SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  17
Hybridization: Aims, objectives and types of
hybridization
Madankar KS
Ph.D. Research scholar
Institute of Agricultural Science
Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi
Plant hybridization
• The mating or crossing of two plants
or lines of dissimilar genotype is
called hybridization.
• In plant hybridization, one of the
plants is taken as the female plant
and the other as the male plant.
• Pollen grains from the male parent
are made to pollinate the stigma of
the flowers of the female parent.
• The seeds obtained from such a cross
are called F1 hybrid seeds and the
progeny raised from it is called F1
(First Filial) generation.
Conti….
• The chief objective of hybridization is to
create variation.
• When two genotypically different plant
are crossed, the genes from both the
parents are brought together in F1.
• Segregation and recombination produce
many new genes combination in F2 and
subsequent generations.
• The degree of variation produced in F2
depends on the number of heterozygous
genes in F1.
Objectives of hybridization
A. Combination Breeding: Combination breeding is the transfer of one or
more characters from other varieties to a particular variety. These
characters may be oligogenic or polygenic. In this way, genes for
disease resistance, quality traits etc can be transferred.
B. Transgressive Breeding: Transgressive breeding is based on
transgressive variation of characters in segregating generations like F2.
A cross is made between two strains of plants and the F2 is screened for
transgressive variations. Transgressive segregation is the segregation of
characters beyond the parental limits, in the segregating generations
like F2.
C. Production of Hybrids: Hybrid (F1) plants show higher vigor and
yield when compared to parents, in some cases. This phenomenon is
called hybrid vigor. F1 seeds can be raised in bulk through hybridization
and distributed directly for cultivation, especially in cross-pollinating
crops.
Types of hybridization
Based on the genetic difference between parents, hybridization can be
classified into:
1. Inter-varietal Hybridization
2. Distant Hybridization
Inter-varietal hybridization
The cross between the members of the same species (intra-specific) is
called inter-varietal hybridization. In this type of hybridization, different
cross patterns can be used.
• Simple Cross: In this case, two parents are used to produce an F1
hybrid.it is also called single cross.
Parent A × Parent B F1 hybrid
• Complex Crosses: In complex crosses, more than two parents are
involved. Such crosses can be called convergent crosses since they bring
genes from different sources together.eg,
Three way cross F1 (A × B) × C
Double cross F1 (A × B) × F1(C × D)
• Hybridization between the
members of different species or
hybridization beyond species
level is called distant
hybridization. Thus, it may be
interspecific (intra-generic) or
inter-generic. When conventional
methods of hybridization fails,
para-sexual methods are used in
such cases.
Distant hybridization
Conti….
• Para-sexual hybridization is the technique of fusing somatic
protoplasts when reproductive cells fail to fuse or fertilize.
History of plant hybridization
 1717: Thomas Fairchild: Developed first Inter specific hybrid between
sweet William and Carnation Species of Dianthus popularly known as Fair
Child’s mule.
 1800-1835: Knight T.A (England): First used Artificial Hybridization in
Fruit Crops.
 1866: Mendel G.J (Austria): published his discoveries in “Experiments in
plant hybridization”, cumulating in the formulation of laws of inheritance
in garden pea and discovery of unit factors (genes).
 1890: Rimpu (Sweden): First made inheritance cross between bread wheat
(Triticum aestivum) and rye (Secale cereale), which later on gave birth to
triticale.
 1917: Jones: developed first commercial hybrid maize
 1927: Karpencheko: developed first intergeneric hybrid between Radish
and Cabbage in Russia.
Procedure of hybridization
1.Set up your
objective
2. Selection of
Parents
3. Evaluation
of parents
4. Evaluation
of parents
5.Emasculation
6. Bagging 7. Tagging
8. Pollination
9. Harvesting
F1 Seeds
Set up your objective
• Objective of hybridization should be set before the
hybridization programme.
• It will help in selection of parents.
• If our goal is development of high yielding resistant
variety, then we need to select one of the parent that
is high yielding and another one is resistance to
particular disease.
Selection of parents
• The choice of the parents depends on
the objective of the crosses.
• In combination breeding, the genetic
diversity of the parents is not
important. In the case of transgressive
breeding, genetically diverse plants
are selected as parents.
• If the characteristics of the parents are
not completely known, they are
evaluated for the agronomic features.
Evaluation of parents
• In case of parents which are
new to the region they must
be evaluated foe there
adaptability.
• Further to ensure
homozygosity, they must be
evaluated.
Emasculation
• Emasculation is the removal of
immature anthers from a bisexual
flower.
• Depending upon the crop species,
the method of emasculation differ.
• Normal practice is hand
emasculation.
Bagging
• The emasculated inflorescences of
female plants are covered using
butter paper bags or cloth bags.
• However, in the case of cross-
pollinated crops, male plants may
also be bagged if desired, so as to
avoid pollen mixture.
• The bags are removed 2-3 days after
pollination.
Tagging
• Emasculated flowers are tagged
properly after bagging.
• Circular or rectangular tags may be
used.
• Details of the cross, date of
emasculation, date of pollination
and the number of flowers
emasculated must be noted on the
tag.
• Carbon pencil or permanent ink may
be used for tagging.
Pollination
• Mature, fertile and viable pollen
grains are collected from the male
parent and dusted on the stigma of
the female parent.
• Care should be taken to see that
the pollen grains are dusted at the
optimum stage of viability.
Harvesting F1 seeds
• Crossed seeds are harvested carefully and
stored to raise the F1 generation.
• Further handling of the hybrids depends on
the objective of the cross.
• In the case of hybrid seed production, the F1
seeds are directly released to farmers.
• In the case of combination breeding and
transgressive breeding, F2 is raised and the
most appropriate solution program is used.
• Harvest of crossed seeds must be done on
individual plant basis
• Seeds collected from individual plants are to
be stored in appropriate containers with
proper label and stored.
THE END

