Nation has restest in the law, allowing the Jews to boast about a freedom
from judgement as Gods' elect. Therefore, considering themselves confident to guide the blind and
be as a light to them that are in the darkness. (Romans 2:17–23 KJV) Paul uses the key word
"restest" as one being slothful; fat, to describe Israel's lack of understanding the Laws purpose and
for not observing the Law.
Paul continues argueing with a Jewish interlocutor who is questioning the fact that Paul has
mentioned one circumcised has no profit if the circumcised still breaks the law. For there is no
difference between circumcision and uncircumcision in Gods' eyes; however, those that have been
circumcised have through the Covenant of Abraham have been entrusted with the oracles (Law) of
God. (Romans3:2 KJV) Nevertheless, if one circumcised breaks the law, that person is now
uncircumcised. Yet if the uncircumcised still retains their righteousness of the Law, is his
uncircumcision will be it counted as circumcision according to the Law? Paul was calling the kettle
black with the Jewish interlocutor. Here again Paul refutes the interlocutor that it is not just the
Gentiles that have sinned; however all of humanity

Essay Roman Pool
Roman Pool
The private residence built by newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst in San Simeon,
California is quite a site to behold. Originally named La Cuesta Encantada it is now often referred to
as Hearst Castle. It is located on a hilltop overlooking the Pacific Ocean in the Santa Lucia
Mountains. The estate took 28 years to build and includes the main house, guest houses, two pools,
and acres of gardens, terraces and walkways. Its rooms and gardens are decorated with an
impressive collection of antiques from around the world. One particularly interesting building is the
Roman Pool.
The Roman Pool at Hearst castle is a tiled indoor pool decorated with eight statues of Roman gods,
goddesses and heroes. The pool appears to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
274.) Only guests of Hearst were allowed to use his pool whereas anyone could go into the Baths of
Caracalla. Both the Roman Pool and the baths could be used by men and women. The main function
of the pool and the baths was for recreation and socializing. Hearst's pool was not used for bathing.
The Roman Pool is decorated from ceiling to floor with 1" square mosaic tiles. These glass tiles,
called smalti, are either colored (mainly blue or orange) or are clear with fused gold inside. The
intense colors and shimmering gold of the tiles combine to create a breathtaking effect. The designs
created by the tiles were developed by muralist Camille Solon. The inspiration for some of these
designs came from the 5 C. Mausoleum of Galla Placidia (Kastner, p. I–261.)
Galla Placidia was the daughter of Roman emperor Theodosius. She built a cruciform oratory for
her own mausoleum where she was to lie between her brother Honorius and her son Valentinian.
This monument to her is located in Ravenna, Italy (Hutton, p. 203.)
Hearst was affected by the beauty of the mosaics in the mausoleum and incorporated similar styles
into his Roman Pool. The walls of the mausoleum are marble but the vaulted arches are composed
of blue and gold smalti. The roofs and dome are covered with mosaics of night blue, powdered with
stars (Hutton, p. 204.) The Roman Pool is similar to the mausoleum with its blue and gold color
scheme and stylized star

What Is The Mosaic Approach
The notable framework that I have chosen to use is the Mosaic approach (Farrell, Tayler, Tennent,
and Gahan, 2002), introduced by Clark and Moss (2001). The framework was established as part of
a project that was investigating ways to increase methods on listening to young children who are
under 8 years of age. The foundation for the framework is the use of multiple techniques that
support all children with diverse abilities. The Mosaic approach (Clark and Moss, 2001) uses a
range of techniques and methods that are aimed to provide choice to young children to how they
wish to express their experiences. Some of the methods include the use of child friendly cameras,
where the children take photos to signify their view and experiences, map–making, where children
represent their experiences through drawing and leading a tour of their surroundings, role play, and
'child conferencing' (Clark and moss, 2001, p.26) where children have the freedom to voice their
opinions alone or in groups. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Clark and Moss (2001) illustrated the importance of observation, observations that involve
watching, hearing and listening to all children's voices. Nevertheless, Clark and Moss noted that
observations signify adult's understandings of a child's world and environment. We should always
consider children's own interpretations to form the complete mosaic. I adopted the Mosaic approach
(Clark and Moss, 2001) because their focus is on research with young children in early years

The Design Of The Antioch Mosaics
Sponsored by a consortium of several museums and institutions, in 1932 an expedition of the
archaeological site of Antioch began. During this 7 year expedition over 300 mosaic floors, now
known as the Antioch mosaics, were discovered in the homes of wealthy Roman villas and hailed as
one of the most impressive collections of decorative pavements from the Roman Empire due to the
number of pieces and high artistic quality. The design of the Antioch mosaics primarily consisted of
figural images of mythological and allegorical content with finely executed borders of geometric
and foliage design. An ensemble of five figural panels, including the Judgment of Paris, with a
surrounding geometric border were discovered in the so–called Atrium house and considered to be
one of the greatest finds of the expedition. These panels were found in the triclinium, a Roman
dining room in which guest reclined on couches in a U–shaped arrangement. The figural panels
were arranged in a T. The crossbar contained three panels, the Drinking Contest in the center with a
dancing satyr on the left and a dancing maenad on the right. Located above the Drinking Contest in
the vertical shaft was the Judgment of Paris and Aphrodite and Adonis which were in a location that
diners could view the mosaics from the couch. A shared border composed of a crest wave in red and
white, a meander in black and yellow, and stepped triangles in red and white surround the panels
joining them together. A polychrome

