Internet of Things 101 - For software engineers

Internet
Of
Things
101
Kashif Ali Siddiqui
Oct 2016

Some 15 years ago …
Someone
• creates a website
• with a live camera feed
• with camera attached to a robotic arm
• and users on the website can control the
robotic arm movement, and camera zoom
We also saw a “kool” (at that time) project,
when enthusiast
• creates a websites
• attached to electronic switches that
• can switch on/off his room’s lighting and other
electrical appliances
• and users on the website can turn lights on
and off and see it live on the website
It was seem like an amazing concept of remote control, at that time …
2

BEFORE
There were challenges due to lack of
affordable hardware, low-powered processors, microcontrollers, radios,
devices, communication modules,
standards, software, infrastructure, vendor support, etc etc
NOW
There aren’t any
3

Enter a new concept of networking
Internet of Things
or simply
IoT
4

5
Kevin Ashton (British entrepreneur)

A system that interconnects devices, and their users
Efficiently*,
anywhere in the world**
* means, it will take less communication, computation cost, and requires less user intervention, using automation when it makes sense.
** means, it will make the devices available directly in the private networks, or securely over the Internet.
6

It is a concept, a new buzzword
Product, technology, standard, protocol, hardware, software
Rather …
IoT = [Hardware, Networking, Protocols, Standards, Software]
IoT = { collection of products (both hardware, and software) }
Its applications are numerous, widely used in
Smart Homes, Smart Buildings, Smart Cars, Smart Kitchen,
Manufacturing Automation, Healtcare & Fitness Tracking, etc.
It is a system that comprises of
Smart devices, smart controllers/hubs, Internet based service infrastructure,
and plethora of software systems
7

IoT Enablers …
• Hardware
• Cheap, low powered processors / CPUs / SoCs, comm. Processors, memory modules, SSDs
• Cheap SoCs from MediaTek, NVidia, AMD, Intel, etc.
• Low powered radios
• Cheap, low powered, and small form factor motherboards
• Such as Raspberry Pi, Arduino, Freescale, etc.
• Cheap sensors
• Cheap actuators
• Communication / Networking
• Ranged, low powered, adequate bandwidth networking layer 1 protocols
• Z-Waves, ZigBee, Wi-Fi 802.11, LR-WPAN 802.15.4, 6LoWPAN, BLE, Bluetooth Smart, DASH7, Wireless M-Bus, ANT, ISA 100,
Wireless HART, Ethernet
• Fast, fault resilient application protocol
• HTTP (s), MQTT, COAP
8

(cont.) IoT Enablers …
• Cloud Infrastructure
• Cheap, scalable processing
• Scalable, high access database systems
• Programming
• Familiar, easy languages
• Familiar, easy frameworks
9

What are the IoT Products?
They are usually
◦ Smart devices
◦ Smart controllers / hubs
◦ Internet based IoT access services
◦ Workflow orchestration platform
◦ Task automation services
◦ Notification services
◦ Etc.
IoT Service Providers
11

What devices are
available?
12

(cont.) What devices are available?
Sophistication
 Simple  switches, bulbs
 E.g. Wemo switches, Philips Hue Bulbs
 Highly complex  cars, refrigerators
 E.g. BMW cars, Mercedes car, Samsung refrigerators, Hitachi refrigerators
 Compliance
 Services
 APIs
 Standards
 Communication / networking protocols
 Major vendors / manufacturers
 Samsung, Philips, Hitachi, Nest, Logitech, etc
13

What is a controller?
 A communication (often service specific) independent module
 Aggregates data from device
 Communicates either to the user’s client, or IoT service
 Identifies and manage devices
 Examples
 Samsung Smart Hub
 WigWag Relay
 Logitech Harmony Home
 VeraLite
14

Software
in IoT …
 Operating Systems
 Frameworks / Libraries
/ Tools
 Database Systems
 Standalone Software
15

• Inside smart devices
• From OSes to sensor/actuator management software
• Inside smart controllers
• Operating system usually Linux, with device drivers for all the support smart devices
• IoT softwares for devices management, small automations, and communications
• On device storage, and database systems
• Inside IoT Service Providers
• Efficient service interfaces
• Efficient server pushes, notification protocol implementations
• Message queues, data pipelining
• Database system for big data
• Data mining, and data analysis systems
• Workflow orchestration, and execution services
• Inside user side clients
• Native mobile apps
• Web apps
• Wearable apps
• Health/Fitness tracking apps
16