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Tendances (20)

Wide hybridization
Wide hybridizationWide hybridization
Wide hybridization
 
Selection: pure line, mass and pedigree breeding methods for self pollinated ...
Selection: pure line, mass and pedigree breeding methods for self pollinated ...Selection: pure line, mass and pedigree breeding methods for self pollinated ...
Selection: pure line, mass and pedigree breeding methods for self pollinated ...
 
Pure Line Theory and Pure line Selection
Pure Line Theory and Pure line SelectionPure Line Theory and Pure line Selection
Pure Line Theory and Pure line Selection
 
Hybrid production
Hybrid productionHybrid production
Hybrid production
 
Techniques of Germplasm Conservation
Techniques of Germplasm ConservationTechniques of Germplasm Conservation
Techniques of Germplasm Conservation
 
Breeding methods in cross pollinated crops with major emphasis on population ...
Breeding methods in cross pollinated crops with major emphasis on population ...Breeding methods in cross pollinated crops with major emphasis on population ...
Breeding methods in cross pollinated crops with major emphasis on population ...
 
PEDIGREE METHOD OF PLANT BREEDING
PEDIGREE METHOD OF PLANT BREEDINGPEDIGREE METHOD OF PLANT BREEDING
PEDIGREE METHOD OF PLANT BREEDING
 
Ear to row method
Ear to row methodEar to row method
Ear to row method
 
Presentation on Breeding Techniques in Maize
Presentation on Breeding Techniques in Maize Presentation on Breeding Techniques in Maize
Presentation on Breeding Techniques in Maize
 
Mass Selection
Mass SelectionMass Selection
Mass Selection
 
18. synthetics and composites
18. synthetics and composites18. synthetics and composites
18. synthetics and composites
 
Mutation breeding
Mutation breedingMutation breeding
Mutation breeding
 
Mutation breeding ppt
Mutation breeding ppt Mutation breeding ppt
Mutation breeding ppt
 
Breeding of wheat
Breeding of wheatBreeding of wheat
Breeding of wheat
 
15. mass selection in cross pollinated crops
15. mass selection in cross pollinated crops15. mass selection in cross pollinated crops
15. mass selection in cross pollinated crops
 
Breeding methods in cross pollinated crops
Breeding methods in cross pollinated cropsBreeding methods in cross pollinated crops
Breeding methods in cross pollinated crops
 
pure line theory
pure line theorypure line theory
pure line theory
 
Presentation on Plant Breeding Objective and Its Importance
Presentation on Plant Breeding Objective and Its ImportancePresentation on Plant Breeding Objective and Its Importance
Presentation on Plant Breeding Objective and Its Importance
 
19. inbred lines development
19. inbred lines development19. inbred lines development
19. inbred lines development
 