Pliny's The Alexander Mosaic
The Alexander Mosaic is a Roman floor mosaic that dates from c. 100 B.C. It is discovered in the
city of Pompeii which was preserved in ash after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. It was found in
the House of Faun, named after the bronze statue of a faun found there. It is thought to be possibly
based on a wall painting done in 315 B.C.E., Hellenistic Period by a Greek artist named Philoxenos
of Eretria because it matches a description of the painting written by Pliny.
The mosaic is approximately 2.72 by 5.13 meters (8 feet 11 inches high and 16 feet and 10 inches)
long. It is currently housed in the National Archaeological Museum in Naples, Italy. It consisted of
over one and a half million tesserae (From the Greek word tesseres which means ''square'.), or small
pieces of colored stone and glass, none larger than 4 mm, in four colors: white, yellow, red, and
black. Several of the colors seen in the mosaic are the natural color of the marble pieces. The
minuteness of the tesserae enables noticeably quality detail and painterly outcomes, including
noteworthy pics of Alexander and Darius.
The reality that the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alexander defeated the Persian leader doubly, initial at the 333 B.C. Battle of Issus, and 2 years later
at the Battle of Gaugamela. Alexander the wonderful led his Greek and Macedonian forces to
victory over the Persian army. The work is historically believed to point out the Battle of Issus. The
war of Issus (333 BC) become a turning factor in ancient history due to the fact the ruler of Persia
(Darius III) is ordering a retreat of his troops. This piece is preference of difficulty be counted and
naturalism ultimately shows the Roman appreciation for Greek art. Alexander isn't represented in his
typical type here, as associate incarnation of Zeus, Greek deity or Apollo with long ringlets and soft,
perfect options, however is additional

The Sea Of Leptis Magna
AS THE HIPPAGOGUS sailed into the harbor of Leptis Magna, Rubio got a good glimpse of the
city and its people. It was a thriving Roman metropolis settled on the coastline of North Africa, and
its market was one of the most flourishing; ships sailing the Mediterranean brought forth valuable
goods, slaves and exotic animals. Immense quantities of olive oil also arrived in the country, as well
as high–quality garum, and salted fish were brought in from the coast. This grand port, with its
superb monumental architecture, was fast becoming the busiest in the Roman Empire. The reason
why Leptis Magnus was so well–fixed was its strategic position of its many dockages, control of
which guaranteed total domination of the local markets, combined ... Show more content on
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It was a never–ending cycle of buying, selling and trading, and Falco never tired of the horse racing
business, because horse racing was deeply ingrained in his blood. Rubio was along for the ride,
taking a break before racing again; the racing season would officially end after the Saturnalia
Games. He was here to assist Falco in the purchase of new horses, although he was considered to be
on "holiday." Also aboard the Hippagogus was Titus Buccio, much to Rubio's annoyance. The
paunchy Doctore was also along to aid Falco in the purchase of new horses, as he had some rather
good connections with some of the top stable owners. As a matter of fact, Buccio knew quite a few,
as he once lived and worked in Leptis Magnus before moving to Rome, and then on to Alexandria
and the Factio Russata. He began his racing career here, and had raced for the Reds and the Blues–
and for the short–lived Gold Faction–winning a respectable twenty–one first–place purses before
graduating to the great Circus Maximus of Rome. But his career abruptly ended there after a bad
accident, the accident in which he'd lost half his foot. Afterwards he worked as a stable boss for a
short time before sailing off to Alexandria, seeking his fortune on the lesser tracks of the provinces.
And that's

Local Mosaic Art History
Mosaic is the fine art of crafting photos, illustrations, or patterns by forming together little colored
fragments of hard material – tesserae – such as stone, tile, or glass. The first known samples of
mosaics were found in Mesopotamia during the third millennium BCE. Opus tessellatum – uniform
sized tesserae – is a frequently mosaic technique used in the fabrication of Hellenistic, Roman, early
Christian, and Byzantine art. This technique usually made the decorative borders around central
figural sections – emblemata – executed in opus vermiculatum, a mosaic method using finer tesserae
("opus tessellatum").
In this essay two works of art will be examinved further. Local mosaic artwork (FIG. 1) is Charlotta
Westergren, "Siting", 2003, Swedish, Mosaic, Sequins, Knoxville Museum of Art, Knoxville, TN.
Artwork (FIG. 3) from the textbook – Gardner's Art Through the Ages – is "Detail of Mosaics in the
courtyard arcade of the Great Mosque", 706–715, Islamic, Byzantine, Glass Tesserae, Damascus,
Syria. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Charlotta's family moved to the United States when she was twelve–years–old, however her family
kept a summer home in Sweden. She currently resides in Brooklyn, New York. The artist is well–
known for her interest in working with non–conventional resources. Charlotta spent a semester as an
artist–in–residence at the University of Tennessee, where she trained students in painting. Siting was
fashioned specially for the Knoxville Museum of Art. They purchased the artwork with the backing
from the Tennessee General Assembly, the Tennessee Arts Commision, and the Arts and Culture
Alliance (CANVAS). Approximately twenty–five students assisted her in the assembly of the KMA

Justinian And Theodora And Byzantine Cultures In The...
World Changers
Justinian and Theodora ruled the Byzantine Empire from 527 to 565 AD, in their time they
influenced not only the art of the era, but also the architecture and the church. Byzantine was an
extremely diverse culture. It included members from groups around the entire known world at the
time and this region brought them together (Brooks). This diversity did lead to conflict once
Justinian became emperor due to his intolerance for what he considered paganistic rituals. This lead
him to end the Academy and for him or even go so far so to put in place measures that limited the
Semitic lifestyle. Theodora was one of the most powerful empresses of the Byzantine era and was
wife of Justinian. In her youth she was a prostitute and dancer and this translated into her adulthood
as her fighting for women's rights. Justinian claimed to be a "Christian Emperor" and accomplished
many achievements with both the church and with law. The goal of their reign was to restore Rome
to its previous vigor through their influence in the culture that was portrayed through mosaics and
churches. While they did not achieve the full life of Rome again, they did influence it and bring it
out of the darkness that it was beginning to fall into.
There is a mosaic located in the San Vitale church located in Ravenna. This mosaic depicts Justinian
and a court of clergymen in the chancel of the church. In this art there are many symbols. According
to Khan Academy in this mosaic Justinian is seen in

