The history of computer.my first ppt.

1. Subject-Computer
By-Kartikey Rohila

2.  A Computer is a high speed electronic device that
accepts data and instructions from the user, then process
the data according to the instructions given and produce
information as the output. It is capable of performing
arithmetic and logical operation on data. It also stores
and execute a set of instructions and gives information.
Data is entered in computer through some input device
like keyboard. It is then processed according to given
instructions in C.P.U. and result is displayed through an
output device like monitor and printer.

3.  The Computer performs these steps-
INPUT
PROCESS
OUTPUT

4.  A Computer has the following characteristics which
makes it vitally important for organization-
 High Speed- A Computer is so fast that it can perform
the given task in few seconds as compared to man who
will have to spend many months for doing the same
volume of task.

5.  Accuracy- A computer is more accurate than a man.
Man can make mistakes in calculation but a computer
does not, if it is provided with accurate instructions.
 High Memory- A Computer has much more memory
or storage capacity than human beings. It can stores
millions of data and instructions. This is not possible in
case of human brain.
 No Feelings- A Computer are avoid of emotions. They
have no feelings because they are machine.

6.  The Computer that we use today is the result of man’s
long search for a device to help in performing
computations mechanically. The search dates back to
the 17th century. A series of scientific breakthrough by
many scientists have contributed to produce this
electronic machine called The Computer.

7.  Movable beads on a wire
frame constituted the first
known calculating device
called abacus. The frame of
abacus is divided into two
parts. Upper part is known as
Heaven having 2 beads in it
and lower part is called
Earth which consists of 5
beads.

8.  In fact, the oldest surviving
abacus was used in 300
B.C. by the Babylonians. It
design were made by
Chinese. The Chinese
abacus is called Suan Pan
which means counting
board. It is used for
addition, subtraction,
division, and multiplication.

9.  In 1617 an eccentric (some say mad) Scotsman named
John Napier invented logarithms, which are a
technology that allows multiplication to be performed
via addition.
 Ex: log2x = 5

10.  The magic ingredient is the
logarithm of each operand,
which was originally
obtained from a printed
table. But Napier also
invented an alternative to
tables, where the logarithm
values were carved on ivory
sticks which are now called
Napier's Bones.

11.  Blaise Pascal was a French
mathematician. He was
born on 19 June 1623. At
the age of 19 in the year
1642 he invented the first
mechanical calculator
called as Pascaline which
was capable of performing
addition, subtraction and
multiplication.

13.  Just a few years after Pascal, in year 1671 the German
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz improved Pascal's machine
and build a four-function (addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division) calculator that he called the
stepped reckoner. It was a mechanical device. Leibniz
was the first to advocate use of the binary number
system which is fundamental to the operation of modern
computers. Leibniz is considered one of the greatest of
the philosophers but he died poor and alone.

15.  In 1801 the Frenchman
named Joseph Marie
Jacquard invented a power
loom that was controlled by
the holes in a cardboard
punched cards. The design
for woven fabric was
represented by a series of
holes punched in the card.

17.  Charles Babbage was
an English
mathematician and
inventor. He invented
Analytical Engine and
modern computers are
based on it, so after that
he is also known as The
Father of Computer.

18.  In 1812 Charles Babbage
invented his first
machine a Difference
Engine and designed it
to calculate logarithm
tables. This device is
similar to the typewriter
was used to print the
output.

19.  In 1833 Charles
Babbage designed an
advance form of
Difference Engine
called as an Analytical
Engine. It was designed
to add, subtract, multiply
and divide through the
use of a stored program.

20.  Ada Augusta Byron, was
the daughter of the famous
poet Lord Byron. She was
accomplished
mathematician who
recorded and analyzed
many of Babbage’s ideas.
Because of her work in
developing of the
mathematical tables, for
Analytical Engine, she is
recognized as first
programmer.

21.  Harman Hollerith was an
American statistician. He
invented a machine
called Tabulating
Machine. It was capable
of reading data,
processing it and giving
the desired output.

22.  Hollerith's tabulating
machine worked
successfully and the 1890
census was completed in
only 3 years at a savings
of 5 million dollars. By
using punch cards,
Hollerith created a way to
store and retrieve
information.

23.  Hollerith built a company,
the Tabulating Machine
Company which, after a
few buyouts, eventually
became International
Business Machines,
known today as IBM.

24.  In 1945 Dr. J. V.
Atanasoff developed an
electronic machine to
solve certain mathematical
equations. It was called
The Atanasoff Berry
Computer or ABC. It used
45 vacuum tubes for
internal logic and
capacitors for storage.

25.  The Colossus, built
during World War II by
Britain for the purpose of
breaking the
cryptographic codes used
by Germany.

26.  Dr. Harvard Aiken was the
primary engineer in IBM. In
1944 he developed a machine
called as Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator which
was later named as Mark I.
The MARK 1 was an electro-
mechanical machine as its
CPU depended on both
electronic and mechanical
devices for its operations.