Backcross Breeding Method
 Backcross Breeding Method  Backcross Breeding Method
Backcross Breeding Method
 

Similaire à Plant hybridization aims, objectives and types of hybridization

SOUMITA KARMAKAR.pptx biotechnology biology
SOUMITA KARMAKAR.pptx biotechnology biologySOUMITA KARMAKAR.pptx biotechnology biology
SOUMITA KARMAKAR.pptx biotechnology biology
prosunghosh7
 
Unit nnd ndsj jd j j jdj sj ksdj ksjd s 4.pptx
Unit nnd ndsj jd j j jdj sj ksdj ksjd s 4.pptxUnit nnd ndsj jd j j jdj sj ksdj ksjd s 4.pptx
Unit nnd ndsj jd j j jdj sj ksdj ksjd s 4.pptx
krishnajoshi70
 
Plant Breeding Methods
Plant Breeding MethodsPlant Breeding Methods
Plant Breeding Methods
THILAKAR MANI
 

Similaire à Plant hybridization aims, objectives and types of hybridization (20)

SOUMITA KARMAKAR.pptx biotechnology biology
SOUMITA KARMAKAR.pptx biotechnology biologySOUMITA KARMAKAR.pptx biotechnology biology
SOUMITA KARMAKAR.pptx biotechnology biology
 
Unit nnd ndsj jd j j jdj sj ksdj ksjd s 4.pptx
Unit nnd ndsj jd j j jdj sj ksdj ksjd s 4.pptxUnit nnd ndsj jd j j jdj sj ksdj ksjd s 4.pptx
Unit nnd ndsj jd j j jdj sj ksdj ksjd s 4.pptx
 
Unit hybridization jsjsj jskjb jsk 4.pptx
Unit hybridization jsjsj jskjb jsk  4.pptxUnit hybridization jsjsj jskjb jsk  4.pptx
Unit hybridization jsjsj jskjb jsk 4.pptx
 
lecture-4.ppt
lecture-4.pptlecture-4.ppt
lecture-4.ppt
 
hybridization-200403024946 (1).pdf
hybridization-200403024946 (1).pdfhybridization-200403024946 (1).pdf
hybridization-200403024946 (1).pdf
 
Hybridization
HybridizationHybridization
Hybridization
 
11. hybridization 19.06.2021
11. hybridization 19.06.202111. hybridization 19.06.2021
11. hybridization 19.06.2021
 
Hybridization Techniques in Crop Improvement
Hybridization Techniques in Crop ImprovementHybridization Techniques in Crop Improvement
Hybridization Techniques in Crop Improvement
 
Presentation on Synthetic and Composite varieties
Presentation on Synthetic and Composite varietiesPresentation on Synthetic and Composite varieties
Presentation on Synthetic and Composite varieties
 
hybridization.pptx
hybridization.pptxhybridization.pptx
hybridization.pptx
 
Synthetic and composite variety
Synthetic and composite varietySynthetic and composite variety
Synthetic and composite variety
 
BREEDING METHOD IN CROSS POLLINATED CROPS.pptx
BREEDING METHOD IN CROSS POLLINATED CROPS.pptxBREEDING METHOD IN CROSS POLLINATED CROPS.pptx
BREEDING METHOD IN CROSS POLLINATED CROPS.pptx
 
Plant breeding ppt
Plant breeding pptPlant breeding ppt
Plant breeding ppt
 
Breeding method for clonal propagation crops, apomixis and clonal selection
Breeding method for clonal propagation crops, apomixis and clonal selectionBreeding method for clonal propagation crops, apomixis and clonal selection
Breeding method for clonal propagation crops, apomixis and clonal selection
 
Plant Breeding Methods
Plant Breeding MethodsPlant Breeding Methods
Plant Breeding Methods
 
Distant Hybridization: An Introduction
Distant Hybridization: An IntroductionDistant Hybridization: An Introduction
Distant Hybridization: An Introduction
 
Saving Seed ~ Colorado State University
Saving Seed ~ Colorado State UniversitySaving Seed ~ Colorado State University
Saving Seed ~ Colorado State University
 
Distant hybridization
Distant hybridizationDistant hybridization
Distant hybridization
 
Mendelism_bsc 2nd sem.pptx
Mendelism_bsc 2nd sem.pptxMendelism_bsc 2nd sem.pptx
Mendelism_bsc 2nd sem.pptx
 
