106 himiya9 gabriel

1. 1 d mq_[gbdm ©ObfbyMq_[gbd^ey de h[s_h[jZahZl_evguomqj_`^_gbcª HK =Z[jb_eyg²F©jhnZª ] mq_[ghijZdlbq_kdh_ ihkh[b_

2. 2 H]eZe_gb_ _^_gb_. H[sZy oZjZdl_jbklbdZ obfbq_kdbo we_f_glh . 5 †OZjZdl_jbklbdZ obfbq_kdh]h we_f_glZ gZhkghZgbb _]h iheh`_gby i_jbh^bq_kdhc kbkl_f_B F_g^_e__Z ................................................... 5 †OZjZdl_jbklbdZ obfbq_kdh]hwe_f_glZ ihdbkehlgh hkghguf khcklZfh[jZam_fuo bfkh_^bg_gbc :fnhl_jgu_ hdkb^ub ]b^jhdkb^u.................... 10 †I_jbh^bq_kdbc aZdhgb i_jbh^bq_kdZykbkl_fZ obfbq_kdbo we_f_glhB F_g^_e__Z.............. 11 =eZZ F_lZeeu ................................... 14 †_d f_^guc[jhgahuc`_e_aguc.............. 14 †Iheh`_gb_ f_lZeeh i_jbh^bq_kdhckbkl_f_ B F_g^_e__Z bkljh_gb_ boZlhfh.............. 15 †Nbabq_kdb_ khcklZf_lZeeh................. 15 †KieZu....................................... 16 †Obfbq_kdb_ khcklZf_lZeeh................. 16 †Ihemq_gb_ f_lZeeh........................... 18 †Dhjjhaby f_lZeeh........................... 20 †S_ehqgu_ f_lZeeu............................ 21 †;_jbeebcfZ]gbc bs_ehqgha_f_evgu_ f_lZeeu. 22 †:exfbgbc.................................... 24 †@_e_ah...................................... 25 =eZZ 2G_f_lZeeu ................................. 29 †G_f_lZeeuZlhfu bijhklu_ _s_klZDbkehjh^ hahgha^mo...................................... 29 †Obfbq_kdb_ we_f_glu de_ldZo`buo hj]Zgbafh .................................................. 31 †=Zeh]_gu.................................... 32 †Kh_^bg_gby ]Zeh]_gh........................ 34 †Ihemq_gb_ ]Zeh]_gh;bheh]bq_kdh_ agZq_gb_b ijbf_g_gb_ ]Zeh]_ghb bokh_^bg_gbc.............. 35 †Dbkehjh^.................................... 37 †K_jZ........................................ 38 †Kh_^bg_gby k_ju............................. 39 †:ahl........................................ 43 †:ffbZd...................................... 45 †Kheb Zffhgby................................ 46 †Dbkehjh^gu_ kh_^bg_gbyZahlZ................ 47 †Nhknhj b_]h kh_^bg_gby..................... 49 †M]e_jh^..................................... 51 †Dbkehjh^gu_ kh_^bg_gbym]e_jh^Z............. 53 †Dj_fgbc b_]h kh_^bg_gby.................... 55

3. 3 =eZZ 3Hj]Zgbq_kdb_ _s_klZ ..................... 58 †Ij_^f_l hj]Zgbq_kdhcobfbb.................. 58 †Ij_^_evgu_ m]e_h^hjhû..................... 59 †G_ij_^_evgu_ m]e_h^hjhûWlbe_g b_]h ]hfheh]b.......................................... 61 †G_ij_^_evgu_ m]e_h^hjhû:p_lbe_g......... 62 †:jhfZlbq_kdb_ m]e_h^hjhû;_gahe.......... 63 †Kibjlu...................................... 64 †:ev^_]bû................................... 65 †Ij_^_evgu_ h^ghhkghgu_dZj[hghu_ dbkehlu Keh`gu_ wnbju..................................... 66 †@bju........................................ 68 †:fbghdbkehlu b[_edb........................ 69 †M]e_hû.................................... 69 †Ihebf_ju.................................... 71 Ijbeh`_gb_ ......................................... 72 H[sZy deZkkbnbdZpbym^h[j_gbc.................. 72 Obfbq_kdZy f_ebhjZpbyihq..................... 75 :ahlgu_dZebcgu_ bnhknhjgu_ m^h[j_gby........ 75 Obfbq_kdbc ijZdlbdmf I. KhcklZ f_lZeehb bo kh_^bg_gby ......................................... 78 IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ Hij_^_e_gb_ uoh^Zijh^mdlZ j_Zdpbb........................................... 78 IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ Hkms_kle_gb_ p_ihqdb obfbq_kdbo ij_jZs_gbc............................ 79 IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_ aZ^Zqbih jZkihagZZgbx bihemq_gbx _s_kl................. 81 IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ DZq_kl_ggu_ j_ZdpbbgZ bhgu f_lZeeh.......................................... 83 Obfbq_kdbc ijZdlbdmf IIKhcklZ kh_^bg_gbc g_f_lZeeh ......................................... 86 IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ Ihemq_gb_ kheyghcdbkehlu b bamq_gb_ __khckl............................... 86 IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_aZ^Zqbih l_f_ ©Ih^]jmiiZdbkehjh^Zª ........................ 88 IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ Ihemq_gb_ ZffbZdZb bamq_gb_ _]h khckl....................................... 90 IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_ aZ^Zqbih l_f_ ©Ih^]jmiiZ ZahlZª............................ 91 IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ Ihemq_gb_ hdkb^Zm]e_jh^Z ,9

4. b bamq_gb__]h khcklJZkihagZZgb_ dZj[hgZlh .................................................. 94 Obfbq_kdbc ijZdlbdmfIII. KhcklZ hj]Zgbq_kdbo _s_kl ............................................ 96 IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ Ihemq_gb_ wlbe_gZb

5. 4 bamq_gb_ _]hkhckl.............................. 96 IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_ aZ^Zqbih jZkihagZZgbx bihemq_gbx _s_kl................. 96 IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ JZkihagZZgb_ ieZklfZkk. 99 IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ JZkihagZZgb_ hehdhg... 99 IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ JZkihagZZgb_ fbg_jZevguo m^h[j_gbc........................................ 100

6. 5 _^_gb_. H[sZyoZjZdl_jbklbdZ obfbq_kdbowe_f_glh § 1OZjZdl_jbklbdZobfbq_kdh]hwe_f_glZgZhkghZgbb _]hiheh`_gby i_jbh^bq_kdhckbkl_f_B F_g^_e__Z hijhk :

7. OZjZdl_jbklbdZnhknhjZ Nhknhj ²we_f_gliylhc]jmiiub lj_lv_]hi_jbh^Z= = 15, ArJ

8. = 31. Khhl_lkl_gghZlhfnhknhjZkh^_j`bl y^j_ ijhlhgh g_cljhghb we_dljhghKljh_gb__]hwe_dljhgghch[hehqdb fh`ghhljZablvk ihfhsvxke_^mxs_cko_fu +15J :lhfu nhknhjZ ijhyeyxl dZd hdbkebl_evgu_ khcklZ ijbgbfZxl g_^hklZxsb_ ^ey aZ_jr_gby g_rg_]h mjhgy ljb we_dljhgZ ihemqZy ijb wlhf kl_i_gv hdbke_gby ± gZijbf_j kh_^bg_gbyo k f_g__ we_dljhhljbpZl_evgufb we_f_glZfb — f_lZeeZfb h^hjh^hf b li

9. lZd b hkklZghbl_evgu_ khcklZ hl^Zxlbebwe_dljhgh[he__we_dljhhljbpZl_evguf we_f_glZf — dbkehjh^m]Zeh]_gZfb liijbh[j_lZyijbwlhfkl_i_gbhdbke_gby b

10. Nhknhjf_g__kbevguchdbkebl_evq_fZahlgh[he__kbevgucq_f furvydqlhkyaZghk jhklhfjZ^bmkhZlhfhhlZahlZd furvydm Ihwlhc`_ijbqbg_hkklZghbl_evgu_khcklZgZh[hjhl mkbebZxlky Nhknhj ² ijhklh_ _s_klh lbibqguc g_f_lZee Nhknhjm khckl_gghye_gb_ZeehljhibbGZijbf_jkms_klmxlZeehljhigu_ fh^bnbdZpbb nhknhjZ lZdb_ dZd [_euc djZkguc b q_jguc nhknhj dhlhju_h[eZ^ZxljZagufbobfbq_kdbfbb nbabq_kdbfbkhcklZfb G_f_lZeebq_kdb_khcklZnhknhjZujZ`_gukeZ[__q_fm ZahlZghkbevg__q_fm furvydZkhk_^gb_we_f_glu ]jmii_

11. G_f_lZeebq_kdb_ khcklZ nhknhjZ ujZ`_gu kbevg__ q_f m dj_fgbyghkeZ[__q_fm k_jukhk_^gb_we_f_glu i_jbh^_

12. ukrbchdkb^nhknhjZbf__lnhjfmemJ2H5Wlhdbkehlguc hdkb^Hgijhyey_lk_lbibqgu_khcklZdbkehlguohdkb^hLZd gZijbf_jijbaZbfh^_cklbb_]hk h^hcihemqZ_lkynhknhjgZy dbkehlZ J2H5 G2H ⇒ G3JH4.

13. 6 IjbaZbfh^_cklbb_]hk hkghgufbhdkb^Zfbb hkghZgbyfbhg ^Z_lkheb J2H5 0JH 0J3JH4)2; J2H5 DHG D3JH4 G2H ukrbc]b^jhdkb^nhknhjZ ²nhknhjgZydbkehlZG3JH4, jZklhjdhlhjhcijhyey_lk_lbibqgu_khcklZdbkehl aZbfh^_cklb_k hkghZgbyfbb hkghgufbhdkb^Zfb G3JH4 + 3NaOH = Na3PO4 G2H G3JH4 KD2 KD3(PO4)2↓ G2H Nhknhjh[jZam_le_lmq__kh_^bg_gb_G3J ²nhknbg ;

14. OZjZdl_jbklbdZdZeby DZebcbf__lihjy^dhucghf_j = b hlghkbl_evgmx ZlhfgmxfZkkm $r(K

15. Khhl_lkl_gghaZjy^y^jZ_]hZlhfZ jZ_gqbkemijhlhgh

16. Ke_^hZl_evghqbkehg_cljhgh y^j_ jZgh LZddZdZlhfwe_dljhg_cljZe_glhqbkehwe_dljhgh kh^_j`Zsboky Zlhf_dZebylh`_jZgh We_f_gldZebcgZoh^blky q_l_jlhfi_jbh^_i_jbh^bq_kdhc kbkl_fuagZqblk_we_dljhgujZkiheZ]ZxlkygZq_luj_o wg_j]_lbq_kdbomjhgyoLZdbfh[jZahfkljh_gb_ZlhfZdZeby aZibkuZ_lkylZd +19D Bkoh^ybakljh_gbyZlhfZfh`ghij_^kdZaZlvkl_i_gvhdbke_gby dZeby _]hkh_^bg_gbyoLZddZd obfbq_kdboj_ZdpbyoZlhfdZeby hl^Z_lh^bgg_rgbcwe_dljhgijhyeyyhkklZghbl_evgu_ khcklZke_^hZl_evghhgijbh[j_lZ_lkl_i_gvhdbke_gby hkklZghbl_evgu_ khcklZ m dZeby ujZ`_gu kbevg__ q_f m gZljbyghkeZ[__q_fm jm[b^byqlhkyaZghk jhklhfjZ^bmkhhl 1Dd Rb. DZebc ²ijhklh__s_klh^eyg_]hoZjZdl_jgZf_lZeebq_kdZy djbklZeebq_kdZyj_r_ldZb f_lZeebq_kdZyobfbq_kdZykyavZ hlkx^Z ²b k_lbibqgu_^eyf_lZeehkhcklZ F_lZeebq_kdb_ khcklZ m dZeby ujZ`_gu kbevg__ q_f m gZljbyghkeZ[__q_fm jm[b^byldZlhfdZebye_]q_hl^Z_lwe_dljhg q_fZlhfgZljbyghljm^g__q_fZlhfjm[b^by F_lZeebq_kdb_khcklZm dZebyujZ`_gukbevg__q_fm dZevpbyldh^bgwe_dljhgZlhfZdZebye_]q_hlhjZlvq_f^Z we_dljhgZZlhfZdZevpby Hdkb^dZebyD2H yey_lkyhkghgufhdkb^hfb ijhyey_lk_ lbibqgu_khcklZhkghguohdkb^haZbfh^_cklb_k dbkehlZfb b dbkehlgufbhdkb^Zfb D2H GO .O+2O; K2O + SO3 = K2SO4.