27.  Mark I was complex in
design and huge in size.
Physically, the machine
measured 51 feet in length
and 8 feet in height. It
contain 500 miles of wires
in construction. It took 0.3
part of a second for addition
and 4.5 seconds for
multiplication.

29.  In 1945, John von
Neumann, a Frenchmen
working for IBM,
presented his idea of a
computer that would store
computer instructions in a
CPU.
 The CPU consisted of
elements that would
control the computer
electronically.

30.  The EDVAC, EDSAC and UNIVAC were the first
computers to use the stored program concept.
 They used vacuum tubes so they were too expensive
and too large for households to own and afford.

31.  In 1945 a significant
fully electronic computer
named ENIAC was built
at the University of
Pennsylvania by two
professors, John
Mauchly and J. P.
Eckert. ENIAC stands
for Electronic
Numerical Integrator
And Calculator.

32.  ENIAC uses high speed
vacuum tube switching
devices. It consisted 18,000
vacuum tubes. It was 1000
times faster than the Mark
1. It was an electronic
computer. It was small in
terms of storage capacity
and as it was designed for a
specific purpose and its use
was limited.

35.  EDVAC stands for
Electronic Discrete
Variable Automatic
Calculator. In 1946 Dr.
John Von Neumann used
the principle of storing in 0
and 1 in place of earlier
technologies and developed
EDVAC with the new
concept of ‘stored program’.

36.  The UNIVAC was the first
commercial computer,
developed by J. P. Eckert
and John W. Mauchly in
1951. It was also the first
computer to handle both
numeric and text data.
UNIVAC stands for
Universal Automatic
Computer. UNIVAC was
also the first computer to
employ magnetic tape.

37.  Britishiors developed a
computer which is much
more similar to the
America's EDVAC. It was
called EDSAC. EDSAC
stands for Electronic
Delay Storage Automatic
Calculator. It was
developed by the
professor of United
Kingdom, Pro. Morris
Wilkus.

38.  The earliest computers were large in size. These computers
occupied large floor space. They consumed lot of electricity.
Their cost was also higher.
During last fifty years, the technological improvements
have been aimed at reducing the size and electricity
consumption. The aim is to reduce cost and at the same time
improve the performance and speed.

39.  The computer technology has been aimed at
making smaller, cheaper and efficient
computers. The development of computers has
been very rapid in the last fifty years. The
development has been in five distinct stages.
Each of these stages is called a generation.
There are five generations.

40.  The first generation of
computer was started in
1946 with ENIAC and end
in 1956. ENIAC uses 18,000
vacuum tubes. Vacuum
tubes was made in 1904. In
this generation after some
time of ENIAC other
computers like EDVAC,
UNIVAC and UNIVAC-1
was build.

41.  In the computer of first
generation vacuum tubes
were used as main
component.
 Punched cards were used as
input device.
 Binary code or machine
language was used for
programming.

42.  Vacuum tubes got burnt out frequently and needed to
be replaced very often.
 Magnetic tapes and magnetic drums were used as
secondary memory.
 Computer was accessible to only one programmer at a
time(Single User Environment).
 The computers was largest in size, slowest in speed
and unreliable.
 They had a limited memory and programming
capabilities offered by them were very limited.
 Air conditioner was required in this computers.

44.  The second generation of
computer was started in
1956 and end in 1964. In
year 1947 Bell
Laboratory's William
Shockley invented
transistor. Later on
transistor replaced vacuum
tubes and second generation
was started.

45.  In the computer of second
generation computer
transistor is used as main
component.
 Magnetic disk storage was
also developed during this
period.
 Magnetic tapes were used as
output device.

46.  Fortran, Cobol, Snobol and Algol languages were
used for programming.
 The computer of this generation was smaller, faster
and reliable as compared to the computers of first
generation.
 But the computer of this generation was large, slow
and less reliable as compared to the computers of
third and fourth generation.
 IBM 1400, Honeywell 200 was the example of this
generation’s computer.
 Air conditioner was required in the computers.

47.  The third generation was
started in 1964 with the
use of integrated circuits
and end in 1971.
 Transistors were replaced
by integrated
circuits(IC).
 One IC could replace
hundreds of transistors.

48.  In this generation
integrated circuits (ICs)
were used as main
component.
 Integrated circuits were
invented by the engineer
of Texas instrument
company Jack Kilbi.

49.  Keyboards were used as input device and monitors
were used as output device.
 High level language was used for programming.
 The computer of this generation was small in size, fast in
speed vary low in cost and more reliable as compared
to the computer of second generation.
 Air conditioner was not required in the computer.
 Some of the examples of this generation computers are
ICL 1900, ICL 2903, IBM 360, UNIVAC 1800 etc.

50.  The current generation is
fourth generation. This
generation was started in
1971.
 In the fourth generation of
computer integrated circuits
were developed and they
called Large integrated
circuits or VLSI(Very
Large Scale Integration).
 Thousands of transistors
were replaced by one
chip(VLSI).