Anushka seminar ppt (8)[1].pptx
Anushka seminar ppt (8)[1].pptxAnushka seminar ppt (8)[1].pptx
Anushka seminar ppt (8)[1].pptx
 

Dernier

Biogenic Sulfur Gases as Biosignatures on Temperate Sub-Neptune Waterworlds
Biogenic Sulfur Gases as Biosignatures on Temperate Sub-Neptune WaterworldsBiogenic Sulfur Gases as Biosignatures on Temperate Sub-Neptune Waterworlds
Biogenic Sulfur Gases as Biosignatures on Temperate Sub-Neptune Waterworlds
Sérgio Sacani
 
Pests of cotton_Sucking_Pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Pests of cotton_Sucking_Pests_Dr.UPR.pdfPests of cotton_Sucking_Pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Pests of cotton_Sucking_Pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
PirithiRaju
 
Bacterial Identification and Classifications
Bacterial Identification and ClassificationsBacterial Identification and Classifications
Bacterial Identification and Classifications
Areesha Ahmad
 
SCIENCE-4-QUARTER4-WEEK-4-PPT-1 (1).pptx
SCIENCE-4-QUARTER4-WEEK-4-PPT-1 (1).pptxSCIENCE-4-QUARTER4-WEEK-4-PPT-1 (1).pptx
SCIENCE-4-QUARTER4-WEEK-4-PPT-1 (1).pptx
RizalinePalanog2
 
Pests of mustard_Identification_Management_Dr.UPR.pdf
Pests of mustard_Identification_Management_Dr.UPR.pdfPests of mustard_Identification_Management_Dr.UPR.pdf
Pests of mustard_Identification_Management_Dr.UPR.pdf
PirithiRaju
 
biology HL practice questions IB BIOLOGY
biology HL practice questions IB BIOLOGYbiology HL practice questions IB BIOLOGY
biology HL practice questions IB BIOLOGY
1301aanya
 

Dernier (20)

Biogenic Sulfur Gases as Biosignatures on Temperate Sub-Neptune Waterworlds
Biogenic Sulfur Gases as Biosignatures on Temperate Sub-Neptune WaterworldsBiogenic Sulfur Gases as Biosignatures on Temperate Sub-Neptune Waterworlds
Biogenic Sulfur Gases as Biosignatures on Temperate Sub-Neptune Waterworlds
 
Pests of cotton_Sucking_Pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Pests of cotton_Sucking_Pests_Dr.UPR.pdfPests of cotton_Sucking_Pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Pests of cotton_Sucking_Pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
 
IDENTIFICATION OF THE LIVING- forensic medicine
IDENTIFICATION OF THE LIVING- forensic medicineIDENTIFICATION OF THE LIVING- forensic medicine
IDENTIFICATION OF THE LIVING- forensic medicine
 
Locating and isolating a gene, FISH, GISH, Chromosome walking and jumping, te...
Locating and isolating a gene, FISH, GISH, Chromosome walking and jumping, te...Locating and isolating a gene, FISH, GISH, Chromosome walking and jumping, te...
Locating and isolating a gene, FISH, GISH, Chromosome walking and jumping, te...
 
Connaught Place, Delhi Call girls :8448380779 Model Escorts | 100% verified
Connaught Place, Delhi Call girls :8448380779 Model Escorts | 100% verifiedConnaught Place, Delhi Call girls :8448380779 Model Escorts | 100% verified
Connaught Place, Delhi Call girls :8448380779 Model Escorts | 100% verified
 
Bacterial Identification and Classifications
Bacterial Identification and ClassificationsBacterial Identification and Classifications
Bacterial Identification and Classifications
 
PSYCHOSOCIAL NEEDS. in nursing II sem pptx
PSYCHOSOCIAL NEEDS. in nursing II sem pptxPSYCHOSOCIAL NEEDS. in nursing II sem pptx
PSYCHOSOCIAL NEEDS. in nursing II sem pptx
 
SCIENCE-4-QUARTER4-WEEK-4-PPT-1 (1).pptx
SCIENCE-4-QUARTER4-WEEK-4-PPT-1 (1).pptxSCIENCE-4-QUARTER4-WEEK-4-PPT-1 (1).pptx
SCIENCE-4-QUARTER4-WEEK-4-PPT-1 (1).pptx
 
