1. ENERGY SOURCESENERGY SOURCES

2. TYPES OF SOURCESTYPES OF SOURCES
• RENEWABLE: CAN BE REGENERATEDRENEWABLE: CAN BE REGENERATED
IN A SHORT AMOUNT OF TIME OR ISIN A SHORT AMOUNT OF TIME OR IS
BASICALLY UNLIMITEDBASICALLY UNLIMITED
• NON-RENEWABLE: CAN’T BENON-RENEWABLE: CAN’T BE
REPLACED IN A SHORT AMOUNT OFREPLACED IN A SHORT AMOUNT OF
TIME AND IS LIMITEDTIME AND IS LIMITED

3. NON-RENEWABLENON-RENEWABLE
• FOSSIL FUELSFOSSIL FUELS
– NATURAL GASNATURAL GAS
– COALCOAL
– OILOIL
• FISSIONFISSION

4. RENEWABLERENEWABLE
• HYDROHYDRO
• SOLARSOLAR
• WOODWOOD
• TRASHTRASH
• GEOTHERMALGEOTHERMAL
• WINDWIND
• FUSIONFUSION

5. GEOTHERMALGEOTHERMAL

6. • Natural steam from the production wells power the turbine
•generator. The steam is condensed by evaporation in the cooling
•tower and pumped down an injection well to sustain production.
© 2000 Geothermal Education Office

7. Like all steam turbine generators, the force of steam is
used to spin the turbine blades which spin the generator,
producing electricity. But with geothermal energy, no fuels
are burned.
© 2000 Geothermal Education Office

8. Turbine blades inside a geothermal turbine generator.
© 2000 Geothermal Education Office

9. Turbine generator outdoors at an
Imperial Valley geothermal power plant in California.
© 2000 Geothermal Education Office

10. © 2000 Geothermal Education Office

12. DRY STEAM POWERDRY STEAM POWER
PLANTPLANT
In dry steam power plants, the steam (and no water) shoots
up the wells and is passed through a rock catcher (not shown)
and then directly into the turbine. Dry steam fields are rare.
© 2000 Geothermal Education Office

13. THE GEYSERSTHE GEYSERS
CALIFORNIACALIFORNIA
The first geothermal power plants in the U.S. were built in
1962 at The Geysers dry steam field, in northern California.
It is still the largest producing geothermal field in the world.
© 2000 Geothermal Education Office

14. 20 plants are still operating at The Geysers. Wastewater from
nearby cities is injected into the field, providing
environmentally safe disposal and increased steam to
power plants.
© 2000 Geothermal Education Office

15. FLASH STEAM POWERFLASH STEAM POWER
PLANTPLANT
• Flash steam power plants use hot waterFlash steam power plants use hot water
reservoirs. In flash plants, as hot water isreservoirs. In flash plants, as hot water is
released from the pressure of the deepreleased from the pressure of the deep
reservoir in a flash tank, some of it flashesreservoir in a flash tank, some of it flashes
to steam.to steam.

16. Flash technology was invented in New Zealand. Flash
steam plants are the most common, since most reservoirs
are hot water reservoirs. This flash steam plant is in East Mesa,
California.
© 2000 Geothermal Education Office

17. In a binary cycle power plant (binary means two), the
heat from geothermal water is used to vaporize a
"working fluid" in separate adjacent pipes. The vapor, like
steam, powers the turbine generator.
© 2000 Geothermal Education Office

18. In the heat exchanger, heat is transferred from the
geothermal water to a second liquid. The geothermal
water is never exposed to the air and is injected back
into the periphery of the reservoir.
© 2000 Geothermal Education
Office

19. This power plant provides about 25% of the electricity
used on the Big Island of Hawaii. It is a hybrid binary and
flash plant.
© 2000 Geothermal Education Office

20. © 2000 Geothermal Education Office

21. © 2000 Geothermal Education Office

24. Geothermal power could serve 100% of the electrical needs of 39 countries
(over 620,000,000 people) in Africa, Central/ South America and the Pacific.
© 2000 Geothermal Education Office