51.  VLSI (Very Large
Scale Integration) used
as main component.
 C+, C++ languages are
used for programming.
 Keyboard, scanner and
mouse are used as input
devices and monitor,
printer are used as
output devices.

52.  In this generation the computers are lowest in cost,
faster in speed, smallest in size and more reliable as
compared to the computers of other generation.
 The computer of this generation is called PCs
(Personal Computer).
 The first personal computer is ALTAIR 8800 which
is made by MITS company and came in mid of year
1971. It is based on Intel 8800 microprocessor.
 In 1981 the computer of IBM was successful. The
computers of IBM was based on microprocessor
which is made by Intel corp.

53.  VLSI technology has led to
the development of micro
computers and
microprocessor is used in it.
In 1971 Intel achieved the
breakthrough of putting all
the components on a single
chip. The single chip
processor is known as
microprocessor.

54.  Intel 4004 was the first microprocessor. It was a
primitive microprocessor designed for a specific
application.
 Intel 8080 which came in 1974 was. the first general
purpose microprocessor. It was an 8 bit
microprocessor.
 After that 80286 in 1983, 80386 and 80486 in 1986,
Pentium 1 in 1993, Pentium 2 in 1997, Pentium 3 in
1999, Pentium 4 in 2000 and Duel core in 2009 were
many microprocessors available in the market.
 At present, there are 32 and 64 bit general purpose
microprocessors available in the market. For example
Intel 486 is a 32 bit processor.

55.  The fifth generation
computers are still under
research and development
stages. artificial
intelligence.
 Fifth generation
computing devices, based
on artificial intelligence.
 They will us ULSI(Ultra
Large Scale Integration)
chips in place of VLSI
chips.

56.  The goal of fifth
generation computing is to
develop devices that
respond to natural
language input and are
capable of learning and
self organization.
 Are still in development,
though there are some
applications, such as voice
recognition.
 Availability of very
powerful and compact
computers as cheaper rate.

57.  The use of parallel processing
and superconductors is helping to
make artificial intelligence a
reality.
 Te most important feature of fifth
generation computer is that they
will use an intelligence software.
This software will enable the user
to tell computer ‘what to do and
what not to do’ and ‘how to do’ by
using intelligence programming
and knowledge.

58.  Computers can be classified according to their
speed, storage capacity and their use as below-
1) On the basis of Purpose,
2) On the basis of Application,
3) On the basis of Size.

59.  According to the utilization of computer for
different uses, computers are of the following two
types-
1) General purpose computers,
2) Special purpose computers.

60.  Computers that follow
instruction for general
requirements such as
sales analysis, financial
accounting, management
information etc. are
called General Purpose
Computers.

61.  Computers that are
designed from scratch to
perform special tasks like
scientific applications
and research, weather
forecasting, space
applications, medical
diagnosis etc. are called
Special Purpose
Computers.

62.  According to the application, computers can be
classified into three types-
1) Analog Computers,
2) Digital Computers,
3) Hybrid Computers.

63.  An analog computer
continuously measures a
particular physical
property and performs
computations on these
measurements. A very
simple example of analog
function is car’s
speedometer.

64.  A digital computer
essentially is a machine
that works on discrete
digits or numbers. All
processing is carried out in
terms of numeric
representation of
information that is being
processed. The numbering
system used is binary, i.e.,
making use of two digits
only(0 and 1).

65.  These computers
incorporate both digital
and analog elements. They
can also store physical
variables by converting
them into digital
expressions. Hybrid
computers convert
measurements of physical
properties into digital
statements, involving the
use of analog to digital and
digital to analog.

66.  Computers are available in different sizes as below-
1) Super Computers,
2) Mainframe Computers,
3) Mini Computers,
4) Micro Computers.

67.  Super computers are having high storage capacity. They
are very costly, very faster and very big in size.
 Its speed is measured in Flops(Floating point
instructions per second).
 Super computers have main memory around 8 GB and a
secondary memory of 1000 GB.
 Super computers are normally used to solve problems
which require intensive numerical computations.
 PARAM is a super computer which is manufactured in
India by a company of Pune named C-DAC.

69.  Mainframe computers are large computers and are
generally 32 bit machines or on the higher side.
 They have very large disks to store several Giga Bytes of
data and transfer data from disk to main memory at
several hundred Megabytes/sec.
 Mainframe computers are suited to big organizations, to
manage high volume applications.
 Its speed is measured in MIPS(Million Instructions Per
Second).
 Few of popular mainframe serves are MADHA, DEC,
Sperry, ICL etc.

71.  Mini computer is a mini
version of mainframe
computer and is smaller and
cheaper. A 16 bit mini
computer was more
powerful machine which
could support business
applications along with the
scientific applications. The
first mini computer is PDP
8 which is made by
DEC(Digital Equipment
Corporation) in 1965.

72.  A micro computer is a small
general purpose computer
system that provides all
functional elements found in
larger system. Micro
computers are based on
micro-processor chips. The
micro computers originated
in late 1970s. They are low
in cost and small in size.
These computers are called
Personal Computers(PCs).

73. THANK
YOU