17. 7 dZq_kl_]b^jhdkb^ZdZebxkhhl_lklm_lhkghZgb_s_ehqv

18. DHG dhlhjh_ ijhyey_l k_ oZjZdl_jgu_ khcklZ hkghZgbc aZbfh^_cklb_k dbkehlZfbb dbkehlgufbhdkb^Zfb DHG+123 = KNO3+H2O; 2KOH+N2O5 = 2KNO3+H2O. E_lmq_]hh^hjh^gh]hkh_^bg_gbydZebcg_h[jZam_lZ h[jZam_l ]b^jb^dZebyDG hijhk Z

19. 0J2 ²hkghghchdkb^623 ²dbkehlguchdkb^ 1) MgO + SO3 = MgSO4; 2) MgO + 2HNO3 = Mg(NO3)2 + H2O; 3) MgO + 2H+ = Mg2+ + H2O; 2RbOH + SO3 = Rb2SO4 + H2O; SO3 + 2OH– = SO4 2– + H2O. [

20. 0J2+

21. 2 ²hkghghc]b^jhdkb^+2SO4 ²dbkehlguc]b^jhdkb^

22. 0J2G

23. 2 + H2SO4 = MgSO4 + 2H2O; OH– + H+ = H2O;

24. 0J2G

25. 2 + SO3 = MgSO4 + H2O; SO3 + 2OH– = H2O + 62 3) H2SO4 + Na2O = Na2SO4 + H2O; Na2O + 2H+ = 2Na+ + H2O. hijhk FZ]gbc ²ijhklh__s_klh ^eyg_]hoZjZdl_jgZf_lZeebq_kdZy djbklZeebq_kdZyj_r_ldZhgh[eZ^Z_lf_lZeebq_kdbf[e_kdhf we_dljhijhh^ghklvx Z

26. 0JH2 = 2MgO 0J H 0J 2 H2 [

27. 0JO2 = MgCl2 0J H 0J O H O

28. 0J6 0J6 0J H 0J 6 H 6 + − − = + = ]

29. 0J12 = Mg3N2 0J H 0J 1 H 1 + − − = + = ^

30. 0J+O 0JO2 + H2↑ 0J H 0J + H + hijhk :eehljhiby ²ye_gb_kms_klhZgbyobfbq_kdh]hwe_f_glZ b^_g_kdhevdboijhkluo_s_kljZaebqguoihkljh_gbxb khcklZflZdgZauZ_fuoZeehljhiguonhjf

32. fhe_dmeZokhklZZ68 j_Zebam_lkydhZe_glghg_iheyjguclbi kyabl_g_ijhbkoh^blkf_s_gbywe_dljhgghciZjuh[jZamxs_c kyav

33. 8 [

34. fhe_dmeZokhklZZG26j_Zebam_lkydhZe_glghiheyjguclbi kyabldijhbkoh^blkf_s_gb_we_dljhgghciZjud [he__ we_dljhhljbpZl_evghfmZlhfm ²k_j_6

35. G → S ← G Nbabq_kdb_khcklZjhf[bq_kdhck_ju 68): _s_klhebfhggh`_elh]hp_lZmklhcqbh_^h W °K jZklhjy_lky k_jhm]e_jh^_62

36. Zgbebg_[_gahe_n_ghe_ MjZg_gbyj_Zdpbc Z

37. 1D6 1D2S 1D H 1D hkklZghbl_ev hdbkebl_ev6 H 6 [

38. D6 D6 KD HKD hkklZghbl_ev hdbkebl_ev6 H6 + − − = + =

39. $O6 $O2S3 $O H $O hkklZghbl_ev hdbkebl_ev6 H 6 ]

40. 622 = SO2↑ 6 H 6 hkklZghbl_ev hdbkebl_ev2 H 2 ^

41. 6+2 = H2S↑ + H + hkklZghbl_ev hdbkebl_ev6 H 6 _

42. 6)2 = SF6 6 H 6 hkklZghbl_ev hdbkebl_ev) H ) hijhk G_f_lZeebq_kdb_khcklZdj_fgbyujZ`_gukeZ[__q_fm nhknhjZghkbevg__q_fm Zexfbgby. hijhk Z

43. M ZahlZdbkehlgu_khcklZujZ`_gukbevg__q_fm nhknhjZ ld ]jmiiZok_jomgbaijhbkoh^blmkbe_gb_hkghguob hkeZ[e_gb_dbkehlguokhckl [

44. M k_judbkehlgu_khcklZujZ`_gukbevg__q_fm nhknhjZ ld i_jbh^Zoke_ZgZijZhijhbkoh^blmkbe_gb_dbkehlguob hkeZ[e_gb_hkghguokhckl

45. 9 hijhk Zgh: ηH2

46. P0J

47. ]ωMgijbf_kb

48. %. GZclb9ha^moZ

49. J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmfZ]gby[_aijbf_kb mqbkluc(Mg) = m(Mg) – m(Mg)⋅ωMg (ijbf_kb

50. mqbkluc (Mg) ]±]⋅ ] AZibr_fmjZg_gb_j_Zdpbbk`b]ZgbyfZ]gby] ] o e fhev fhev F ]fhev 9 efhev P ] 9 e 0J 2 0J2 IhmjZg_gbxj_ZdpbbkhklZbfijhihjpbx ] ²e ] ²o e o ⋅ e Ke_^hZl_evghe qbklh]hdbkehjh^Zlj_[m_lkygZk`b]Zgb_ ] fZ]gby GZc^_fh[t_fha^moZdhlhjucihlj_[m_lkygZk`b]Zgb_fZ]gby 9ha^moZ

51. )O( )O(V 2 2 η = e Hl_l9ha^moZ

52. e hijhk ZghP6

53. d] ] ω = 80 %. GZclb: V(SO2) J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZg_gb_j_Zdpbbk`b]Zgbyk_ju dbkehjh^_ ] oe fhev fhev F ]fhev 9 efhevP ] 9 e 6 H 62 KhklZbfijhihjpbx ] ²e ] ²o e o ⋅ e VijZdl(SO2) = Vl_hj(SO2)⋅ ω e⋅ e Hl_l: V(SO2

54. e hijhk G_lg_evayIj_`^_k_]hbaaZjZaebqby kl_i_gyohdbke_gby hdkb^_k_jZbf__lkl_i_gvhdbke_gby k_jgbklhcdbkehl_ — 4+.

55. 10 ukr_fmhdkb^m623 khhl_lklm_lk_jgZydbkehlZ+2SO4. K_jgbklhcdbkehl_+2SO3 khhl_lklm_lhdkb^622. Zggu_khhl_lklbyfh`ghihdZaZlv]b^jhebahfhdkb^h 62 + GH⇒ 62+ + 62 + GH W 62+ + hijhk Z

56. 0JKH2 0JH K 0J H 0J H + + − = + = [

57. 6.KOH3 = 2KCl + 3SO2 6 H 6 O H O + + − − = + = § 2. OZjZdl_jbklbdZobfbq_kdh]hwe_f_glZ ihdbkehlghhkghgufkhcklZfh[jZam_fuo bfkh_^bg_gbc:fnhl_jgu_hdkb^ub ]b^jhdkb^u hijhk :fnhl_jguf]b^jhdkb^Zfijbkms_khcklhj_Z]bjhZlvk dbkehlZfbdZdhkghZgb_b khs_ehqZfbdZddbkehlZIhwlhfm dh]^Zfud jZklhjms_ehqbijbebZ_fihdZieyfjZklhjkhebm gZkihemqZ_lkyZfnhl_jguc]b^jhdkb^dhlhjuckjZam`_j_Z]bjm_l k s_ehqvxh[jZamyjZklhjbfmxkhevb fug_gZ[ex^Z_f uiZ^_gb_ hkZ^hdZfnhl_jgh]h]b^jhdkb^Z hijhk %H %H2 %H62 .%H2 %H12

58. %H2+

59. 1. 2Be + O2 = 2BeO; 2. BeO + H2SO4 = BeSO4↓ G2H _HDHG D2_H2 G2H _HG123 = Be(NO3)2 + H2O; 5. Be(NO3)2 + 2NaOH = 2NaNO3 + Be(OH)2; 6. Be(OH)2 D2+ D2BeO2 + 2H2O;

60. 11 7. Be(OH)2 + H2SO4 = BeSO4↓ G2H hijhk Z

61. %H2+

62. 2 G+ _2+ G2H%H2+

63. 2 + H2SO4=BeSO4 G2H Be(OH)2 + 2HNO3=Be(NO3)2 G2H [

64. %H2+

65. 2 2G– _22– G2H%H2+

66. 2 + 2KOH=K2BeO2 + G2H Be(OH)2 + 2NaOH=Na2BeO2 G2H hijhk :fnhl_jghklvx gZauZ_lky kihkh[ghklv _s_klZ ijhyeylv dZd dbkehlgu_lZdb hkghgu_khcklZDbkehlgu_khcklZdZdijZbeh ijhyeyxlkh_^bg_gbyg_f_lZeeh GZijbf_j+2SO4; P2O5; CO2. Ghkms_klmxldbkehluh[jZahZggu_f_lZeeZfb GZijbf_j.MnO4 ²i_jfZg]ZgZldZebyD2Cr2O7 ²^bojhfZl dZeby1D3VO4 ²ZgZ^ZlgZljby1DAl(OH)4] ²]b^jhdkhZexfbgZl gZljby Lh_klvf_lZeeufh]mllZd`_ijhyeylvdbkehlgu_khcklZ Hkghgu_khcklZoZjZdl_jguijZdlbq_kdblhevdh^eyf_lZeeh GZijbf_jNaOH, K2O, LiNO3. § 3I_jbh^bq_kdbcaZdhgb i_jbh^bq_kdZykbkl_fZ obfbq_kdbowe_f_glhB F_g^_e__Z hijhk I_jbh^bq_kdbcaZdhgF_g^_e__Z ²h^bgbahkghhiheZ]Zxsbo aZdhghobfbbFh`ghml_j`^Zlvqlhkykhj_f_ggZyobfby ihkljh_gZgZg_fHgh[tykgy_laZbkbfhklvkhcklZlhfhhlbo kljh_gbyh[h[sZ_lwlmaZbkbfhklv^eyk_owe_f_glhjZa^_eyy bogZjZaebqgu_]jmiiuZ lZd`_ij_^kdZauZ_lbokhcklZ aZbkbfhklbhlkljh_gbyb kljh_gb_ aZbkbfhklbhlkhckl Kms_klmxl^jm]b_aZdhgug_kmsb_h[tykgyxsmxh[h[sZxsmx b ij_^kdZaZl_evgmxnmgdpbbGZijbf_jaZdhgkhojZg_gbywg_j]bb aZdhgij_ehfe_gbyk_lZ]_g_lbq_kdbcaZdhgF_g^_ey hijhk Jmdhh^klmykvi_jbh^bq_kdhckbkl_fhcgZc^_fwe_f_glk gm`guf jZkiheh`_gb_fwe_dljhghb

67. Wlhlwe_f_gl ²Zahl :N 1s2 2s2 2p3 . Wlhlwe_f_glh[jZam_lijhklh__s_klh — N2, Zahlh^hjh^gh_ kh_^bg_gb_ZahlZ — NH3ZffbZdukrbchdkb^ZahlZ — N2H5.