Art 1010: Justinian And Attendants
Final Exam Art 1010: Justinian & Attendants The Justinian and Attendants is a mosaic which was
created by an unknown artist in the Byzantine period dating back to 547 CE. The work measures 8'
8" X 12' and is located in Ravenna, Italy inside the Church of San Vitale. This landscape format
mosaic depicts an outdoor scene with eleven figures that are at least partially visible, if not entirely
visible, within the scene. The figures are all very different from the stocky large–headed figures in
the art of the 4th and 5th centuries. These figures are all very tall, however; they all have eye–levels
that are more or less precisely the same. Their bodies are slim, faces are all fairly similar and they all
have petite feet. The figure in the middle wears a crown and appears to be holding a basket, while
the figure directly to the right is holding a cross in his right hand, the one to his right is cradling ...
Color is the most prominent art element utilized in the work. A series of bright warm colors such as
whites, greens, reds, blues, gold, and purple have been used throughout the art. Gold is seen on the
robes of the priest and Justinian, but is most noticeable in the background. White is used for the
priest's robes and distinguishes them from the group. A lighter green fills the lower background by
their feet while darker greens are used for the shield and bordering designs. A deep purple is seen on
Justinian's robe to show his royalty and power. Blue and red are the least prominent as they are
mainly used in the boarder and small details. Lines are used to create a sense of depth and sharply
outline the figures. Overlapping is seen with the figures to show their importance in the art. The
composition of the art shows the status and roles of the men with the most important near the middle
(Justinian) and the least important off to the

Similarities Between Rome And Roman Art
From a style perspective, both the art of the Late Antique/Early Christian period in Rome and art
from the Byzantine were very distinct in details and styles. The Roman empire and the Byzantine
empire were both impacted by Christianity, which is their main religion. Roman art was mainly
influenced by the Greeks, Egyptian, and Etruscan art, which can be seen in the history of Roman art.
Unlike, the Byzantine favoriting glitter mosaic painting in the interior of a building, mosaic were
very popular and hold a religious value towards the empire. The mosaic depicting "Christ as the
Good Shepherd" from the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia in Ravenna with the other mosaics from San
Vitale in Ravenna are excellent examples of the difference and similarities between Roman and
Byzantine art. These images can also explain the representation of the natural world, difference in
the art styles, and use of mosaics in church. The "Christ as the Good Shepherd" from the
Mausoleum of Galla Placidia in Ravenna is an example of Roman art from Late Antique. The
location for the mosaic is very interesting itself; Mausoleum of Galla Placidia in Ravenna is in a
shape of a cross and contain many mosaics intact. The reason why this mosaic was painted because
of the adaptation of Christianity at Rome caused an increase of art displaying Christ. This Rome art
explores human nature by showing Jesus Christ as a carpenter's son becoming a holy divine figure.
There is a vast blue background indicating the

The Lod Mosaic
This mosaic is a recreation that imitates a section of the Roman mosaic called Predators and Prey or
the Lod Mosaic. The original Lod Mosaic was created in Lydda which is now Lod, Israel in about
A.D. 300. It is actually a series of mosaic floors measuring roughly 50 feet long by 27 feet wide.
The Lod mosaic is thought to belong to a large and well–appointed Roman house. A unique feature
of the mosaic is that it does not contains any human figures because the mosaic's imagery has no
overt religious content. Typically, mosaics would show a religious scene or common Roman food.
However, this mosaic has almost all animals. The central square panel has various birds, fish, and
animals that surround a larger scene with wild animals, including lions,

The Church Of San Vitale
The Church of San Vitale Shows Justinian and his attendants. . The Art Work is a part of collection
work which is called Justinian Mosaic and it begun by bishop Ecclesius in affiliation with the
Roman Catholic. Its size is really difficult for us to tell because it shows the dome shape design from
inside the church... Basilica of San Vitale is the main location in this art work. The artwork done on
the walls is permanent. It Tells the Story of Ancient Rome and also tells the Aesthetic values of the
Church.
The artist of the material was Ecclesius in conjunction with the aid of the Roman Catholic patrons.
The coordination of the work involved many participants under the leadership of Ecclesius.
Proposals of the art material resulted from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other members of the Clergy flank the Emperor from either side and prominent personalities such as
the Bishop Maximianus of Ravenna are also in the portrait. Critical examination of the Justinian and
his attendants Mosaic shows that the Emperor is in a central position and the power of the church
surrounds his throne to indicate the way his activities are guided by the power of the church.
Additionally, Angelic surrounding shows the military administration. In other words, the portrait
showed that just like other Emperors of Rome, Justinian had the three forces of religious, military,
and administration around him (Mango 13).
The clergy in the portrait carry a gospel book, from which the Christians of the church obtain their
teachings. The Emperor carries the bowl that is essential in passing the Eucharist to the worshipers
and helps one to understand the important role that the emperor played. The bowl is symbolic in
nature because it identifies the emperor to be doing the act of homage of a true leader. The
symbolism of Christ in the purple orb shows that there is a universal dominion of the power of
Christ to the kingdom. St. Vitale gestures a clear mind of the rule of the emperor as a representative
of God's will on earth. The Emperor's army of Christ is shown in the form of Chi–Rho that is
present on the shied the military men are holding (Mango 15).
Another aspect that emerges from the artwork is the