25. FUSION POWERFUSION POWER

26. STAR POWERSTAR POWER
www.td.anl.gov

27. ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES
• UNLIMITED SUPPLYUNLIMITED SUPPLY
• NO GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSNO GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
• NO RADIATIONNO RADIATION

28. FUELSFUELS
• DUETERIUM: COULD LAST MILLIONSDUETERIUM: COULD LAST MILLIONS
OF YEARSOF YEARS
TRITIUM IS BRED FROM LITHIUMTRITIUM IS BRED FROM LITHIUM
LITHIUM: COULD LAST FOR ATLEASTLITHIUM: COULD LAST FOR ATLEAST
1000 YEARS1000 YEARS

29. • COMBINING HEAVY HYDROGENCOMBINING HEAVY HYDROGEN
ISOTOPES INTO HELIUM RELEASESISOTOPES INTO HELIUM RELEASES
THE GREATEST AMOUNT OF POWERTHE GREATEST AMOUNT OF POWER
en.wikipedia.org

30. www.jet.efda.org

31. • Dueterium + DueteriumDueterium + Dueterium 
Tritium +ProtonTritium +Proton  Helium + neutronHelium + neutron

32. FUSION REACTIONSFUSION REACTIONS
• To get molecules to fuse, the repulsionTo get molecules to fuse, the repulsion
forces must be overcome by:forces must be overcome by:
– Gravity (as in stars)Gravity (as in stars)
– Magnetic fields on plasmaMagnetic fields on plasma
– Rapid pulse of energy to a fusion fuelRapid pulse of energy to a fusion fuel
(hydrogen bomb or a pulse of a laser, ion or(hydrogen bomb or a pulse of a laser, ion or
electron beam)electron beam)

33. How can a plasma beHow can a plasma be
confined ?confined ?
www.jet.efda.org

34. STAR FUSIONSTAR FUSION
en.wikipedia.org

35. PLASMAPLASMA
• Plasmas occur at very high temperatures -Plasmas occur at very high temperatures -
the electrons are stripped from the atomicthe electrons are stripped from the atomic
www.jet.efda.org

36. HYDROGEN BOMBHYDROGEN BOMB
en.wikipedia.org

37. Magnetic confinementMagnetic confinement
• pinching the fieldpinching the field
lines at the end ->lines at the end ->
reflection (“mirror”)reflection (“mirror”)
-> linear arrangement-> linear arrangement
Particles move freely along field lines:
how to stop the losses in that direction ?
two solutions
• however: a pure toroidal field does not workhowever: a pure toroidal field does not work
• need a helical fieldneed a helical field
• closing the field lines onclosing the field lines on
themselvesthemselves
-> toroidal confinement-> toroidal confinement
www.jet.efda.org

38. TOKAMAK (MAGNETIC FIELD)TOKAMAK (MAGNETIC FIELD)
www.jet.efda.org

39. TORUSTORUS
THE VACUUM CHAMBER OF THE TOKAMAK
www.jet.efda.org

40. MAGNETIC FIELD IN TOKAMAKMAGNETIC FIELD IN TOKAMAK
www.jet.efda.org

41. TOKAMAKTOKAMAK
www.jet.efda.org

42. HEATING THE PLASMAHEATING THE PLASMA
www.jet.efda.org

43. 2.5%, 0.72.5%, 0.7
ββTT ,, ββPP
1010
QQ (P(Pfusfus /P/Pinin ))
80+80+PPαα (MW)(MW)
40-9040-90PPauxaux (MW)(MW)
0.5, 1.850.5, 1.85
δδ,,κκ
5.35.3BBtt (T)(T)
15(17)15(17)IIPP (MA)(MA)
850850VVPP (m(m33
))
22a (m)a (m)
6.26.2R (m)R (m)
ITERITER estimated cost :estimated cost :
4 000 Million4 000 Million
EuroEuro
ITER will be a nuclear machine: 1.5 x 1020
neutrons/s
www.jet.efda.org

44. What is a plasma : fourth state ofWhat is a plasma : fourth state of
MatterMatter
Increasing Temperature
A plasma is electrically conducting and very reactive
www.jet.efda.org