68. 12 Dbkehlguchdkb^N2O5 ijbjZklhj_gbb h^_i_j_oh^bl kbevgmxZahlgmxdbkehlm+123. N2O5 + H2O = 2HNO3; N2O5 + BaO = Ba(NO3)2; N2O5 + Ba(OH)2 = Ba(NO3)2 + H2O; N5+ h[eZ^Z_lkbevgufbhdbkebl_evgufbkhcklZfb 2N2O5 K = 2N2 K22. hijhk JZgvr_we_f_gl[_jbeebchrb[hqghhlghkbebd ,,,]jmii_IjbqbgZ wlh]h aZdexqZeZkv g_ijZbevghf hij_^_e_gbb Zlhfghc fZkku [_jbeeby f_klh __ kqblZeb jZghc

69. B F_g^_e__ ij_^iheh`be qlh [_jbeebc gZoh^blky ,, ]jmii_ hkghuZykv gZ obfbq_kdbo khcklZo we_f_glZ KhcklZ [_jbeeby [ueb hq_gv ihoh`bgZkhcklZ0Jb KZb kh_jr_gghg_ihoh`bgZkhcklZ$O AgZy qlh Zlhfgu_ fZkku /L b khk_^gbo we_f_glh d _ jZgu khhl_lkl_gghb BF_g^_e__ij_^iheh`beqlhZlhfgZyfZkkZ [_jbeebyjZgZ hijhk KZ ²Zlhfm dhlhjh]hwe_dljhgujZkij_^_e_gukh]eZkghjy^m qbk_e We_f_gl‹ 7 — N, we_f_gl‹ 8 — O. MjZg_gbyj_Zdpbc KZ + N2 KZ3N2, KZ + O2 KZ2 Ijh^mdluj_Zdpbcbf_xlbhgguclbikyab :ahl b dbkehjh^ bf_xl fhe_dmeyjgh_ kljh_gb_ djbklZeebq_kdbo j_r_lhdZ mdZevpbyf_lZeebq_kdZydjbklZeebq_kdZyj_r_ldZ Ijh^mdluaZbfh^_cklby ²KZ3N2 b KZ2bf_xlbhggh_kljh_gb_ djbklZeebq_kdhcj_r_ldb hijhk N, P, As, Sb, Bi — mkbe_gb_f_lZeebq_kdbokhckl F_lZeebq_kdb_khcklZ ]jmiiZomkbebZxlky hijhk Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl — mkbe_gb_g_f_lZeebq_kdbokhckl G_f_lZeebq_kdb_khcklZ i_jbh^ZomkbebZxlky hijhk Cl2O7, P2O5, SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, Na2O — mf_gvr_gb_dbkehlguo khckl

70. 13 Dbkehlgu_khcklZ i_jbh^Zom_ebqbZxlky +KO24, H3PO4, H2SiO4, Al(OH)3, Mg(OH)2, NaOH — mf_gvr_gb_ dbkehlguokhckl hijhk B2O3, BeO, Li2O²hajZklZgb_hkghguokhcklld i_jbh^Zo hkghgu_khcklZhkeZ[_Zxl B(OH)3, Be(OH)2, LiOH — hajZklZgb_hkghguokhckl B(OH)3 — keZ[ZydbkehlZ Be(OH)2 — keZ[h_hkghZgb_ LiOH — kbevgh_hkghZgb_ hijhk I_jbh^bq_kdZy kbkl_fZ we_f_glh hljZ`Z_l aZbfhkyav obfbq_kdbo we_f_glh :lhfguc ghf_j we_f_glZ jZ_g aZjy^m y^jZ qbke_gghhgjZ_gqbkemijhlhghQbkehg_cljhghkh^_j`Zsboky y^jZo h^gh]h we_f_glZ hlebqb_ hl qbkeZ ijhlhgh fh`_l [ulv jZaebqguf :lhfu h^gh]h we_f_glZ y^jZ dhlhjuo kh^_j`Zl jZagh_ qbkehg_cljhghgZauZxlkybahlhiZfb DZ`^uc obfbq_kdbc we_f_gl bf__l ih g_kdhevdh bahlhih ijbjh^guo beb ihemq_gguo bkdmkkl_ggh

71. :lhfgZy fZkkZ obfbq_kdh]h we_f_glZ jZgZ kj_^g_fm agZq_gbx ba fZkk k_o _]h ijbjh^guobahlhihk mq_lhfbojZkijhkljZg_gghklb K hldjulb_fbahlhih^eyjZkij_^_e_gbywe_f_glhih i_jbh^bq_kdhckbkl_f_klZebbkihevahZlvaZjy^uy^_jZ g_bo Zlhfgu_fZkku hijhk LZdijhbkoh^blba-aZlh]hqlhkhcklZwe_f_glhb bokh_^bg_gbc aZbkylg_hlh[s_]hqbkeZwe_dljhghZ lhevdhhlZe_glguo dhlhju_gZoh^ylkygZihke_^g_fkeh_Dhebq_klhZe_glguo we_dljhghf_gy_lkyi_jbh^bq_kdbke_^hZl_evghkhcklZ we_f_glhlZd`_f_gyxlkyi_jbh^bq_kdb hijhk KhcklZobfbq_kdbowe_f_glhb h[jZahZgguobfb_s_kl gZoh^ylky i_jbh^bq_kdhcaZbkbfhklbhlhlghkbl_evguoZlhfguo fZkkwe_f_glh KhcklZ obfbq_kdbo we_f_glh b h[jZahZgguo bfb _s_kl gZoh^ylky i_jbh^bq_kdhc aZbkbfhklb hl aZjy^Z Zlhfguo y^_j we_f_glh KhcklZobfbq_kdbowe_f_glhb h[jZahZgguobfb_s_kl gZoh^ylky i_jbh^bq_kdhcaZbkbfhklbhlkljh_gbyg_rgbo wg_j]_lbq_kdbomjhg_c we_dljhgghch[hehqd_ZlhfZ

72. 14 =eZZF_lZeeu § 4_df_^guc[jhgahuc`_e_aguc hijhk wihom Zglbqghklb k_fvx qm^_kZfb k_lZ kqblZeb _]bi_lkdb_ ibjZfbûbkyqb_kZûZbehgZklZlmxDhehkkZJh^hkkdh]hOjZf :jl_fbû Wn_k_ klZlmx hebfibckdh]h [h]Z Xibl_jZ fZahe_c =ZebdZjbZk_:e_dkZg^jbckdbcfZyd kha^Zgbb_]bi_lkdboibjZfb^b]jZeZg_fZemxjhevf_^vldêy khhjm`_gbyibjZfbûbkihevahZebkvbgkljmf_gluba]hlhe_ggu_ba f_^b =b]ZglkdZyklZlmyDhehkkZJh^hkkdh]h[ueZiheghklvxba]hlhe_gZ ba[jhgau KlZlmyXibl_jZ[ueZqZklbqghk^_eZgZbaahehlZba[eZ]hjh^gh]h f_lZeeZ[ueba]hlhe_gieZsXibl_jZ hijhk KhcklZjlmlbijbh[uqguomkehbyofh`ghhibkZlvke_^mxsbfb ijbeZ]Zl_evgufb`b^dZyy^hblZy[e_klysZy[]_

73. hijhk hkgh_h[jZahZgbyebl_jZlmjgh]hujZ`_gby ©klZevghc oZjZdl_jª©`_e_agu_g_juª©ahehlh_k_j^p_ª©f_lZeebq_kdbc ]hehkª©kbgphucdmeZdªe_`Zlke_^mxsb_khcklZf_lZeeh l_j^hklvijhqghklv hijhk eyoZjZdl_jbklbdbij_^]jhahh]hg_[Zfh`ghbkihevahZlv ijbeZ]Zl_evgu_kbgphh_ly`_eh_^

74. hijhk eylh]hqlh[uohjhrhih^]hlhblvkyd khh[s_gbxufh`_l_ hkihevahZlvky^_lkdhcwgpbdehi_^b_cbebwgpbdehi_^b_c bkdmkklZ hijhk Ij_^hklZey_fhafh`ghklvZfkZfbfihnZglZabjhZlvgZwlml_fm ey lh]h qlh[u Zf e_]q_ [ueh khjb_glbjhZlvky h[hagZqbf g_dhlhju_ hafh`ghklb ^ey ijbf_g_gby f_lZeeh dhgkljmdpbhggu_ fZl_jbZeu we_dljhl_ogbq_kdb_ fZl_jbZeu `Zjhijhqgu_fZl_jbZeu

75. 15 § 5Iheh`_gb_f_lZeeh i_jbh^bq_kdhckbkl_f_ B F_g^_e__Zb kljh_gb_boZlhfh hijhk hkklZghbl_evgu_khcklZf_lZeehhij_^_eyxlkykihkh[ghklvx hl^ZZlvwe_dljhgug_rg_]hkehyQ_fe_]q_Zlhfhl^Z_l we_dljhgug_rg_]hkehyl_f[he__kbevgufhkklZghbl_e_fhg yey_lky hijhk KZfucZdlbgucf_lZee ²njZgpbc )U

76. NjZgpbce_]q_k_]hhl^Z_lwe_dljhgg_rg_]hkehyHgh[eZ^Z_l kZfuf[hevrbfZlhfgufjZ^bmkhfihwlhfmwg_j]by aZbfh^_cklbyy^jZZlhfZk g_rg_cwe_dljhgghch[hehqdhcfZeZ hijhk F_lZeeuijhyeyxlhkklZghbl_evgu_khcklZ gme_hckl_i_gb hdbke_gbyl_kZff_lZeefh`_l[ulvlhevdhhkklZghbl_e_f Ijb_^_ggucijhp_kk ²ijbf_jhdbke_gby X2+ ^hX0 ^Zgghf ijbf_j_f_^vuklmiZ_l b^_dZlbhgZ § 6Nbabq_kdb_khcklZf_lZeeh hijhk KZfuce_]dhieZdbcf_lZee ²jlmlvM`_ijbdhfgZlghc l_fi_jZlmj_hgyey_lky`b^dhklvx hijhk l_ogbd_bkihevamxlkylZdb_khcklZf_lZeehdZd we_dljhijhh^ghklvl_j^hklvl_jfhmklhcqbhklv hijhk S_ehqgu_f_lZeeubf_xlkZfmxgbadmxwg_j]bxbhgbaZpbbl_ hgbe_]dhhl^Zxlwe_dljhgk ihke_^g_]hkehyeylh]hqlh[u hlgylvwlhlwe_dljhghlf_lZeeZ^hklZlhqgh^Z`_wg_j]bbk_lZ nhlhgZ

77. GZye_gbbnhlhwnn_dlZhkghZgh^_cklb_nhlhwe_dljbq_kdbo ijb[hjhihemqbrb_jZaghh[jZagh_ijbf_g_gb_ jZaebqguo h[eZklyogZmdbb l_ogbdb ²nhlhwe_f_glujZ[hlZxsb_gZhkgh_ nhlhwnn_dlZij_h[jZamxlwg_j]bxbaemq_gby we_dljbq_kdmx hijhk GZlm]hieZdhklbhevnjZfZhkghZgh_]hijbf_g_gb_ eZfiZo gZdZebZgby

78. 16 hijhk ebl_jZlmjguoujZ`_gbyo©k_j_[jygucbg_cª©ahehlZyaZjyª ©kbgphu_lmqbªaZdexq_ghkhcklhf_lZeehhljZ`Zlvk_lhu_ emqb j_amevlZl_q_]hhgbijbh[j_lZxloZjZdl_jgmxhdjZkdm f_lZeebq_kdbc[e_kd § 7KieZu hijhk ;jhgahuc _d ijh^he`Zeky ijb[ebabl_evgh e_l dhg_p — gZqZehlukyq_e_lby^hgw

79. GZaZgb_©[jhgahuc_dªh[mkehe_gh l_f qlh wlhl i_jbh^ rbjhdh bkihevahZeky kieZ f_^b b hehZ dhlhjucihemqbegZaZgb_[jhgaZ hijhk F_evobhj ² kieZ kh^_j`Zsbc hdheh f_^b b gbd_ey Ihwlhfm^eyijhbah^klZd]f_evobhjZg_h[oh^bfhaylv PX