Operating Systems …
A small factor OS that can power a smart devices, and controllers. It must have the luxuries of
customization, yet have the minimalistic modular design to small footprint.
o Fuchsia
o Powered by Google
o Still in its infancy stage
o Is expected to power IoT products, wearables, smart
phones, laptops, computers, etc …
o Project @ https://fuchsia.googlesource.com,
https://github.com/fuchsia-mirror
o RIOT OS
o https://riot-os.org/
o Free & open source
o Contiki
o http://www.contiki-os.org/
o mbed OS
o Powered by ARMmbed
o https://www.mbed.com/en/platform/mbed-os/
o WindRiver VxWorks
o Powered by Wind
o http://windriver.com/products/vxworks/#VxWorks
o Proprietary
o RTOS, Real time operating system
o Brillo
o Powered by Google, based on Android
o https://developers.google.com/brillo/
o Free
17

o Linux based distribution
o Microsoft Windows 10 for IoT
o https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/WindowsForBusiness/windows-iot
o In the oven, still baking …
o TinyOS
o http://www.tinyos.net/
o Nucleus RTOS
o Powered by MentorGraphics
o https://www.mentor.com/embedded-software/nucleus/
o Propriatary
o RTOS, real time operating systems
o FreeRTOS
o http://www.freertos.org/
18

Frameworks / Libraries / Tools …
Collection of software modules that provides function support from device management,
communication, orchestrations, to workflow management.
o Johnny Five
o http://johnny-five.io/
o JavaScript based framework for the hardware platforms from various vendors such as Arduino, Raspberry Pi, Spider,
Sparkfun, Particle, Intel, etc
o Helps in developing custom device management code that will execute directly on the hardware platform, just using
JavaScript language and SDK.
o Carriots
o https://www.carriots.com/what-is-carriots
o An online platform that provides interface services, device storage, and other custom workflow
development services.
o Crossbar.io
o http://crossbar.io/
o An online service for workflow orchestration, and workflow creation.
o It integrates disparate services, devices, interfaces into one big workflow.
19

o Jet
o http://jetbus.io/index.html
o It is a lightweight, realtime message bus for the web.
o SocketCluster
o http://socketcluster.io
o Opensource framework for Node.js.
o It provides scalable raw socket interface for large number of clients.
o ARMmbed Tools
o https://www.mbed.com/en/platform/tools/
o It offers online development IDE with full SDK to develop IoT applications for its OS.
o IoT Toolkit
o http://iot-toolkit.com/
o It provides set of tools for building multi-protocol IoT gateways and service gateways that enable
horizontal co-operation between multiple different protocols and cloud services.
o It is opensource.
20

o AllSeen Alliance (AllJoyn)
o https://allseenalliance.org/
o Its managed as a Linux Foundation Projects.
o Its an opensource framework defines a common way for devices and apps to communicate with one
another regardless of brands, categories, transports, and OSes.
o Dweet and Freeboard
o Powered by Bugs Lab & open sourced
o http://buglabs.net/
o Bug Labs offers a “dweet” messaging and alerts platform and a “freeboard” IoT design app.
o DeviceHive
o http://devicehive.com/
o Open Source IoT Data Platform with the wide range of device integration options.
o DSA
o http://www.iot-dsa.org/
o Distributed Services Architecture facilitates decentralized device inter-communication, logic,
and applications.
21

Database systems …
Database systems that provide both scalable read and write access with support of big data.
o MemSQL
o http://www.memsql.com/
o It is a in-memory database for fast data access.
o It is proprietary.
o RockDB
o Powered by Facebook
o http://rocksdb.org/
o A persistent key-value NoSQL database system.
o Crate.io
o https://crate.io/overview
o It is a opensource distributed database.
o CockroachDB
o https://www.cockroachlabs.com/
o It is a opensource distributed database.
22

Software Systems …
o OpenHAB
o http://www.openhab.org/
o A vendor and technology agnostic open source automation software for the home.
o It is open source.
o OpenIOT
o EU funded project
o https://github.com/OpenIotOrg/openiot
o A middleware infrastructure supporting flexible configuration and deployment of algorithms for collection, and filtering information streams stemming from the internet-
connected objects, while at the same time generating and processing important business/applications events..
o OpenRemote
o http://www.openremote.org/display/HOME/OpenRemote
o It is a is software integration platform for residential and commercial building automation..
o Home Assistant
o https://home-assistant.io/
o It is an open-source home automation platform running on Python 3. Track and control all devices at home and automate control. Installation in less than a minute.
23

IoT
Service
Providers
 Major Corporates behind IoT
 SmartThings
 Nest
 HomeKit
 Watson IoT
 Other Contributors
24