The San Vitale in Ravenna and The Dome of the Rock in...
Monuments such as the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and San Vitale in Ravenna, perform a great
importance in Byzantine and Islamic architecture. Both of these structures did not exclusively
represent the main place of worship, but most importantly as a symbol of achievement and growth
within the current times of construction. Starting in 524, under the influence of Orthodox bishop
Ecclesius, the development of San Vitale was to represent the achievements of the emperor
Justinian. Julius Argentarius was the sponsor for this structure and it was dedicated by Bishop
Maximian in 547. The Dome of the Rock is built on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem in 692 with the
help of Abd al–Malik with the suspected intention to symbolize Islams influence in ... Show more
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On the lower half is an organization of geometric forms. However, the most important mosaic is the
representation of Emperor Justinian and Emprise Theodora. Justinian is presented holding a bowl of
Eucharistic bread as Theodora carries a chalice or vessel of Eucharistic wine. Due to the orientation
of these figures and the ones that surrounds them, it could be suggested that they represent bringing
Eucharistic elements into the church. Perhaps even as an offering to christ which is reinforced by the
three magi bearing gifts on Theodora's rob. The Dome of the Rock is constructed with a wood
structure encased with marble and stone mosaics. The octagonal plan has a large central space which
is separated with two surrounding ambulatories. Supporting the tall cylindrical dome is four
masonry piers and twelve Corinthian columns. With tie beams separating columns from their
capitals, is twenty–four Corinthian columns and piers in an alternating pattern mimicking the central
circle support. The interior of this space is embellished lavishly with veined marble, gilded glass,
and coloured stone. On lower half of the arcades are fitted marble with intricate patterns as above is
decorative with mosaics of trees, plants, fruits, jewels (such as breast plates and necklaces), chalices
and crowns. The gold gilded wood dome is decorated with red and gold floral

The Uses Of Art And Architecture In Pompeiian Villas
Similar to modern society, a home in Pompeii presents your social status. Patricians live in large
lavishly decorated homes while plebeians live in small modest homes or in apartment style housing.
Nonetheless, any Roman home functions as a "refuge from the commotion of a hectic Roman life"
(Zanker 135). Since a home is considered to be a very private place, the differentiation of
magnitude, art, and architecture in Pompeiian villas enlightens us on how these artistic elements
contribute to an aristocratic rank in society. The various uses of art and architecture can therefore
deem what is to be expected in each villa by society and how the villa proves to be the highest
societal ranking home within the Pompeiian society. All villas, with their "use of Greek architectural
elements" (Ling 46) contribute to the overall elegant architectural themes of the structure.
Corinthian columns display a stylistic architectural element that is used to support the weight of the
"roof above the peristyle garden" (Ling 48). In extremely luxurious villas, the outdoor space
"contained not only one but two peristyle gardens" (Ling 46). This use of architecture would mark
the home owner as a high position in society simply based on the cost of creating the peristyle
garden. In addition, the peristyle garden conveys the idea that villa owners have assimilated the
knowledge to know the importance of classical Greek architecture. Furthermore, the use of
incorporating nature within the villa

Mosaics
SUBJECT: Art & Architecture
TOPIC: Mosaics
Introduction
A simple form of art, Mosaic uses hundreds of small tile or pottery pieces to build large pictures and
images either on the floor or on walls. The tiny little pieces of tile are known as tesserae. This
technique has been adopted by many cultures throughout such as in Rome, Greece and in Middle
East. The technique used in its cladding is very effective due to which this art form is long lasting
Popular belief states that the Middle eastern architecture is heavily influenced by the middle ages
roman and Byzantium culture and therefore has included their signature style of mosaic art form in
their architecture. This holds true because the Middle Eastern region makes extensive ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first impression of Mosaic art in the Islamic architecture is seen in the Dome of the Rock,
Jerusalem. Built between 688–692, it consist of glass mosaic work, and as it is an Islamic structure,
the motifs are geometric and do not contain any human or animal motif. The style is inspired by the
Byzantium traditions and thus incorporates many aspects of similar architecture. Even though
heavily adopted from the Byzantium era, use of anthropomorphism was strictly prohibited in Islamic
culture. This gave rise to evolving of unique mosaic form which included intricate geometrical
design dominated by use of contrasting colour. One of the common features of Islamic mosaic form
is the repetitive use of set patterns to formulate a uge geometric motif placed centrally over the
structure
The Umayyad Mosque situated in Damascus, which was the capital of the then Arab Caliphate,
makes use of mosaic art to depict heaven in the courtyard of the structure. It is complete with the
depiction of pretty flowers, beautiful trees and hills. A continuous depiction is observed in 'Barada
Panel' which makes use of huge tiles, unlike the former use of small tiles. Being an Islamic
structure, the mosque was devoid of any kind of human and animal motifs, even though being
heavily influenced by the Byzantium style of mosaic art which essentially incorporated life forms
and human and animal forms.
Recent excavations revealed intricate mosaic work at Qastal, Amman.