80. Pf_evobhjZ

81. ⋅ ωKX

82. kieZ_ = 25⋅ d] P1L

83. Pf_evobhjZ

84. ⋅ ω(Ni) kieZ_ = 25⋅ d] Hl_ld]Xb d]1L hijhk G_ljm^gh aZf_lblv qlh kehZ ©e_]bjmxsbcª b ©ijbbe_]bjhZggucª bf_xl h^bgZdhmx qZklv ©e_]bjª dhjgyo Hq_b^ghqlhhgbijhbkoh^ylhlh^gh]hb lh]h`_kehZE_]bjmxsb_ we_f_glu^h[Zeyxl kieZqlh[umemqrblvbonbabq_kdb_khcklZ ©Ijbbe_]bjhZggucª hagZqZ_l ©emqrbcª ©[he__ ukhdbc q_f m hklZevguoª § 8Obfbq_kdb_khcklZf_lZeeh hijhk AZibr_fmjZg_gb_j_Zdpbch[jZahZgby`_e_aghchdZebgu 3Fe + 4H2O = Fe3O4 + 4H2↑ (1) Fe3O4 ²ij_^klZey_lkh[hckf_kv^mohdkb^h)H2⋅Fe2O3. IhwlhfmmjZg_gb_j_Zdpbb

85. fh`ghmkehghij_^klZblv b^_ ^mo mjZg_gbc b ^ey dZ`^h]h khklZblv mjZg_gb_ we_dljhggh]h [ZeZgkZ Fe + H2O = FeO + H2↑ )H H )H + H + 2Fe + 3H2O = Fe2O3 + 3H2↑

86. 17 )H H )H + H + + + − = + = 3Fe + 4H2O = FeO⋅Fe2O3 + 4H2↑ )H H )H )H + H + Lh_klvihemqbebqlh j_Zdpbbh[jZahZgby`_e_aghchdZebguljb ZlhfZ`_e_aZhl^Zxlwe_dljhgh hijhk ZghP0J

87. ]ηH2) = 0,21. GZclb9ha^

88. J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZg_gb_j_Zdpbbk`b]ZgbyfZ]gby ] oe fhev fhev F efhev 9 efhev P ] 9 e 0J 2 0J2 , KhklZbfijhihjpbxb hij_^_ebfh[t_fdbkehjh^Zg_h[oh^bfh]h ^eyijh_^_gbyj_Zdpbb ] ²e ] ²[e o ⋅ e V(O2

89. e GZc^_fh[t_fha^moZg_h[oh^bfh]h^eyijh_^_gbyj_Zdpbb 9ha^

90. )O( )O(V 2 2 η = e e Hl_l9ha^

91. e hijhk ZghPD

92. f] ]ω = 80 % GZclb: V(H2) J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZg_gb_j_ZdpbbjZklhj_gbydZevpby h^_ ] fhev fhev F ]fhev 9 efhevP ] 9 e D +2 D2+

93. + KhklZbfijhihjpbxb gZc^_fh[t_fh^hjh^Zdhlhjuc l_hj_lbq_kdb^he`_g[ueihemqblvky oh^_j_Zdpbb ] ²e ] ²o e o ⋅ e

94. 18 Vl_hjG2

95. e Hl_l: VG2

96. e IhmkehbxaZ^Zqbuoh^]ZaZkhklZey_l hll_hj_lbq_kdb hafh`gh]hIhwlhfmijZdlbq_kdb[uehihemq_gh VijZdlG2) = Vl_hjG2)⋅ ω e⋅ e Hl_l: VijZdlG2

97. e hijhk S_ehqgu_b s_ehqgha_f_evgu_f_lZeeuhq_gvZdlbgub j_Z]bjmxlijZdlbq_kdbkhk_fk q_fkhijbdZkZxlky GZijbf_j gZ ha^mo_ wlb f_lZeeu e_]dh hdbkeyxlky ?keb wlb f_lZeeu ojZgblv ih^ keh_f d_jhkbgZ d dhlhjhfm hgb bg_jlgu lh fh`gh m[_j_qvhlg_gm`guoaZbfh^_cklbcEblbc ² kZfuc e_]dbc ba f_lZeeh Hg e_]q_ d_jhkbgZ b hlebqb_ hl ^jm]bo f_lZeeh kieuZ_l g_fihwlhfm_]hojZgyl Za_ebg_ hijhk KZ + 12HNO3 = 5Ca(NO3)2 + N2↑ + 6H2O. D H D 1 H 1 − hijhk IhijZbemdhlhjh_]eZkblqlhf_lZeeuklhysb_ jy^m gZijy`_gbye___h^hjh^Zul_kgyxl_]hbajZklhjhdbkehl h^hjh^ijbj_ZdpbbkbgpZk jZklhjhfk_jghcdbkehlu^he`_g ihemqblvkyGh^Zggh_ijZbehkh[ex^Z_lky_keb j_Zdpbb f_lZeeZk dbkehlhch[jZam_lkyjZklhjbfZykhevZ 3E624 — g_jZklhjbfZykhevIhwlhfm kemqZ_kbgpZb k_jghcdbkehlu ijZbehg_^_cklm_lbke_^hZl_evghh^hjh^g_evayihemqblv ijbaZbfh^_cklbbkbgpZk jZklhjhfk_jghcdbkehlu hijhk 4Zn + 5H2SOdhgp

98. = 4ZnSO4 + H2S↑ + 4H2O =Q H =Q 6 H 6 − wlhcj_Zdpbbpbgdijhyey_lhkklZghbl_evgu_khcklZ § 9Ihemq_gb_f_lZeeh hijhk =:]jbdhe kh_cdgb]_bf_e b^mibjhf_lZeemj]bx Ibjhf_lZeemj]bq_kdb_ijhp_kkudexqZxlh[`b]ijbwlhf kh^_j`Zsb_ky jm^Zokh_^bg_gbyf_lZeeh qZklghklbkmevnb^u i_j_h^ylky hdkb^uZ k_jZm^Zey_lky b^_622gZijbf_j

99. 19 2CuS + 3O2 ⇒ 2CuO + 2SO2↑; Cr2O3 + 2Al ⇒ Al2O3 + 2Cr. AZl_fhdkb^ui_j_h^ylky qbklu_f_lZeeuiml_fZfhghl_jfbb hijhk Wdheh]bq_kdb[he__[_ahiZk_g[Zdl_jbZevgucf_lh^ihemq_gbyf_^b hijhk S_ehqgu_b s_ehqgha_f_evgu_f_lZeeug_evayihemqblv ]b^jhf_lZeemj]bq_kdbff_lh^hfihlhfmqlh^Zggucf_lh^ hkghZggZu^_e_gbbf_lZeehbajZklhjZih^^_cklb_f we_dljbq_kdh]hlhdZ: _kebfubajZklhjZu^_ebfs_ehqghc f_lZee qbklhfb^_lhhgkjZam`_[m^_laZbfh^_cklhZlvk h^hch[jZamy]b^jhdkb^ hijhk 1) 2PbS + 3O2 t = 2SO2↑ + 2PbO,

100. 3E6 3E2 3E→ → 2) PbO + CO t = Pb + CO2↑. hijhk )H6 )H2→ )H 62→ 62 → +62 4FeS2 + 11O2 t = 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2↑; 2SO2 + O2 = 2SO3; SO3 + H2O = H2SO4; Fe2O3 + 3C t = 2Fe + 3CO↑. hijhk ZghP]hjihj

101. l d]ω(Cu2S) = 20 %, W = 90 % GZclb: m(Cu) J_r_gb_GZc^_fkdhevdhX26kh^_j`blky ]hjghcihjh^_ m(Cu2S) = m]hjihj

102. ⋅ω(Cu2S) = 1,2⋅108 ]⋅0,2 = 2,4⋅107 ] GZc^_fkdhevdhqbklhcf_^bfh`ghihemqblvl_hj_lbq_kdbba Cu2S: ml_hj(Cu) = m(Cu2S) ⋅ ωX X2S) = m(Cu2S) ⋅ U U $ X

103. 0 X 6

104. = = 2,4 ⋅ 107 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + = 1,92 ⋅ 107 ] GZc^_fkdhevdhqbklhcf_^bihemqbebijZdlbq_kdb mijZdl(Cu) = ml_hj(Cu)⋅W = 1,92⋅107 ⋅0,9 = 1,728⋅107 ] l Hl_l: m(Cu) = 17,28 l

105. 20 § 10Dhjjhabyf_lZeeh hijhk MjZg_gb_j_Zdpbbdhjjhabbf_^b fZeZobl X2 + 22 X2+

106. 2 hijhk S_ehqgu_b s_ehqgha_f_evgu_f_lZeeufh]mlj_Z]bjhZlvk H2, N2, H22b KH2oh^ysbfb khklZha^moZ 4Li+O2 = 2LiO2; 6Li + N2 = 2Li3N; D H2 D2H2; Li2O+CO2=Li2CO3; 2Na+O2=Na2O2; 2Na2O2+2CO2=2Na2CO3+O2↑; Ca(Mg, Ba) + O2 = CaO (MgO, BaO); CaO + CO2 = CaCO3. hijhk G_j`Z_xsZyklZev ²kieZkh^_j`Zsbc^h ojhfZ % gbd_eyIhwlhfm^eyuieZdbd]g_j`Z_xs_cklZebgm`gh aylv PU

107. PkieZZ

108. ⋅ωU

109. d]⋅ d] P1L

110. PkieZZ

111. ⋅ω1L

112. d]⋅ d] P)H

113. PkieZZ

114. ⋅ωU

115. d]±d]±d] d] Hl_lPKU

116. d]P1L

117. d]P)H

118. d] hijhk FZydhkdbc]hhjblh[hpbgdhZgghf`_e_a_ hijhk mfZxk_fohjhrhba_klghqlhlZdh_]ZevZgbq_kdbcwe_f_gl Zkh_^bg_gguof_`^mkh[hcwe_dljh^ZhimkdZxl jZklhj we_dljheblZgZh^ghfwe_dljh^_ j_amevlZl_HJijhbkoh^bl hkZ`^_gb_f_lZeeZgZ^jm]hfgZh[hjhljZklhj_gb_LZd`_ ihemqbehkvb kdhjZ[e_ffhjkdZyh^Zku]jZeZjhevjZklhjZ we_dljheblZ:exfbgb_ucdhjimkb f_^gu_aZde_idb ²jhev we_dljh^h j_amevlZl_f_lZeebq_kdbcAl i_j_oh^bl Al3+ , gZ f_^ghfdhjimk_ u^_ey_lkyh^hjh^ 2H+ + ⇒ + , Al0 ± ⇒ Al3+ . LZdbfh[jZahff_lZeebq_kdbcdhjimkgZrZogZqZejZklhjylvky b dhjZ[evmlhgme

119. 21 § 11S_ehqgu_f_lZeeu hijhk Z

120. /L → /L2 → /L2+ → /LO 1. 4Li + O2 = 2Li2O, 2. Li2H G22 /L2G /LHG GO LiCl + H2O, 4. 2Li G2O = 2LiOH + H2↑, 5. Li2H GO G2H + 2LiCl. [

121. 1D→ 1D2 → 1D2→ 1D2+→ 1D62 1D12 1D32 1. 2Na + O2 = Na2O2; 2. Na2O2 + 2Na = 2Na2O; 3. Na2O + H2O = 2NaOH; 4. 2NaOH + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + 2H2O; 5. Na2O + 2HNO3 = 2NaNO3 + H2O; 6. 3Na2O + 2H3PO4 = 2Na3PO4 + 3H2O. hijhk ZghP1D

122. ]ωijbf_kb

123. %, W = 95 % GZclb: V(H2) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmqbklh]hgZljby 01D

124. P1Dijbf_kv

125. ±P1Dijbf_kv

126. ⋅ ωijbf_kb

127. ] ±] ⋅ ] ± 0,23 ] ] AZibr_fmjZg_gb_j_Zdpbb ] o e fhev fhev F ]fhev 9 efhevP ] 9 e 1D +2 1D2+ + KhklZbf ijhihjpbx b gZc^_f h[t_f h^hjh^Z dhlhjuc l_hj_lbq_kdb^he`_g[ueihemqblvky oh^_j_Zdpbb ] ²e ] ²o e x = 11,27 22,4 46 ⋅ e Vl_hjG2