Major Corporates Behind IoT
o Samsung
o SmartThings
o https://www.smartthings.com/
o Provides
o Smart devices
o Controller
o Internet based services
o Custom application development
o Cloud infrastructure for custom applications
o Google
o Nest
o https://nest.com/
o Provides
o Smart Thermostat
o Backend infrastructure
o Developer APIs
o Apple
o HomeKit
o http://www.apple.com/ios/home/
o https://developer.apple.com/homekit/
o Provides
o Mobile device framework
o IBM
o Watson IoT
o http://www.ibm.com/internet-of-things/iot-solutions/watson-iot-
platform/
o Provides
o Developer APIs
o Data analytics & information management
o Various dashboards for data, info, knowledge, trends, etc
25

SmartThings
Consumer End …
• User installs smart devices either from Samsung or from other vendors
• User installs the smart controller in the building
• User installs the SmartThing mobile app
• User creates its SmartThing account
• User creates locations where it have the smart devices
• User adds smart controller to its account
• This will make all the visible smart devices to the user client
• User distributes smart devices in rooms, and create modes
• User configures triggers
• User can install 3rd party SmartThings apps to its location
• The 3rd party apps then bring various automations to the user location only using the authorized devices
26

• The developer creates a SmartThing developer account
• The developer using the SmartThing online IDE, creates and registers the apps
• The app can only be programmed in Groovy language as scripts
• These apps are published on the SmartThing apps store for the SmartThing consumers
• When these apps are installed they are deployed on the installer user’s location, and are usually run on the SmartThing cloud
• The developer explicitly mentioned the device types that are required by his app
• The required devices are authorized by the installing user during app installation
• The app with the authorized devices can
• Perform actions such as turning on a light bulb
• Register for a device event such as subscribing for the event when a motion is detected by the motion sensor
• Besides that, the app can
• Executes any user created triggers
• Change its location modes, and other status parameters
• Notify the user for certain events either as push notification, SMS, or email
27
(cont.) SmartThings
Developer End …

Nest
Consumer End …
• User installs the Nest Thermostat
• User configures the thermostat device, and his home Internet available to the device
• User installs the Nest Thermostat mobile app
• User creates his Nest account
• User connects the thermostat device with his account
• User install other Nest compliant devices (with Works with Nest logo) in his location, and they
become available in his account
• The mobile app provides all the configuration, and management options
• The thermostat being a smart device, also act as a smart controller for the Nest service
28

• The developer creates a Nest developer account
• The developer creates a new app project, and register it
• The developer creates the his app in any other language, platform of his liking
• In the app, he will use the Nest project credentials to identify his self
• The app must have a mechanism to take the user to the Nest portal for the pincode
• The pincode along with the project credentials will allow the developer to consume Nest
webservices API
• Through the APIs, the app can access the consumer devices and can
• perform actions, and
• listen for events
29
(cont.) Nest
Developer End …

HomeKit
Consumer End …
• The user must own a iOS device like iPhone, iPad or iPod touch with atleast iOSv8
• The user must own MFI certified smart device, or have a MFI certified hub
• The user can then install the smart device companion apps from the AppStore
• The user then using the companion apps can control and manage its devices
• The user can use Apple’s own Home app and Siri interface to unify the controls for various smart devices
Manufacturer End …
• The developer must join Apple's Made for iPhone (MFI) certification program and submit its plans, prototypes, etc
• Apple will check the APIs, then ensure the third-party app meets the App Store's requirements, and finally, approve or deny the
accessory for production
Developer End …
• The developer being a registered iOS developer, will create a iOS app using HomeKit mobile framework, and do the submission for the
Appstore
30

Watson IoT
• Provide data analysis services to the developers
• The developer can choose to directly send IoT data from smart devices or from their backend
servers
• The infrastructure provide storage for big data
• The developer and its users can use the information dashboard to
• Get know trends
• Manage risks
• Manage devices
• Get know various optimizations
• Get know what they can automate
31

Other contributors …
• Wink
• http://www.wink.com/
• Provides
• Smart controllers
• Mobile apps
• IFTTT (If This Than That)
• https://ifttt.com/
• Late comers in IoT
• Provides
• Online workflow management
• Direct automation of some devices from BMW cars to lightbulbs
• Integration with other IoT service providers such as SmartThings
• Flow
• Powered by Microsoft
• https://flow.microsoft.com/en-us/
• A connection between IoT and MS Enterprise
systems
• Similar to IFTTT
• Provides
• Task automation
• Workflow management
32

In the
End …
 What are the challenges?
 Security Issues
 Some examples
 Some exciting products
 Internet of Useless Things (IoUT)
33

What are the current challenges?
Sensing a complex environment  Innovative ways to sense and deliver information from the
physical world to the cloud
 Connectivity  Variety of wired and wireless connectivity standards are required to enable
different application needs
 Power is critical  Many IoT applications need to run for years over batteries and reduce the
overall energy consumption
 Security is vital  Protecting users' privacy and manufacturers' IP; detecting and blocking
malicious activity
 Support for Update, and Maintenance  The IoT must be built with maintenance and updates
in mind, with plan and support for backward compatibility
34