Similarities and Differences Between Ancient Greek and...
Part A: Plan of Investigation Artists created their own unique style in Greek culture and with the
creation of the Roman Empire, Greek artwork had been spread throughout the region. When the
empire eventually split and faded from existence, Greek artwork had left its mark on the remaining
civilizations. Because Byzantium had arisen from the ashes of the Roman Empire, Byzantine
artwork incorporated aspects of Greek art within their own artwork. The purpose of this
investigation is to compare and contrast art in ancient Greece and Byzantium. Recognizing the
similarities and differences between two related cultures is vital in understanding the evolution of art
from one culture to another. Within this investigation designs/patterns and ... Show more content on
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Material found in both the pot itself and the glaze painted on its surface were similar in composition.
Sculpture
Marble, limestone, bronze, terra–cotta, wood and a combination of gold and ivory known as
chryselephantine were mediums of ancient Greek sculptures used in the fifth century BCE. Statues
were often adorned with pearl, gold, jewels and accessories to give them a more vivid appearance.
Most statues were of male men athletes (naked), entities and mythological creatures such as
centaurs. Many statues of significant figures were created after their death. Interest in the female
nude body (divinity) later became more popular amongst Greek sculptors. In the fourth century,
characterization came into play. Characterization focused on creating sculptures that were of no real
person.
Art in the Byzantine Golden Age
Sculpture and Ivories
Sculptures from the thirteenth century CE were almost exclusively limited to large cities and
monuments and for decoration rather than a religious purpose. The largest religious statues were
ivory carvings of the Virgin Mary and did not exceed 12 inches tall. Ivory plaques were often 12
inches tall and were placed in caskets, reliquaries, manuscript covers and furniture. A block of ivory
was soaked in water and then carved while the material was porous and easier to carve. Some tools
used were burins, scalpels, gouges, files, stylets, knives and drills.
Mosaics
Tesserae were

Alhambras Research Paper
Tesselations can be found in paintings, project and kids items. Tesselations can be grouped into two
things "real things" like people, housepets, and pencils. He earliest tessellations were stone floors,
walls, and brick walls. In Roman times Tessellatios often made pictures, The pictures were usually
grouped of simple colored square tiles. The group of pictures were very large. It was viewed as like
a battlefield. Screens such as tv's and computers are the same, they are large screens made of pixels.
The first kind of tessellation is called Escher–Style or Representational art. In that kind of
tesselation each tile likes real and each tile has a repeating shape. Escher invented it and made it
popular in Western Culture. The 2nd kind of tessellation Way older then the first and it is called
Islamic tessellation or also known as geometric tessellation, or alhambra style. Becaus eof these
discoveryes Escher is know one of the most famous tessellator of tiles shaped like things that look ...
The geometric art of Alhambras is not "real things". The abstract art looks very good between math
and geometry being interwoven. Its like the the Mona Lisa with how inspiring tesselations can be.
Its not difficult to think of how it could become a idol or a cool object. Alhambra will always
become a tourists attraction, and many talk about the awe of tesselations. If a whole tile is mostly
organic then it needs to be original witht he corners or walls so observers are quickly to guess or see
what of leftovers of the simple geometric cell. The first tessellation shapes flat lines and very sharp
corners. The artist should not show that they are not being lazy and that they are just rearranging the
tiles toward a specific artistic goal. Unless it looks meaningless, flavorless blob or just a minor
tweaking of a simple geometric shape, so it wont be

Ethical Mosaic
Mosaic faces several ethical dilemmas each day, but one that recently occurred was guided by
techniques and strategies that were created and set in place as a safety net for when these challenges
arise. For example, an individual who receives services likes to drink alcohol. In order to keep them,
the community, and whoever may be involved when they are drinking a tailored service plan was
created. When these service plans are created, assessed, or changed due to drastic or significant
levels change to best service an individual, the team, and individual (may also include guardian if
applicable) will work to create safety nets. These safety nets are agreed upon or revised depending
on the degree of safety needed or not needed. A human's right ... Show more content on
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Then I was able to meet this person and get to understand them some besides what I was able to read
about in a document. They talked about goals and progress with great confidence. They were
responsible and occasionally alcohol created some areas of concern, but he was gaining life skills
and was excited to remain independent and making their own choices. It was bittersweet, but at the
end of the day I was able to express my grateful for building skills with people with a

House of the Vetti and House of the Fawn Essay
Compare and contrast two Pompeian houses. What do they each tell us about the status of their
owners?
Within Pompeii, the size and decorative aspects of someone's home explained a lot about their
monetary wealth and what sort of social status they upheld. People who had money and good social
status would decorate their homes with High Greek culture for example myths and mosaics of Greek
heroes. Whereas people from a lower class, tended to use less grandeur within the decorative style
of their homes. The houses that I shall be comparing are House of the Fawn and House of the Vettii.
I shall be looking at the décor found within the houses and they way that it was displayed to
determine the social, political and economical status of their ... Show more content on
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Doorframes and pediments would have also been included in the marble detailing. One scholar has
said " The house has been preserved as a kind of museum to the past influence and power of an
important Pompeian family" 2. In the Exedra a mosaic is shown. The House of the Fawn was
stripped of its elaborate mosaics and then permanent damage was committed to these mosaics when
the allied bombings happened in 1943. The House of the Fawn adorns the most famous mosaic in
Pompeii, – The Alexander mosaic, it is thought that this mosaic is a copy of a painting painted by
Greek painter Philoxenos of Eretria, shortly after the battle was fought. The mosaic shows
Alexander in battle with the King of Persia, Darius the third, during the campaigns in Asia.
Alexander is shown on the left and Darius on the right. The Alexander mosaic shows the moment of
battle with soldiers fighting around the two kings. This mosaic measured two hundred and fifteen
square feet and is " a work of epic proportions in fine Opus Vermiculatum "3. It was thought that the
mosaic was commissioned to commemorate the role of an ancestor of the owner of the house in the
battle itself.
In the Ala is a floor mosaic depicting a Satyr and a Nymph showing high Greek culture. This room
would have been used as a waiting room for people to take part in