128. e Hl_l: Vl_hj(H2

129. e IhmkehbxaZ^Zqbuoh^]ZaZkhklZey_l hll_hj_lbq_kdb hafh`gh]hIhwlhfmijZdlbq_kdb[uehihemq_gh VijZdG2) = Vl_jG2)⋅W = 5,488⋅ e Hl_l: VijZdG2

130. e

131. 22 hijhk K_fbwlZ`guc^hf ²i_jbh^bq_kdZylZ[ebpZih^t_a^s_ehqguo f_lZeeh ²,]jmiiZwe_f_glhZa_ebghZy©rm[Zªkihkh[ ojZg_gbyeblbyih^keh_fZa_ebgZLZd`_GZlZrZbkihevahZeZ om^h`_kl_ggucyaud^eyhibkZgbyb h[tykg_gbyobfbq_kdbo khckl/LhkklZghbl_evgu_khcklZj_Zdpbyk dbkehjh^hf

132. hijhk Ij_^hklZey_f Zf hafh`ghklv ih^mfZlv gZ^ wlbf kZfbf DZd l_fm^eykhqbg_gbyfh`ghaylvhdjZkdmieZf_gbs_ehqguof_lZeeh hijhk ajhkeucq_eh_d kmldb^he`_gihlj_[eylvk ibs_c ] bhgh dZeby KhklZbfijhihjpbx ] dmjZ]b ²] dZeby o ]dmjZ]b ²] dZeby o ⋅ ] Hl_lPdmjZ]b

133. ] § 12;_jbeebcfZ]gbcb s_ehqgha_f_evgu_f_lZeeu hijhk ImklvfZkkZq_eh_dZo d]Lh]^ZfZkkZ_]hdhkl_c[m^_ljZgZ⋅o Z fZkkZnhknZlZdZevpby — 0,2⋅0,2⋅o ⋅o d] PKZ3JH4)2) = 0,04⋅o]^_o ²fZkkZq_eh_dZ hijhk =_fhnbeby ²aZ[he_Zgb_kyaZggh_k iehohck_jluZ_fhklvx djhbIjbdjhhl_q_gbyoh^yljZklhjDO2 ^eyihur_gby dhgp_gljZpbbdZlbhghKZ2+ djhbdhlhju_kihkh[klmxl k_jluZ_fhklbdjhb hijhk ZghPKZKH3

134. lωijbf_kb

135. %. GZclbPKZHG

136. 2) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmKZKH3 [_aijbf_kb PKZKH3)=Ph[s

137. ⋅(1–ωijbf_kb

139. 2⋅ (1– 0,25)=2⋅ ⋅0,75=1,5⋅ ] 2. M(CaCO3

140. ]fhev0KZHG

141. 2

142. ]fhev KhklZbf ijhihjpbx ih dhlhjhc gZc^_f dhebq_klh ]Zr_ghc ba_klbdhlhjh_fh`_l[ulvihemq_gh ]fhev — 1,5 ⋅ 106 ]

143. 23 ]fhev ²o ] o ⋅ ⋅ = 1,11 ⋅ ] l Hl_lPKZHG

144. 2 l hijhk FKH → FH → FHG

145. → 062 → 062 FKH3 W FH KH2↑; FH G2H FHG

146. 2; FHG

147. 2 + Na2SO3 = MSO3 + 2NaOH; 4. MSO3 + H2SO4 = MSO4 + SO2↑ G2H Fh]ml[ulvbkihevahZgu%_0J G_fh]ml[ulvbkihevahZguKZZ hijhk KD → D+ → DHG

148. → D2 → D2 → DO → D32

149. D2 KZ G2 t = KZG2; KZG2 G2H KZHG

150. 2 G2↑; KZHG

151. 2 + Na2CO3 = CaCO3↓ + 2NaOH; KZKH3 t = KZH + KH2↑; KZH + 2HCl = CaCl2 + H2O; 6. 3CaCl2 + 2Na3PO4 = Ca3(PO4)2↓ + 6NaCl; 7. Ca + 2H2O = Ca(OH)2 + H2↑; KZ H2 t = KZH KZH G2H KZHG

152. 2. hijhk Ij_^hklZey_fZfhafh`ghklvih^mfZlvgZ^wlbfkZfbf DZd l_fm êy khqbg_gby fh`_f ij_êh`blv ©Ij_jZs_gb_ f_lZeebq_kdh]hKZ fjZfhjª hijhk ey]bikhuoihyahdbkihevamxlZe_[ZkljHgijb^h[Ze_gbbhû ij_jZsZ_lky ieZklbq_kdmx fZkkm dhlhjmx b bkihevamxl êy gZeh`_gbyihyadbFZkkZukuoZ_lb ij_jZsZ_lky l_jûcijhqguc ]bik Ihemh^guc]bikbebZe_[ZkljD624)⋅H22ijbaZbfh^_cklbb k h^hch[jZam_l^mh^guc]bik (2CaSO4)⋅H2O + 3H2O⇒2CaSO4⋅2H2O.

153. 24 WlZj_Zdpbyb^_lk u^_e_gb_fl_ieZ hijhk KZKH3∅KZH KH2↑–Q. eykf_s_gbyjZgh_kbyijZhd kbkl_f_g_h[oh^bfhih^_klb l_iehl_mkehb_fijh_^_gbyyey_lkyukhdZyl_fi_jZlmjZb ihgbablv^Ze_gb_ § 13:exfbgbc hijhk Zexfbgb_hcihkm^_g_evayojZgblvs_ehqgu_jZklhjuld ijhbkoh^blke_^mxsZyobfbq_kdZyj_Zdpby 2Al + 2NaOH + 6H2O=2Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2↑. Ijhbkoh^bljZklhj_gb_Zexfbgby s_ehqb hijhk Kdhj__k_]hfZl_jbZehf^ey]bi_j[hehb^Zfh]ihkem`blv$O2O3 baaZ_]hbg_jlguokhckl hijhk ;_g]Zevkdb_k_qbkh^_j`Zlkf_kvkhklhysmxbaZexfbgb_uo hibehdhdbkebl_ey — KNO3 beb.O24 b de_y Ijbih^`b]Zgbbihyey_lkykghibkdjB^_lhdbke_gb_Zexfbgby 8Al .KO24 t = 4Al2O3 + 3KCl. hijhk Ijbf_g_gb_Zexfbgby l_ogbd_hkghZghgZke_^mxsbo khcklZoe_]dhklvieZklbqghklv[hevrZywe_dljhijhh^ghklvb l_iehijhh^ghklvK ^jm]bfbf_lZeeZfbZexfbgbch[jZam_l ijhqgu_kieZu hijhk Z

154. $O2(SO4)3+6KOHg_^

155. =2Al(OH)3↓D2SO4; Al3+ HG– g_^

156. =Al(OH)3↓ [

157. $O2(SO4)3+8KOHba[

158. D$O2+

159. 4@D2SO4; Al3+ HG– ba[

160. =[Al(OH)4]– . hijhk Al → 1 AlCl3 →2 Al(OH)3 →3 Al2O3 →4 NaAlO2 →5 →5 Al2(SO4)3 →6 Al(OH)3 →7 AlCl3 →8 NaAlO2. 1. 2Al + 6HCl = 2AlCl3 + 3H2↑; 2. AlCl3 + 3NaOH = Al(OH)3↓ + 3NaCl; Al3+ + 3OH– → Al(OH)3;

161. 25 $O H $O + H + − → → 3. 2Al(OH)3 t = Al2O3 + 3H2O↑; 4. Al2O3 + 2NaOH kieZe_gb_W = 2NaAlO2 + H2O↑; 5. 2NaAlO2 + 4H2SO4 t = Na2SO4 + Al2(SO4)3 + 4H2O; 6. Al2(SO4)3 + 6NaOHg_^

162. =3Na2SO4 + 2Al(OH)3↓; Al3+ + 3OH– = Al(OH)3; Al(OH)3 + 3H+ = Al3+ + 3H2O; 7. Al(OH)3 + 3HCl=AlCl3 + 3H2O; 8. AlCll

163. + 4NaOHl

164. kieZe_gb_W = NaAlO2 + 3NaCl + 2H2O↑. hijhk ZghPkieZZ

165. ] ω(Cu) = 20 %, W = 85 %. GZclb: VijZdG2) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmZexfbgby kieZ_ P:O

166. PkieZZ

167. ±PkieZZ

168. ⋅ω(Cu) = 0,27–0,27⋅ ] AZibr_fmjZg_gb_j_Zdpbbb gZc^_fh[t_fh^hjh^Zdhlhjuc l_hj_lbq_kdb^he`_g[ueihemqblvky P ] fhev fhev F ]fhev 9 efhevP ] 9 e $O 1D2++2 1D$O2+

169. @ + ] ²e ] ²o o ⋅ e Vl_hjG2

170. e GZc^_fh[t_fh^hjh^ZdhlhjucihemqbekyijZdlbq_kdb VijZdlG2) = Vl_hjG2)⋅: e⋅ e Hl_l: VijZdlG2

171. e hijhk Ij_^hklZey_fZfkh[h^mêylhjq_klZIj_êZ]Z_f dZq_kl_ l_fuêykhqbg_gby©:exfhl_jfbybeb[hjv[ZZexfbgbyk ^jm]bfb f_lZeeZfbª § 14@_e_ah hijhk AZibr_fkgZqZeZko_fm]_g_lbq_kdbojy^h 1) Fe→FeCl2→Fe(OH)2→FeO;

172. 26 2) Fe→FeCl3→Fe(OH)3→Fe2O3;

173. )H + O⇒)HOG↑ FeCl2 + 2NaOH ⇒ Fe(OH)2↓ + 2NaCl; Fe2+ + 2OH– ⇒ Fe(OH)2↓; Fe(OH)2 t = FeO + H2O↑. J_ZdpbxjZaeh`_gbygm`ghijhh^blv hlkmlklbbhdbkebl_e_c

174. )H O ⇒)HO FeCl3 + 3NaOH ⇒ Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl; Fe3+ + 3OH– ⇒ Fe(OH)3↓; 2Fe(OH)3 t ⇒ Fe2O3 + 3H2O. hijhk 1) 3Fe2+ + 2[Fe(CN)6]3– = Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2: 3FeSO4 + 2K3 djZkgZy djhygZykhev )H1

175. @ = 3K2SO4 + ]_dkZpbZghn_jjZl,,,

176. `_e_aZ,,

177. )H )H1

178. @ ↓ ; 2) 4Fe3+ + 3[Fe(CN)6]4– = Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3: 4FeCl + 4 6 `_elZy djhygZykhev 3K [Fe(CN) ] = 4 6 3 ]_dkZpbZghn_jjZl,,

179. `_e_aZ,,,

180. Fe [Fe(CN) ] ↓ ; 3) Fe3+ + 3NCS– Fe(NCS)3: FeCl3 + jh^Zgb^gZljby 1D16 ∅ jh^Zgb^`_e_aZ,,,

181. )H16

182. + 3NaCl. hijhk

183. DZq_kl_ggZyj_ZdpbygZ)H2+ : 3FeCl2 + 2K3[Fe(CN)6] ⇒ Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2↓ + 6KCl; 3Fe2+ + 2[Fe(CN)6]3– ⇒ Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2↓ K3[Fe(CN)6] ²djZkgZydjhygZykhev)H3[Fe(CN)6]2 ²lmjg[mee_Z kbgv

184. DZq_kl_ggZyj_ZdpbygZ)H3+ : 4FeCl3 + 3K4[Fe(CN)6] ⇒ Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3↓ + 12KCl; 4Fe3+ + 3[Fe(CN)6]4– ⇒ Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3↓ K4[Fe(CN)6] ²`_elZydjhygZykhev)H4[Fe(CN)6]3 ²[_jebgkdZy eZamjv