Pulmonary drug delivery system M.pharm -2nd sem P'ceutics
Pulmonary drug delivery system M.pharm -2nd sem P'ceuticsPulmonary drug delivery system M.pharm -2nd sem P'ceutics
Pulmonary drug delivery system M.pharm -2nd sem P'ceutics
 
CELL -Structural and Functional unit of life.pdf
CELL -Structural and Functional unit of life.pdfCELL -Structural and Functional unit of life.pdf
CELL -Structural and Functional unit of life.pdf
 
Unit5-Cloud.pptx for lpu course cse121 o
Unit5-Cloud.pptx for lpu course cse121 oUnit5-Cloud.pptx for lpu course cse121 o
Unit5-Cloud.pptx for lpu course cse121 o
 
Forensic Biology & Its biological significance.pdf
Forensic Biology & Its biological significance.pdfForensic Biology & Its biological significance.pdf
Forensic Biology & Its biological significance.pdf
 
Vip profile Call Girls In Lonavala 9748763073 For Genuine Sex Service At Just...
Vip profile Call Girls In Lonavala 9748763073 For Genuine Sex Service At Just...Vip profile Call Girls In Lonavala 9748763073 For Genuine Sex Service At Just...
Vip profile Call Girls In Lonavala 9748763073 For Genuine Sex Service At Just...
 
Pests of mustard_Identification_Management_Dr.UPR.pdf
Pests of mustard_Identification_Management_Dr.UPR.pdfPests of mustard_Identification_Management_Dr.UPR.pdf
Pests of mustard_Identification_Management_Dr.UPR.pdf
 
pumpkin fruit fly, water melon fruit fly, cucumber fruit fly
pumpkin fruit fly, water melon fruit fly, cucumber fruit flypumpkin fruit fly, water melon fruit fly, cucumber fruit fly
pumpkin fruit fly, water melon fruit fly, cucumber fruit fly
 
biology HL practice questions IB BIOLOGY
biology HL practice questions IB BIOLOGYbiology HL practice questions IB BIOLOGY
biology HL practice questions IB BIOLOGY
 
FAIRSpectra - Enabling the FAIRification of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry
FAIRSpectra - Enabling the FAIRification of Spectroscopy and SpectrometryFAIRSpectra - Enabling the FAIRification of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry
FAIRSpectra - Enabling the FAIRification of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry
 
❤Jammu Kashmir Call Girls 8617697112 Personal Whatsapp Number 💦✅.
❤Jammu Kashmir Call Girls 8617697112 Personal Whatsapp Number 💦✅.❤Jammu Kashmir Call Girls 8617697112 Personal Whatsapp Number 💦✅.
❤Jammu Kashmir Call Girls 8617697112 Personal Whatsapp Number 💦✅.
 
Factory Acceptance Test( FAT).pptx .
Factory Acceptance Test( FAT).pptx       .Factory Acceptance Test( FAT).pptx       .
Factory Acceptance Test( FAT).pptx .
 
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 1)
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 1)GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 1)
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 1)
 