The Mosaic Law
In previous chapter of Acts 9, Saul was a persecutor of Jesus and the Disciples until Jesus called
Saul and became a believer. In fact, Saul conversion makes him pray, see visions, enjoy acceptance
as a brother in the community of Jesus disciples, receive the Holy Spirit, proclaim Jesus to be the
God's Son and the Christ, and suffer the kind of persecution he once perpetrated (Gundry, 2012).
The conversion is important to the parties in the argument over the Gentile mission. They were
called by God, to go to Saul (Paul) to minister to the about the Good news. The three parties
comprise of a Roman centurion a good fearer, Gentile named Cornelius and a Jew. They viewed the
teachings differently until Saul (Peter) clarify the teachings of Jesus Christ. The Cornelius viewed
was Jesus as a portrayal of Jesus as a doer of good appeals to the high minded Gentiles (Gundry,
2012). However the Jews still believe in the Mosaic Law, synagogue temple to worship and no
circumcision. Therefore, the Mosaic Law is stripped into the faith of Jesus without the abiding law
of old. The faith of Jesus and his moral guidelines for Christian than a law. Saul settled the issue ...
They movement of Christianity blossom when Herod the Great I, was killed by a disease from the
same angel of Peter (Gundry, 2012). The gentile, the church, and the people were at stake, too; they
will not here the Good news. The Jews and Gentiles what Paul promise to them through Christ,
which was salvation. The result, unbelieving Jews come to regard Paul as a poacher who seduces
Gentile form Judaism to Christianity by offering the salvation on easier terms than observance of the
Mosaic Law (Gundry, 2012). If the anti–Gentile had won they would not know about Christ, thus
denying the good news is denying Jesus. It would create more hostility among the Jew, the Gentiles
the church. They would be missing there answer from Paul and

The History of Christian Art and Structure
After Christ's death, in the first centuries, the Christians were oppressed and considered enemies of
the state. Because of this fact, they kept their tradition and art as a secret. Around the year 313, the
Christianity was proclaimed as the official religion by the Emperor Constantine, and Constantinople
became the second capital of the Roman empire. This was the period when the Byzantine art began
to grow. The art consists on usage of the mosaic techniques to create episodes of Christianity life in
big Structural buildings with amazing decorations like marble columns, mosaic vaults, gold ceilings
and
Stone pavements. It's defined by large open spaces that are painted and decorated with mosaics
representing Christian subjects. The first Byzantine architecture was based on a new building called
basilica. The architecture of the basilica , (latin name for church) and mosaics are a very important
achivement of the First Golden age with symmetrical design and condensed functional plans, The
octogonal layout form features a rectangular base with columns that support an angled roof with.
Light was provided only by natural sources, through windows that were located at the lower level.
However, the light is refined throw the isles that are two stories tall and is used as an artistic
component. Walls are made out of light colored stones, brick and stucco in a smooth finish or
plastered concrete. Interiors are covered on the upper portion by

Mosaics Research Paper
When we are talking about mosaics, we are not talking about something new and easy to
understand. Mosaics were a symbol of luxury for Macedonians in the ancient Greek, and also for
Romans during their kingdom. Today mosaics are represented in many ways and many countries,
we can see how in Europe and around the world, soccer fields create gigantic mosaics with images
or names of their teams. Mosaics are also represented by religions, in Central America for example,
they transform main streets into large and beautiful mosaics during their festivities in the holy week.
Graphic designers are not the exception in the use of mosaics, many books and magazines recurring
to the use of this interesting technique. Take a look to Greek and especially ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Iconic people where symbolically represented in mosaics also in the museum we can appreciate one
made in honor of Apollo. Using greenish and brownish color they made a gorgeous image about this
unforgivable name. It is very emotionally that every mosaic I saw in the museum, were connected
with ones we discussed in class. The discussions about materials, time and culture who made this,
were crucial in the moment that I chose mosaics to write my paper. The effects that these mosaics
cause in people are undoubtedly incredible. Dumbarton museum visitors are welcomed whit a
gigantic mosaic, right after the front and the main door. This motivates people to continue with a
good mood into the rest of the pieces that they have. With the invention of mosaics, Greeks and
Romans left us a treasure of life. All past and present images, represented in mosaics are something
unique and artistically beautiful for our eyes appreciation. No matter the country or region, mosaics
will be always accepted for people that appreciate art. We artists have the responsibility to not lose
this gif that our historical ancestors left for us, and continue giving this to our young

Hosios Loukas Monastery: Landscape And History
3. Case study
Description of Hosios Loukas Monastery: landscape and history
3. 1. The landscape of the Hosios Loukas Monastery
The monastery is located on the west slope of mount Helikon, below the acropolis of ancient Steiri,
near Attica and Delfoi (fig. 1). The monastic complex was once surrounded by a wall and three
towers with a defensive character, of which only the bell tower at the south–western corner survives
today. Because of their defensive function, these towers were used by local people in emergencies
for seeking for refuge and protection. From an architectural perspective, the Monastery closely
resembles a typical fortified Byzantine city.
Just before entering the courtyard of the monastery complex there is a parking space. A ... Show
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Most publications on Hosios Loukas Monastery are about the history of the monastery and its
foundation, the mosaics of magnificent art in Katholikon (Chatzidakis 2003) its architecture (Bouras
2006) and about the confraternity of the Comnenian era, eleventh century (Chatzidakis– Bacharas
1982, 105–106, 183–188). Both the Church of the Virgin Mary and the Katholikon are famous due
to their decorative program, which is a milestone for the art of Byzantium (fig. 2–5). Its mosaic
decoration is a major example of Constantinopolitan art of the 11th century A. D. It is the largest and
oldest chronological monastic complex of this period (Nea Moni– Chios and Daphni Monastery–
Attica) with a separate system of decoration and style, executed during the age the Comnenoi
(Chatzidakis 2003, 18–20,