185. 27

186. GZaZgb_djhyguokhe_cijhbkoh^blhlf_lh^Z boihemq_gby JZgvr_boihemqZebbahloh^hgZfykh[hcg_l_ba]hlZebZebba djhb©@_elZyªb ©djZkgZyª ²baaZjZaebqguohll_gdhjZklhjh khe_c Lmjg[mee_Z khev ihemqbeZ kh_ gZaZgb_ q_klv mq_gh]h Lmjg[meydhlhjuc__ i_ju_kbgl_abjhZe ;_jebgkdZyeZamjvgZaZgZ q_klv]hjh^Z;_jebg hijhk 3Fe + 4H2O ∅ Fe3O4 + 4H2↑. Ijbihur_gbb^Ze_gbyjZgh_kb_g_baf_gblkyldj_Zdpby ijhl_dZ_l[_abaf_g_gbyqbkeZfhe_dme]ZahH2O ²]Za

187. hijhk )H → )HO → )H2+

188. → )H2+

189. → )H2 → )H )HO 1. Fe + 2HCl = FeCl2 + H2↑; Fe0 – 2 H → Fe2+ ; 2H+ + 2 H → + ; Fe2+ + 2OH → Fe(OH)2↓; 2. FeCl2 + 2KOH = Fe(OH)2↓ + 2KCl; 3. 4Fe(OH)2 + 2H2O + O2 = 4Fe(OH)3↓; 4. 2Fe(OH)3 t = Fe2O3 + 3H2O; 5. Fe2O3 + 3CO t = 2Fe + 3CO2↑; )H H )H H → → 6. Fe2O3 + 6HCl=2FeCl3 + 3H2O; Fe2O3 + 6H+ → 2Fe3+ + 3H2O; 7. 2FeCl3 + 3Zn=3ZnCl2 + 2Fe↓; 2Fe3+ + 3Zn → 3Zn2+ + 2Fe 8. FeCl3 + 3NaOH=3NaCl + Fe(OH)3↓; Fe3+ + 3OH– → Fe(OH)3↓. hijhk 1. 10Fe + 36HNO3 = 10Fe(NO3)3 + 3N2↑ + 18H2O.

190. 28 )H H )H 1 H 1 − 2. Fe + 4HNO3 = Fe(NO3)3 + NO↑ + 2H2O )H H )H 1 H 1 − 3. 8Fe + 30HNO3 = 8Fe(NO3)3 + 3NH4NO3 + 9H2O )H H )H 1 H 1 − − hijhk Zgh: m(Fe3O4

191. lωijbf_kb

192. %, W = 80 %. GZclb: ν(Fe), V(CO) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmihjh^u[_aijbf_kb m(Fe3O4)=m(Fe3O4 ij

193. – m(Fe3O4 ij

194. ⋅ωij

195. ±⋅0,05=2,204 l AZibr_fmjZg_gb_j_Zdpbb ]P l [e W fhev fhev fhev 9 efhev F ]fhevF ]fhev P ]9 eP ] )H 2 2 )H 2 + GZc^_f92

196. b P)H

197. ] ²e 2,204⋅ ] ²o e o ⋅ ⋅ e 92

198. e ] ²] 2,204⋅106 ²m ] m ⋅ ⋅ = 1,596⋅106 ] GZc^_ffZkkm`_e_aZihemqbr_]hkygZijZdlbd_ m(Fe) = y⋅W = 1,596⋅106 ⋅0,8 = 1,2768⋅ ] ν(Fe) = m(Fe) M(Fe) = 6 1,2768 10 ] 56 ]fhev ⋅ fhev Hl_l: ν(Fe) = 2,28 ⋅ 104 fhevV(CO) = 8,5 ⋅ 105 e hijhk Ij_^hklZey_fZfkh[h^m^eylhjq_klZ

199. 29 =eZZ 2G_f_lZeeu § 15G_f_lZeeuZlhfub ijhklu__s_klZ Dbkehjh^hahgha^mo hijhk Z

200. 'ha^H2) = U U 0 2

201. 0 ha^

202. = 29 32 ≈1,1; [

203. 'ha^KH2) = U U 0 2

204. 0 ha^

205. = 29 44 ≈1,52;

206. 'ha^G2) = U U 0 +

207. 0 ha^

208. = 29 2 ≈0,069. hijhk Zgh9ha^

209. e ηha^(N2) = 78,2 %, ηha^H2) = 20,95 %. GZclb: ν(N2), νH2) J_r_gb_GZc^_fh[t_fH2 b 12: V(O2

210. 9ha^

211. ⋅ηha^H2

212. e⋅ e V(N2

213. 9ha^

214. ⋅ηha^(N2

215. e⋅ e GZc^_fqbkehfhev]Zah νH2) = νV )O(V 2 = e efhev ≈ fhev ν(N2) = νV )N(V 2 = e efhev ≈ fhev Hl_l: νH2

216. fhevν(N2

217. fhev hijhk Zgh9ha^

218. e GZclb: N(O2), N(N2) J_r_gb_ujZabfh[t_fdZ`^h]h]ZaZ V(O2

219. 9ha^

220. ⋅ηha^H2); V(N2

221. 9ha^

222. ⋅ηha^(N2) GZc^_fqbkehfhev]Zah νH2)= 92

223. 9ν = 9ha^

224. H

225. 9ν ⋅η = e efhev ⋅ fhev ν(N2) = 9ha^

226. 1

227. 9ν ⋅η = e efhev ⋅ fhev GZc^_fqbkehfhe_dmedZ`^h]h]ZaZ

228. 30 N(O2) = νH2)⋅NA = 0,2095⋅6,022⋅1023 ≈ 1,26⋅1023 . N(N2) = ν(N2)⋅NA = 0,782⋅6,022⋅1023 ≈ 4,7⋅1023 . Hl_l122) = 1,26⋅1023 fhe_dme N(N2) = 4,7⋅1023 fhe_dme hijhk Zgh: V(H2S) = 20 f3 = 20⋅103 e GZclb9ha^

229. Pha^

230. J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZg_gb_j_Zdpbb fhev fhev 9 ]fhev 9 efhev 9 e 9 e + 6 2 + 262+ = ↑ GZc^_fh[t_fdbkehjh^Zg_h[oh^bfuc^eyijh_^_gbyj_Zdpbb e ²e 2⋅104 e ²o e o 844 267102 4 , ,⋅⋅ = 3⋅104 e GZc^_fh[t_fha^moZg_h[oh^bfuc^eyihemq_gbylZdh]h h[t_fZdbkehjh^Z V(ha^

231. )H( )O(V 2ha^ 2 η = e ⋅ = 1,43⋅105 e f3 . m(ha^

232. Mr(ha^

233. ⋅νha^

234. Mrha^

235. ⋅ 9ha^

236. 9ν = = 29 efhev⋅ e efhev ⋅ = 1,85⋅105 ] d] Hl_l: Vha^

237. f3 , mha^

238. d] hijhk Ljm^ghij_^klZblvgZrm`bagv[_adbkehjh^ZHgkem`blij_`^_ k_]hêyûoZgbyJZklhj_gguc h^_dbkehjh^kem`blêy ûoZgbyh[blZl_e_ch^ghckj_ûIh^^_cklb_fdbkehjh^Z ha^moZb [Zdl_jbcijhbkoh^blhdbke_gb_hj]Zgbq_kdbohklZldh ijhfure_gghklb dbkehjh^ ijbf_gy_lky f_lZeemj]bb ijb uieZd_ f_lZeeh

239. dZd hdbkebl_ev h fgh]bo obfbq_kdbo ijhbah^klZoêykZjdbb j_adbf_lZeeh f_^bpbgkdbop_eyo @b^dbcdbkehjh^ ²hdbkebl_evêyjZd_lguolhiebhoeZ^bl_ev hijhk Hahghu_ûjuihyeyxlkybaaZu[jhkh Zlfhkn_jm oeZ^Z]_glhnj_hgh

240. hdkb^hZahlZdhlhju_h[jZamxlkyh fgh]boijhfure_gguoijhp_kkZo ey ij_^mij_`^_gby hahghuo ^uj g_h[oh^bfh hqbsZlv u[jhku ijhfure_gguoij_^ijbylbcb ij_djZlblvbkihevahZgb_nj_hgh

241. 31 Hahghu_ûju ²mlhgvr_gb_bebjZajmr_gb_hahghh]hklehy Zlfhkn_ju § 16Obfbq_kdb_we_f_glu de_ldZo`buohj]Zgbafh hijhk JZaebqb_ f_`^m `bhc b g_`bhc ijbjh^hc h[gZjm`bZxlky lhevdhgZmjhg_keh`guo_s_klgZfhe_dmeyjghfmjhg_ hijhk LZdb__s_klZoZjZdl_jgulhevdhêy`buohj]Zgbafh gZijbf_jhj]Zgbq_kdb__s_klZ[_edb`bjum]e_hû gmde_bghu_dbkehlublZfbgu]hjfhgub ^j

242. hijhk ;bh]_ggu_fZdjhwe_f_glu ²we_f_gludhlhju_oh^yl khklZ hj]Zgbq_kdbo_s_klWlhm]e_jh^h^hjh^dbkehjh^b Zahl hijhk Wg^_fbq_kdbcah[dZdba_klghuauZ_lkyg_^hklZldhfbh^Z ibs_b h^_WlhaZ[he_Zgb_ihyey_lky hij_^_e_gguo ]_h]jZnbq_kdbojZchgZoêydhlhjuooZjZdl_j_gg_^hklZlhdbh^Z Wg^_fbdb ²wlhjZkl_gbybeb`bhlgu_dhlhju_klj_qZxlky lhevdh h^ghfhij_^_e_gghfZj_Ze_ Wg^_fbdbjZkl_gbygZijbf_jebZguwg^_fbdb`bhlgu_ gZijbf_jdhZeZmkkmjbckdbclb]j hijhk N_jf_glu ² wlh [_edb dhlhju_ dZlZebabjmxl [bheh]bq_kdb_ j_Zdpbb blZfbgu ² wlh [bheh]bq_kdb_ Zdlbgu_ _s_klZ ijbgbfZxsb_ mqZklb_ j_Zdpbyo h[f_gZ _s_kl Ih kh_fm [bheh]bq_kdhfm ^_cklbx blZfbgu [ebadb d n_jf_glZf gh n_jf_glu h[jZamxlky de_ldZfbhj]ZgbafZZ blZfbguh[uqghihklmiZxlk ibs_c hijhk @_e_au =hjfhgu Nmgdpbb]hjfhgh Ih^`_em^hqgZy `_e_aZ Bgkmebg Kgb`_gb_]exdhau djhb =bihnba :DL= _cklm_lgZgZîhq_qgbdb kihkh[klm_lbonmgdpbb GZîhq_qgbdb :^j_gZebg GhjZ^j_gZebg MqZklb_ klj_kkhjguoj_Zdpbyo m_ebq_gb_qZklhluk_j^_qguo khdjZs_gbc

244. 32 Sblhb^gZy `_^_aZ Lbjhdkbg ^_lkdhfhajZkl_ ²jZablb_ g_jghckbkl_fuhajhkehf hajZkl_ ²ihur_gb_h[f_gZ_s_kl § 17=Zeh]_gu hijhk Zgh: V(F2) = V(Cl2

245. e GZclb: m(F2); m(Cl2); Dha^(F2); Dha^(Cl2); 2HD (F2); 2HD (Cl2) J_r_gb_: 1. m(F2)=ν(F2)⋅M(F2)= νV )F(V 2 ⋅M(F2)= e efhev ⋅ ]fhev ] m(Cl2)=ν(Cl 2)⋅M(Cl 2) = νV )Cl(V 2 ⋅M(Cl 2) = e efhev ⋅]fhev ] 2. Dha^(F2) = U U 0 )

246. 0 ha^

247. = ≈1,31; +' (F2) = U U 0 )