(cont.) What are the current challenges?
… Security concerns are high …
Issues in cloud services
 Lack of proper access control of user’s data
 to  third party processes
 Low security on data access
 Issues in devices
 Lack of breach detection and alerting
 Lack of security for data and storage within device
 Lack of security for data within communication
 Lack of authentication
 Weakness in standards
 Lack of standardization for security services
 more concerns on data rates and low power communication
 Lack of standard infrastructure and mechanism for IoT
35

Flawed services implementation
 Lacking in access control and authorization to 3rd party apps and services
 Low protection of user data, account, profiles, devices
 Low security on service layers
 Examples
 Bad authorization implementation for 3rd party apps at SmartThings
 http://www.newsfactor.com/story.xhtml?story_id=0030003Q52H0
 No protection of sensitive data between device and controller/IoT service
 http://www.networkworld.com/article/3064296/security/researchers-take-aim-at-smartthings-security-develop-4-proof-of-concept-
attacks.html
 Remote car hack while the car was still on the move
 http://ww.theregister.co.uk/2016/09/20/tesla_model_s_hijacked_remotely/
 Others …
36

 IoT as a Assistant in Hacking …
 DDOS attack using smart devices on KrebsOnSecurity
 First massive DDoS attack of over 6Gbps that happened 2/3 weeks back on one of its under protected website of KrebsOnSecurity.
 This is the first ever attack not with huge traffic ever recorded, but it was first of a kind that engaged more than 145 thousand
various IoT devices (mostly IP cameras, DVRs) from various homes across the world mostly located in Europe, Middle east, and
Africa.
 The actual hacker planted bots into these IoT devices (as because the devices' own security was quite week, or the user
credentials were quite simple to guess).
 Thus these bots on a given fixed time, launched the first ever DDoS attack, and it was so huge and massive that the Akamai has
to take off the website from the Internet as they were not able to stop/contain it.
 Akamai released the details
 Details : http://news.softpedia.com/news/source-code-of-ddos-botnet-that-attacked-krebs-released-by-its-author-508864.shtml
37

Some exciting products
• HAPIfork
• http://www.hapi.com/products-hapifork.asp
• Smart Tooth Bursh
• http://www.beamtoothbrush.com/toothbrush/
• Smart Egg Tray
• http://www.quirky.com/shop/619
• Glucose Monitoring
• http://www.telcare.com/
• Hydroponic System
• http://getniwa.com/
• Smart Sprinkler Control
• http://lono.io/
• Smart Home Security
• http://canary.is/
• Smart Blood Pressure Monitor
• http://www.withings.com/us/blood-pressure-monitor.html
• Smart Slow Cooker
• http://www.belkin.com/us/Products/home-automation/c/wemo-home-automation/
• Smart Bike
• http://www.vanhawks.com/
• Smart Garbage Cans
• http://www.bigbelly.com/solutions/stations/smartbelly/
• Petnet
• http://www.petnet.io/
• Smart Gardening
• http://www.bitponics.com/
• Smart Doorlock
• http://www.geniesmartlock.com/index.php
• Smart Shirt
• http://omsignal.com/
• Smart Lighting
• http://meethue.com/
38

IoUT: Internet of Useless Things
Smart things doing dumb stuff …
• Ludela
• The world first smart candle
• https://ludela.com/
• Costs $140; Preorder $100
• FitSpoon
• A connected spoon that tracks your eating speed and compares with others via a cloud database
• BeatTweeter
• The BeatTweeter will only Tweet when it detects no heart beat.
• Internet of Toilet
-- And there are ton of others …
39

Useful Links …
 Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things
 IoT Councile - http://www.theinternetofthings.eu/
 IoUT - http://www.internetofuselessthings.io/
 Samsung SmartThings - https://www.smartthings.com/
 Google Nest – https://nest.com/
 Apple HomeKit - http://www.apple.com/ios/home/
 IBM Watson - http://www.ibm.com/internet-of-things/
 Wink - http://www.wink.com/
 Hackster.io - https://www.hackster.io/projects/tags/internet+of+things
 IoT Projects - https://www.postscapes.com/projects/
 IoT Ecilpse - http://iot.eclipse.org/projects
 Nevonprojects - http://nevonprojects.com/iot-projects/
 IoT Software - https://www.linux.com/news/21-open-source-projects-iot
 Postscapes - http://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-software-guide/
40

The End
• This presentation content
• will start to degrade in 5 months time
• will expire in 12 months time
41
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