Robert Irwin 's Excerpt From Islamic Art
In Robert Irwin's excerpt from Islamic Art in Context, Irwin outlines why he believes that the
Muslims of this medieval era in Islamic art would have looked at many of the arts, such as painting,
sculpture, and the decorative arts, with distaste. He clarifies what Muslims at the time believed
about the depiction of living things, how that belief evolved, and why; claiming that the issue of the
non–representational nature of Islamic art is not as clear–cut as people often assume. As for how this
excerpt compares to what was shown in the lectures, there is a similar lack of living creatures that
are depicted in the art. Irwin looks more closely at the line between what is a depiction of a living
creature, however, which was not specifically covered in the class lectures about Islamic art. The
defining line between what is acceptable and what is not in Islamic art is very blurry, and Irwin
explains some of the grey area citing both the Koran and hadiths, as interpreted by various religious
scholars, as well as some other writers that were known at the time. He starts by citing the Koran,
which is a sacred Islamic book written by the Prophet Muhammed, in where the translation is
disputed; it could mean that you are to avoid paintings, as they are Satan's work, or it could mean to
avoid idols, which in context most likely refers to pagan idols, which he shows an example of a
Persian miniature that shows the destroying of an idol. Hadiths were also used to help illustrate his

The Destructive Effects Of Iconoclasm During The Byzantine...
Makoto Emura 3/22/2015 The Destructive Effects of Iconoclasm during the Byzantine Empire In
the 4th century, the Roman Empire underwent major changes, becoming the Byzantine Empire. The
Roman religion was replaced by Christianity, specifically the Eastern Orthodox Church, as the new
state religion. Artists helped to spread this new religion by building churches and producing
manuscripts. The artists imagined what religious figures looked like to portray them in art. But the
Church criticized the visual representation of figures at certain periods during the Byzantine Era.
Artists lost their creative freedom during these periods, called iconoclasm. The Early Byzantine Era
ended when the first iconoclasm occurred. One manuscript created during the Early Byzantine Era
was the Rossano Gospels (Image 1). The Rossano Gospels is written in Medieval Greek during the
6th century, and was discovered in Rossano, Italy. The parchment medium was colored slightly
purple with a rare dye to proclaim the importance of the document. Over time, it turned red. The
document is big – 12 x 10.5 inches. As an illuminated manuscript, it is filled with colorful
illustrations. Image 1 shows Christ in Washing of the Feet and Last Supper. The identity of Christ is
easily discernable with his clothes and the golden circle behind his head. To add even more
emphasis, everyone around is looking toward him. Below the illustration are four Old Testament
authors pointing up. The text below them explains what

Byzantine Mosaic Art
Byzantine Mosaics
The mosaic of Christ being baptized by John the Baptist in the Nea Moni monastery from the Greek
island of Chios is a prime example of the goal of Byzantine mosaic art. Although the true artist's
name is unknown, it can be said that this mosaic is from the 11th century, from the period known as
Middle Byzantine art. This mosaic features Jesus in the middle of the mosaic, with John on his left
baptizing him. Two angels are present to the right of Jesus, watching over the proceedings taking
place. Behind John the Baptist, to the left of Jesus Christ, is a group of onlookers, although the
mosaicist used the least number of figures possible to successfully portray the group. Mosaic art in
the Middle Byzantine period was focused ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Miracle of the Loaves and Fishes mosaic is another example of a mosaic focused on the
spiritual world, showing that the Nea Moni mosaic was part of a larger movement. I included this
piece of art because it was one of the first to dive into representing the spiritual world over the
physical. From the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia comes the Martyrdom of Saint Lawrence mosaic
that provides an example of the focus of mosaic art before the shift to depicting the spiritual world
over the physical world. Artists in the Middle Byzantine period decided to portray their stories in the
spiritual world in order to call more attention to the stories themselves. The mosaic of Christ being
baptized by John the Baptist came right after the end of iconoclasm when people were still worried
about worshipping idols. This is why the mosaicist made sure the focus of the painting, the story,
was clear. It is also why the landscape is so very simple and why the mosaic is not flooded with
figures. By keeping the rest of the painting bare, the artist draws all of the viewer's attention to Jesus
Christ and the story of his baptism. Depicting the spiritual world over the physical world was a
conscious choice the artist, and many other artists of this period, made in order to create a timeless
representation of the story

The Christ Pantocrator
The Christ Pantocrator, the base is made of a special wood board., In this Mosaic art, numerous
materials are used to developed colors, styles and outlines, mostly, small pieces of painted stone.
The artist of this piece of work also used a lot of rare minerals, colored glass, handmade tiles, and/or
seashells. Just like in this painting, blemish types of technique painting was used in many of the
Byzantine arts. The artist will normally start with geographical lines, into the gesso, or paint the
lines, taking special care of detailing with the facial features to get the right emotions. The wood is
covered with the plaster and the image is formed by arranging small colored stone or glass pieces
and affixing them to a hard, stable surface