248. 0 +

249. = = 19; Dha^(Cl2) = U U 0 O

250. 0 ha^

251. = ≈2,45; +' (Cl2) = U U 0 O

252. 0 +

253. = = 35,5. hijhk NlhjgZyh^Zg_kms_klm_lldnlhjj_Z]bjm_lk h^hc 2F2 + H2O = 2HF + F2O. hijhk S_ehqgu_ f_lZeeu ij_`^_ k_]h [m^ml j_Z]bjhZlv k h^hc k u^_e_gb_fh^hjh^ZZ g_k jZklhj_gghckhevx eykjZg_gbyhavf_fj_Zdpbb$Ok jZklhjhf)HO3 b oehjghc h^uk jZklhjhf1D%U $O + )HO ⇒ )H↓$OO Cl2+2NaBr ⇒ 2NaCl+Br2. 2 B lhfb ^jm]hfkemqZ_b^_lHJ;he__Zdlbgucwe_f_gl ul_kgy_lf_g__ZdlbgucbajZklhjZkheb hijhk O2 O2 O2

254. . KO − 2

255. + KO 2±

256. + KO − 2

257. 33 hijhk H2 + I]Za

258. ∅ 2HI + Q. Obfbq_kdh_jZgh_kb_fh`ghkf_klblvijZh_kebkbkl_fZ[m^_l hoeZ`^ZlvkyihijbgpbimE_RZl_ev_

259. hijhk JZkkfhljbfaZbfh^_cklb_]Zeh]_ghk h^hjh^hfNlhjj_Z]bjm_l k G2 ex[uomkehbyokhajuhfoehj ²khajuhflhevdhijb ih^`b]Zgbbbebh[emq_gbbijyfufkheg_qgufk_lhf[jhf aZbfh^_cklm_lk G2 ijbgZ]j_Zgbbb [_aajuZWlbj_Zdpbb wdahl_jfbq_kdb_J_Zdpby`_kh_^bg_gbybh^Zb G2 keZ[h wg^hl_jfbq_kdZyhgZijhl_dZ_lf_^e_ggh^Z`_ijbgZ]j_Zgbb uh^ q_f Zdlbg_c j_Z]bjmxsb_ _s_klZ l_f ur_ kdhjhklv ijhl_dZgbyj_Zdpbb hijhk ZghPjjZ.,

260. ]ω jj_(KI) = 0,15; GZclb: V(Cl2), m(KCl); J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmkmohckheb., P.,

261. PjjZ.,

262. ⋅ω.,

263. ] ⋅ ] AZibr_fmjZg_gb_j_Zdpbbb gZc^_ffZkkmkhebb h[t_f g_h[oh^bfh]hoehjZ m ]P ] oe fhev fhev fhev 0 ]fhev 0 ]fhev9 efhev P ] P ]9 e ., O .O , ] ²o e ] ²e o ⋅ = 3. V(Cl2) e ] ²m ] ] ²] y ] m(KCl) = 20,2 ] P.O

264. ] .O

265. fhev 0.O

266. ]fhev Hl_l: V(Cl2

267. eP.O

268. ]. hijhk Zgh: V(H2

269. e9O2

270. e GZclb: V(HCl) J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZg_gb_j_Zdpbb

271. 34 fhev fhev fhev 9 efhev9 efhev 9 efhev 9 e9 e 9 e + O +O GZc^_fdZdhc]Zaayl ba[uld_ νG2) = 9+

272. 9ν = 4,22 200 , VKO2) = νV )Cl(V 2 = . 3IhmjZg_gbxj_ZdpbbVG2):VKO2

273. ke_^hZl_evgh h^hjh^ ba[uld_ ). IhmjZg_gbxj_Zdpbb9GO

274. ⋅9KO2

275. eLh]^ZhklZehkv g_ijhj_Z]bjhZr_]hh^hjh^Z9hkl e± e e Hl_l9+O

276. e9hklG2

277. e hijhk Wlh gZaZgb_ nlhj ihemqbe [eZ]h^Zjy kihkh[ghklb ieZbdhh]h riZlZihgb`Zlvl_fi_jZlmjmieZe_gbynlhjb^h § 18Kh_^bg_gby]Zeh]_gh hijhk We_dljheblbq_kdZy^bkkhpbZpbym_ebqbZ_lkyhlH)d HI. KZfZykbevgZyba]Zeh]_ghh^hjh^guodbkehl ²bh^hh^hjh^gZyZ kZfZykeZ[Zy ²nlhjhh^hjh^gZy;hevrZyijhqghklvobfbq_kdhc kyab+)nlhjhh^hjh^gZydbkehlZkeZ[h^bkkhpbbjm_l h^_

278. h[mkehe_gZfZeufjZaf_jhfZlhfZ)b khhl_lklmxsbffZeuf jZkklhygb_ff_`^my^jZfbZlhfhh^hjh^Zb nlhjZK jhklhf jZ^bmkZZlhfZhl)d I jZkl_lb f_`ty^_jgh_jZkklhygb_ijhqghklv fhe_dmemf_gvrZ_lkyb khhl_lklmxsZykihkh[ghklvd we_dljheblbq_kdhc^bkkhpbZpbbm_ebqbZ_lky hijhk havf_f dZq_kl_j_ZdlbZjZklhjgbljZlZk_j_[jZ 1. AgNO3 + NaF∅AgF + NaNO3 ²gbdZdbobaf_g_gbc 2. AgNO3 + NaCl=AgCl↓ + NaNO3 ²uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hd 3. AgNO3+NaBr=AgBr↓+NaNO3 ²uiZ^Z_l[e_^gh`_eluchkZ^hd 4. AgNO3 + NaI=AgI↓ + NaNO3 — uiZ^Z_l`_eluchkZ^hd hijhk K ihfhsvx^Zgghcj_Zdpbbfh`ghihemqblv[_ah^gucMgCl2 Mg + Cl2 = MgCl2. 2. Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl = MgCl2 + 2H2O; 3. MgO + 2HCl = H2O + MgCl2;

279. 35 4. MgSO4 + BaCl2 = BaSO4↓ + MaCl2. hijhk O → +O → XO → =QO → $JO 1. Cl2 + H2 = 2HCl; O H O− + → ; + H +− → ; 2. 2HCl + Cu(OH)2 = CuCl2 + 2H2O; 2H+ + Cu(OH)2 → Cu2+ + 2H2O; 3. CuCl2 + Zn = Cu↓ + ZnCl2; Cu2+ + Zn → Cu + Zn2+ ; 4. ZnCl2 + 2AgNO3 = 2AgCl↓ + Zn(NO3)2; Ag+ + Cl– → AgCl↓. § 19Ihemq_gb_]Zeh]_gh;bheh]bq_kdh_agZq_gb_ b ijbf_g_gb_]Zeh]_ghb bokh_^bg_gbc hijhk Zgh: m(NaCl + ij

280. ]ωij

281. %; GZclb: V(Cl2); m(Na) J_r_gb_: GZc^_ffZkkmqbklhckheb M(NaCl)=m(NaCl+ij

282. ±m(NaCl+ij

283. ⋅ωij

284. ]± ]⋅0,02 ] AZibr_fmjZg_gb_j_Zdpbc mP ] o fhev fhev fhev 0 ]fhev 0 ]fhev 9 efhev P ] P ] 9 e 1DO 1D O= + GZc^_ffZkkmgZljbyb h[t_foehjZ ] ²o ] ] ²] o ⋅ ] m(Na) ] ] ²m e ] ²e m ⋅ e V(Cl2) = 109,76 e Hl_l: m(Na) = 225,4 ]V(Cl2) = 109,76 e hijhk Zgh: m(Na

285. ]ω jj_(NaOH) = 40 %; GZclb: m(NaOH) J_r_gb_: AZibr_fmjZg_gb_j_Zdpbbihemq_gbyNaOH: P ] o ] fhev fhev 0 ]fhev 0 ]fhev P ] P ] 1D +2 1D2+ G+ + ↑ GZc^_ffZkkmNaOHihemqbr_]hky oh^_j_Zdpbb =

286. 36 ] ²] ] ²o ] o ⋅ ]m(NaOH) = 392 ] GZc^_ffZkkm ]hjZklhjZ]b^jhdkb^ZgZljby m(jjZNaOH) = )NaOH( )NaOH(m j_j−ω = = 980 ] Hl_l: m(jjZ1D2+

287. ]. hijhk Zgh: V(Cl2) = 100 eW = 95 %; GZclb: m(MnO2); ν(HCl) J_r_gb_GZc^_fkdhevdhoehjZ^he`ghihemqZlvky l_hj_lbq_kdbqlh[uijZdlbq_kdbihemqbehkvebljh Vl_hj(Cl2) = W )Cl(V 2 = e = 105,26 e AZibr_fmjZg_gb_j_Zdpbb 105,26 eo ] 2 2 2 2 = 4 fhev fhev fhev M = 87 ]fhev 9 efhev m = 87 ] V = 22,4 e MnO 4HCl = MnCl Cl G 2 ν + + + ↑ ν(HCl) = 4⋅ν(Cl2) = 4⋅ l_hj9O

288. 9ν = 4⋅ = 18,8 fhev GZc^_ffZkkmMnO2: ] ²e o ] ²e o ] Hl_l: V(HCl) fhevm(MnO2) = 408] hijhk Ij_^hklZey_fZfhafh`ghklvkZfbfih^mfZlvgZ^wlbfhijhkhf hijhk F ²ihfh]Z_lij_^hljZsZlvlZdh_aZ[he_Zgb_dZddZjb_kam[h Cl ²klbfmebjm_lh[f_g_s_kljhklhehkijb^Z_l[h^jhklvb kbemBr ²j_]mebjm_lijhp_kkuha[m`^_gby blhjfh`_gby p_gljZevghcg_jghckbkl_fuijbf_gy_lky^eye_q_gbyg_jguo [he_ag_cI ²eby_lgZujZ[hldm]hjfhgZsblhb^ghc`_e_au _]hg_^hklZlhdijbh^bld lZdhfmaZ[he_ZgbxdZdwg^_fbq_kdbc ah[ lh`_j_fyk_]Zeh]_guoh^yl khklZy^hbluohljZeyxsbo _s_kl Ijbba[uld_]Zeh]_gh hj]Zgbaf_jZabZxlkyjZaebqgu_[he_agb1 1 Hl_laylbamq_[gbdZgZklj

289. 37 hijhk jhebm[bcpuuklmiZ_l]Zeh]_g ²oehj — ]Zak _^dbfaZiZohf [e_^gha_e_gh]hp_lZy^hblHibkuZ_lkyijbf_g_gb_ hcg_ obfbq_kdh]hhjm`by hijhk Ij_^hklZey_fZfhafh`ghklvihnZglZabjhZlvkZfbf § 20Dbkehjh^ hijhk 1) 4Al + 3O2 = 2Al2O3; Al0 ± $O3+ , 0 2O 22– 2) 3Fe + 2O2=Fe3O4; Fe0 ±→Fe2+ , 2Fe0 ± → 2Fe3+ , 0 2O 22– hijhk S + O2 = SO2, 4P + 5O2 = 2P2O5, C + O2 = CO2. hijhk DZlZebaZlhjZfbgZauZxlkylZdb__s_klZdhlhju_ihurZxl kdhjhklvj_ZdpbbghkZfbijbwlhf j_Zdpbxg_klmiZxl ijbkmlklb_dZlZebaZlhjZ — MnO2 eZ[hjZlhjbbihemqZxlH2 iml_fjZaeh`_gby+2O2. 2H2O2 2MnO ⇒ 2H2O + O2↑. hijhk J_ZdpbyjZaeh`_gby HgO: 2HgO t ⇒ 2Hg + O2↑; AZ^ZqZImklvm gZk_klv] aZ]jyag_ggh]h+J2Ba_klghqlh kh^_j`Zgb_ijbf_k_ckhklZey_l uoh^j_Zdpbb %. JZkkqblZcl_h[t_fdbkehjh^Zihemq_ggh]hijbjZaeh`_gbbhdkb^Z jlmlb J_r_gb_

290. GZc^_ffZkkmqbklh]h+J2 m(HgO) = mkf_kb⋅ωkf_kb(HgO) = 10⋅±

291. ] 2) W fhev fhev 0 ]fhev 9 efhev P ] 9 e +J2 +J 2 9H2)l_hj = ] e ] ⋅ e 3) ijZdl l_hj 92