Plant hybridization aims, objectives and types of hybridization

  • 1. Hybridization: Aims, objectives and types of hybridization Madankar KS Ph.D. Research scholar Institute of Agricultural Science Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
  • 2. Plant hybridization • The mating or crossing of two plants or lines of dissimilar genotype is called hybridization. • In plant hybridization, one of the plants is taken as the female plant and the other as the male plant. • Pollen grains from the male parent are made to pollinate the stigma of the flowers of the female parent. • The seeds obtained from such a cross are called F1 hybrid seeds and the progeny raised from it is called F1 (First Filial) generation.
  • 3. Conti…. • The chief objective of hybridization is to create variation. • When two genotypically different plant are crossed, the genes from both the parents are brought together in F1. • Segregation and recombination produce many new genes combination in F2 and subsequent generations. • The degree of variation produced in F2 depends on the number of heterozygous genes in F1.
  • 4. Objectives of hybridization A. Combination Breeding: Combination breeding is the transfer of one or more characters from other varieties to a particular variety. These characters may be oligogenic or polygenic. In this way, genes for disease resistance, quality traits etc can be transferred. B. Transgressive Breeding: Transgressive breeding is based on transgressive variation of characters in segregating generations like F2. A cross is made between two strains of plants and the F2 is screened for transgressive variations. Transgressive segregation is the segregation of characters beyond the parental limits, in the segregating generations like F2. C. Production of Hybrids: Hybrid (F1) plants show higher vigor and yield when compared to parents, in some cases. This phenomenon is called hybrid vigor. F1 seeds can be raised in bulk through hybridization and distributed directly for cultivation, especially in cross-pollinating crops.
  • 5. Types of hybridization Based on the genetic difference between parents, hybridization can be classified into: 1. Inter-varietal Hybridization 2. Distant Hybridization Inter-varietal hybridization The cross between the members of the same species (intra-specific) is called inter-varietal hybridization. In this type of hybridization, different cross patterns can be used. • Simple Cross: In this case, two parents are used to produce an F1 hybrid.it is also called single cross. Parent A × Parent B F1 hybrid • Complex Crosses: In complex crosses, more than two parents are involved. Such crosses can be called convergent crosses since they bring genes from different sources together.eg, Three way cross F1 (A × B) × C Double cross F1 (A × B) × F1(C × D)
  • 6. • Hybridization between the members of different species or hybridization beyond species level is called distant hybridization. Thus, it may be interspecific (intra-generic) or inter-generic. When conventional methods of hybridization fails, para-sexual methods are used in such cases. Distant hybridization Conti…. • Para-sexual hybridization is the technique of fusing somatic protoplasts when reproductive cells fail to fuse or fertilize.
  • 7. History of plant hybridization  1717: Thomas Fairchild: Developed first Inter specific hybrid between sweet William and Carnation Species of Dianthus popularly known as Fair Child’s mule.  1800-1835: Knight T.A (England): First used Artificial Hybridization in Fruit Crops.  1866: Mendel G.J (Austria): published his discoveries in “Experiments in plant hybridization”, cumulating in the formulation of laws of inheritance in garden pea and discovery of unit factors (genes).  1890: Rimpu (Sweden): First made inheritance cross between bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) and rye (Secale cereale), which later on gave birth to triticale.  1917: Jones: developed first commercial hybrid maize  1927: Karpencheko: developed first intergeneric hybrid between Radish and Cabbage in Russia.
  • 8. Procedure of hybridization 1.Set up your objective 2. Selection of Parents 3. Evaluation of parents 4. Evaluation of parents 5.Emasculation 6. Bagging 7. Tagging 8. Pollination 9. Harvesting F1 Seeds
  • 9. Set up your objective • Objective of hybridization should be set before the hybridization programme. • It will help in selection of parents. • If our goal is development of high yielding resistant variety, then we need to select one of the parent that is high yielding and another one is resistance to particular disease.
  • 10. Selection of parents • The choice of the parents depends on the objective of the crosses. • In combination breeding, the genetic diversity of the parents is not important. In the case of transgressive breeding, genetically diverse plants are selected as parents. • If the characteristics of the parents are not completely known, they are evaluated for the agronomic features.
  • 11. Evaluation of parents • In case of parents which are new to the region they must be evaluated foe there adaptability. • Further to ensure homozygosity, they must be evaluated.
  • 12. Emasculation • Emasculation is the removal of immature anthers from a bisexual flower. • Depending upon the crop species, the method of emasculation differ. • Normal practice is hand emasculation.
  • 13. Bagging • The emasculated inflorescences of female plants are covered using butter paper bags or cloth bags. • However, in the case of cross- pollinated crops, male plants may also be bagged if desired, so as to avoid pollen mixture. • The bags are removed 2-3 days after pollination.
  • 14. Tagging • Emasculated flowers are tagged properly after bagging. • Circular or rectangular tags may be used. • Details of the cross, date of emasculation, date of pollination and the number of flowers emasculated must be noted on the tag. • Carbon pencil or permanent ink may be used for tagging.
  • 15. Pollination • Mature, fertile and viable pollen grains are collected from the male parent and dusted on the stigma of the female parent. • Care should be taken to see that the pollen grains are dusted at the optimum stage of viability.
  • 16. Harvesting F1 seeds • Crossed seeds are harvested carefully and stored to raise the F1 generation. • Further handling of the hybrids depends on the objective of the cross. • In the case of hybrid seed production, the F1 seeds are directly released to farmers. • In the case of combination breeding and transgressive breeding, F2 is raised and the most appropriate solution program is used. • Harvest of crossed seeds must be done on individual plant basis • Seeds collected from individual plants are to be stored in appropriate containers with proper label and stored.