The Dome Of The Rock In Ravenna, Italy
Great pieces of architecture like The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and the Church of San Vitale in
Ravenna, Italy are important to Byzantine and Islamic Art. Both structures were not just places of
worship, but showed the power of the men behind them and the growth of the culture at this time.
San Vitale which was constructed under the Bishop Ecclesius around 540 to 548 A.D. and was
erected to show the power and achievements of Emperor Justinian. The banker Julius Argenteus
provided the funds for San Vitale, and it was dedicated to Bishop Maximian. The Dome of the Rock
was built in Jerusalem by Caliph Abd al–Malik "to mark the triumph of Islam in Jerusalem on a site
sacred to Muslims, Christians, and Jews"(Gardner and Kleiner B: 285). It is ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The bishop was also in charge of building two other churches, San Michele and Santa Maria, but
"San Vitale is larger in scale than these two churches, designed as a centrally planned octagonal
two–story congressional church" (Tronchin and Knight 130).The church features "two centric
octagons. The dome covered inner octagon rises above the surrounding octagon to provide the
interior with clerestory lighting" (Gardner and Kleiner B: 255). This octagon shape brings the
parishioners to the center of the church, allowing them to become part of the service, which is not
found in a traditional church. The dome is constructed on eight piers and arches which are
surrounded by an ambulatory and a gallery. Much of the inside is marble and gold and the church
walls have many windows to let the sun in to shine on this gold. "Light filtered through the
alabaster–paned windows and plays over glittering mosaics and flowing marble" (Gardner 255)
which shows the beauty and lavish pieces Justinian put into this construction, even though the
outside is dull and made mostly of bricks. However, this becomes another difference concerning
these two monuments. The dome of San Vitale shows the Roman influence, with a figure of Christ,
marbles and glittering galleries and the Dome of the Rock features a more ordinary approach with
geometric shapes and calligraphy as well as extraordinary colors used in Islamic

Relationship Between Byzantine And Islam
Two spirited societies emerging simultaneously in the tumultuous early ages of the medieval era, the
Byzantine and Islamic societies were bound to have challenging relations. The Byzantine Empire
was ruled most notably by Justinian, a devout Eastern Orthodox Christian who would expand his
empire to encompass the vast Mediterranean. Islamic society was made strong because of Islam's
contagious success and the sheer power of its adherents. Stark differences in the values of their
rulers, religion, and their governmental policy between the two would outline a trail of conflicts that
would riddle their societies for years. To begin, one reason for Byzantine and Islamic conflicts is the
difference in their ruler's values. In the Mediterranean, the Byzantines were powered by their strong
faith in Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Religious statues, paintings, and icons could be found
throughout the empire and were revered. An example of these religious icons can be found at the
Church of San Vitale at Ravenna, which houses a mosaic of Emperor Justinian and his court. In the
mosaic, Justinian is depicted in a purple robe with a golden bowl to represent the body of Jesus. This
indicates how Emperor Justinian was viewed as both a political and religious leader. On the
contrary, in Islamic societies, the ruling caliph was explicitly a militaristic and political leader.
Rulers of both the Byzantine and Islamic societies desired to project a regal presence to their
subjects and visitors.

Alexander Mosaic
Discussion of Badian Alexander Mosaic In the section A Note on the "Alexander Mosaic" Ernst
Badian attempts to give his own interpretation of the Alexander Mosaic. Badian first gives Goethe's
explanation of the mosaic. Goethe believes that Alexander appears as a conqueror while Darius is in
horror. Badian, in this paper, attempts to show that Darius is in the prominent position and
Alexander does not appear a conqueror or a hero. Badian starts his argument by discussing the
similarities of a realistic action painting, like this Mosaic, and a snapshot. This means that the artist
is focusing on one moment in time, and chooses what he wants to show. Badian then start to talk
about the mosaic. He shows how the movement is from right to left, or ... Show more content on
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Darius is taller than everyone else and learns forward towards the enemy. The horror on his face is
from his seeing the sacrifice his noble made for him. Alexander, however, cannot seem to be able to
control his horse and his helmet has fallen off. This makes him appear as unheroic. The tree in the
mosaic is another piece of Baldin's argument. In order for Darius to use his cavalry, Darius cleared
the ground of the battlefield. This means the tree in the composition was obvious added by the
artists and therefore must have a meaning. One interpretation Baldin gives is that the tree signifies
the destruction of Alexander's wars. Badian ends by discussing the artist. He identifies the
commissioner as Cassander, a King of Macadoia from 305 – 297 BC, and who Alexander treated
poorly. Badian believes this poor treatment caused Cassander to have a bias while commissioning
the mosaic. Therefore, he wanted a piece that did not glorify Alexander, even if he won every war
against the persians. Finally, this explains why the mosaic show a time when the Persians are
dominating the action and while Alexander looks unheroic, even though Alexander wins in the

Byzantine Mosaic : Examples Of The Goals Of Byzantine Art
Byzantine Mosaics
The mosaic of Christ being baptized by John the Baptist in the Nea Moni monastery of the Greek
island of Chios is a prime example of the goal of Byzantine mosaic art. Although the true artist's
name is unknown, it can be said that this mosaic is from the 11th century, from the period known as
Middle Byzantine art. This mosaic features Jesus in the middle of the mosaic, with John on his left
baptizing him. Two angels are present to the right of Jesus, watching over the proceedings taking
place. Behind John the Baptist, to the left of Jesus Christ, is a group of onlookers, although the
mosaicist used the least number of figures possible to successfully portray the group. Mosaic art in
the Middle Byzantine period was focused on calling to attention the subject of the piece rather than
the piece itself and portraying the spiritual world instead of the physical. First, I will analyze the
mosaic I have chosen to be the main piece of art to look at. Second, I will compare and contrast the
first piece of art with other pieces of mosaic art from the Byzantine period and from Late Antiquity.
Last, I will conclude this paper by recounting my main points and showing how they connect to my
claim that Middle Byzantine art was focused on portraying the spiritual world. Through my
research, I have come to the conclusion that Middle Byzantine art was more focused on portraying
the spiritual world instead of the physical world. A significant example of this is the mosaic

Mosaic In Ancient Time

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