292. 92

293. = 0,8; V(O2)ijZdl = V(O2)l_hj⋅ e⋅ e Hl_le dbkehjh^Zj_Zevghu^_ebehkv

294. 38 hijhk J_Zdpbb]hj_gby ²j_Zdpbb_s_klZk dbkehjh^hfijhl_dZxsb_k [hevrhckdhjhklvxk u^_e_gb_f[hevrh]hdhebq_klZl_ieZb khijhh`^Zxsb_kyhkieZf_g_gb_f uoZgb_ ² wlh ijhp_kk f_ê_ggh]h hdbke_gby Hg aZdexqZ_lky ke_^mxs_fdbkehjh^^hklZey_lky]_fh]eh[bghfdjhbhk_ldZgbb de_ldb hj]ZgbafZ dbkehjh^ hdbkey_l m]e_hû h[jZamy ijb wlhf m]e_dbkeuc ]Za b h^m b hkh[h`^Zy wg_j]bx g_h[oh^bfmx êy hj]ZgbafZ Koh^klh aZdexqZ_lky lhf qlh h[Z ijhp_kkZ _klv ijhp_kku hdbke_gby h[hbo kemqZyo ukh[h`^Z_lky wg_j]by j_amevlZl_ j_Zdpbch[jZamxlkyhdkbû JZaebqbyaZdexqZxlky kdhjhklyohdbke_gby dhebq_kl_ u^_ey_fhcwg_j]bb hijhk Nhlhkbgl_a ²wlhijhp_kk`bag_^_yl_evghklbjZkl_gby j_amevlZl_dhlhjh]hhgbih]ehsZxlKH2 b u^_eyxlH2. uoZgb_ ²wlhijhp_kk`bag_^_yl_evghklbjZkl_gby`bhlgh]hb q_eh_dZ j_amevlZl_dhlhjh]hih]ehsZ_lkyH2 b u^_ey_lkyKH2. Ijbnhlhkbgl_a_b ûoZgbb jZkl_gbyoijhbkoh^yl ijhlbhiheh`gu_ijhp_kku hijhk Ijhybl_khblhjq_kdb_kihkh[ghklb gZibkZgbbkhqbg_gby hijhk 2F2 + H2O = 2HF + F2O; ) H ) hdbkebl_ev hkklZghbl_ev2 H 2− § 21K_jZ hijhk Zgh: m(ZnS ij

295. d]ωijbf_kb

296. %. GZclb: V(SO2) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkm_s_klZ[_aijbf_kb m(ZnS)=m(ZnS ij

297. ±P=Q6 ij

298. ⋅ωij

299. d] ±d]⋅ d] AZibr_fmjZg_gb_j_Zdpbb P o e fhev fhev 0 ]fhev 9 efhev P ] 9 e =Q6 2 =Q2 62 ⋅ + + ] ²e 388⋅103 ] ²o e

300. 39 o ⋅ ⋅ ≈100⋅103 e f3 . Hl_l: V(SO2

301. f3 . hijhk 3S .KO23 = 2KCl + 3SO2↑; 6 H6 hkklZghbl_ev hdbkebl_evO H O − hijhk S → 1 HgS → 2 SO2 → 3 Na2SO3 →4 SO2 → 5 SO3 → 6 H2SO4. 1. S + Hg = HgS; 2. HgS + O2 = SO2↑ + Hg; 3. SO2 + 2NaOH = Na2SO3 + H2O; 4. Na2SO3 + 2HCl = 2NaCl + H2O + SO2↑; 5. 2SO2 + O2 = 2SO3; 6. SO3 + H2O = H2SO4. hijhk Kh_^bg_gbyoh^ysb_ khklZmedZgbq_kdbo]Zahh[eZ^Zxl lhdkbq_kdbfbkhcklZfb hijhk JZgvr_jlmlvgZauZebf_jdmjb_f q_lvieZg_luF_jdmjbc IjbklZdZ^_hagZqZ_lhljbpZgb_Lh]^Z©^_f_jdmjbaZpbyª ²wlh mgbqlh`_gb_jlmlbl_h[_aaZjZ`bZgb_ § 22Kh_^bg_gbyk_ju hijhk Z

302. K_jhh^hjh^ijhyey_llhevdhhkklZghbl_evgu_ khcklZld k_jZ ^Zgghfkh_^bg_gbbbf__lkl_i_gvhdbke_gby±gZbf_gvrZyba hafh`guo

303. 2H2S + 3O2 W 2H2O + 2SO2↑. [

304. hdkb^k_ju,9

305. fh`_lijhyeylvkhcklZdZdhdbkebl_eylZdb hkklZghbl_eyldkl_i_gvhdbke_gbyk_ju ^Zgghfkh_^bg_gbb yey_lkyijhf_`mlhqghc 2SO2 + 3Cba[

306. t = CS2 + 2CO2, SO2 + Cl2 t = SO2Cl2;

307. k_jZlZd`_fh`_lijhyeylvhdbkebl_evgu_b hkklZghbl_evgu_ kihkh[ghklbl_kl_i_gvhdbke_gbyk_juyey_lky ijhf_`mlhqghc S + H2 = H2S↑, S + O2 = SO2↑;

308. 40 ]

309. k_jgZydbkehlZijhyey_lhdbkebl_evgu_khcklZldkl_i_gv hdbke_gbyk_juyey_lkyfZdkbfZevghhafh`ghc 2H2SOdhgp

310. +Cu = CuSO4+SO2↑+2H2O. hijhk Z

311. K_jgbkluc]ZaihemqZxlijbiheghfk`b]Zgbbk_jhh^hjh^Zb h[`b]_kmevnb^h 2H2S+3O2 t = 2SO2↑+2H2O, 2ZnS+3O2 t = 2ZnO+2SO2↑. K_jgbkluc]Za622) ²[_kp_lguc]Zak oZjZdl_jgufaZiZohf ijhyey_llbibqgu_khcklZdbkehlguohdkb^hb ohjhrh jZklhjy_lky h^_h[jZamykeZ[mxk_jgbklmxdbkehlm SO2+H2O ∅ H2SO3. Kh_^bg_gbyk_juIV): NaHSO3, Na2SO3 b 622 bkihevamxlky^ey hl[_ebZgbyr_jklbr_edZ[mfZ]bb khehfuZ lZd`_ dZq_kl_ dhgk_jbjmxsbokj_^kl^eykhojZg_gbyk_`boieh^hb njmdlh [

312. Hdkb^k_ju9,

313. ihemqZxlihke_^mxs_cj_Zdpbb 2SO2+O2 WFDW 2SO3. Hdkb^k_ju9,

314. ²[_kp_lgZykbevgh^ufysZykygZha^mo_ `b^dhklvijhyey_llbibqgu_dbkehlgu_khcklZjZklhjyykv h^_h[jZam_lk_jgmxdbkehlm H2O + SO3 = H2SO4. K_jgZydbkehlZ ²h^bgbaZ`g_crboijh^mdlh bkihevam_fuo jZaebqguohljZkeyoijhfure_gghklb hijhk

315. JZa[Ze_ggZyk_jgZydbkehlZuklmiZ_l dZq_kl_we_dljheblZ bhgguoj_ZdpbyoGZijbf_j BaCl2 + H2SO4 ⇒ BaSO4↓ + 2HCl; Ba2+ + SO4 2– ⇒ BaSO4↓. K_jgZydbkehlZijhyey_lkhcklZhdbkebl_ey HJ+2SO4 klmiZ_llhevdhdhgp_gljbjhZggZy

316. JZkkfhljbfj_Zdpbb+2SO4 k f_lZeeZfb=Qb Xk ihabpbb hdbkebl_evghhkklZghbl_evguoj_Zdpbc Zn + H2SOjZa[

317. ⇒ ZnSO4 + H2↑, Cu + 2H2SOdhgp

318. ⇒ CuSO4 + SO2↑ + 2H2O. B lhfb ^jm]hfkemqZ_b^_lHJgh i_jhcj_Zdpbbjhev hdbkebl_eyb]jZxldZlbhguG+ Z hlhjhc ²k_jZ AZibr_fbhggh_mjZg_gb_^eyi_jhcj_Zdpbb

319. 41 Zn0 + 2H+ ⇒ Zn2+ + + ↑. Wlmj_Zdpbxfh`ghhlg_klbd j_Zdpbyfbhggh]hh[f_gZ

320. L_i_jvjZkkfhljbfj_Zdpbbbhggh]hh[f_gZk ihabpbbl_hjbb we_dljheblbq_kdhc^bkkhpbZpbbDZduagZ_l_j_Zdpbybhggh]h h[f_gZb^_llhevdh lhfkemqZ__keb j_amevlZl_h[jZam_lkykeZ[h ^bkkhpbbjmxs___s_klh GZijbf_j ZnSO4 + MgCl2 ∅ MgSO4 + ZnCl2. J_Zdpbyg_b^_lldg_h[jZamxlkyfZeh^bkkhpbbjmxsb__s_klZ jZklhj_gZoh^blkykf_kvbhgh ZnSO4 + BaCl2 ⇒ BaSO4↓ + ZnCl2. 62 − + Ba2+ ⇒ BaSO4↓. J_Zdpbyijhl_dZ_lld%D624 ²fZehjZklhjbf hijhk Ihemq_gb_k_jghcdbkehlu 42 3 3 2 2 1 2 2 SOHSOSO SH FeS S →→→      . 1. S+O2=SO2↑; 4FeS2H2 t = 2Fe2O3+8SO2; 2H2S+3O2 t = 2H2O+2SO2. 622 62 WFDW 3. SO3+H2O = H2SO4. hijhk Zgh: V(H22

321. fe ]9622

322. e GZclb: ω jj_(H2SO3) J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZg_gb_ihemq_gbyk_jgbklhcdbkehlu H2O+SO2 = H2SO3. BamjZg_gbyb^ghqlh^eyh[jZahZgbyfhev+2SO3 gm`ghaylv fhev+22b fhev622GZc^_fqbkehfhev+22b 622: νG2H

323. P+ 2

324. 0+ 2

325. = fhev/]18 ]400 fhev ν(SO2) = νV )SO(V 2 = e efhev fhev Ke_^hZl_evgh622 gZoh^blky g_^hklZld_b ihemqbehkvfhev H2SO3Lh]^Zm gZkhklZehkvνG2H

326. hkl ± fhev

327. 42 2. ω jj_(H2SO3) = )jZj(m )SOH(m 32 − = .hkl232 32 )OH(m)SOH(m )SOH(m + = = hkl + 62

328. 0+ 62

329. + 62

330. 0+ 62

331. + 2

332. 0+ 2

333. ν ⋅ ν ⋅ + ν ⋅ = = fhev ] fhev fhev ] fhev fhev ] fhev ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ = 0,095 = 9,5 %. Hl_l: ω jj_(H2SO3) = 9,5 %. hijhk AZibr_fj_Zdpbxkbgl_aZ623: 2SO2 + O2 2SO3. Ij_`^_k_]hwlZj_Zdpbyhdbkebl_evghhkklZghbl_evgZy ++  →− 6hdbke_gb_ l_evhkklZghb 4 Se2S ; −  →+ 2_gb_hkklZghe hdbkebl_ev 0 2 O2e4O . LZd`_j_Zdpbykbgl_aZ623 yey_lkyh[jZlghcj_Zdpb_cl_hgZb^_l h^ghj_f_ggh h[_klhjhguJ_ZdpbygZqbgZ_lkylhevdhijb hlghkbl_evghukhdbol_fi_jZlmjZo°K bijhl_dZ_l ijbkmlklb_dZlZebaZlhjZieZlbguhdkb^hZgZ^by`_e_aZb l^

334. eykf_s_gbyjZgh_kbyijZhgZ^hkihfgblvijbgpbiE_ RZl_ev_^ey]Zahijbukhdhf^Ze_gbbj_Zdpbyb^_l lm klhjhgm]^_h[sbch[t_f]Zahf_gvr_ gZr_fkemqZ_ke_Zdhebq_klh]ZahfhevkijZZ ²fhev l_ijbm_ebq_gbb^Ze_gbyj_Zdpby[m^_lkf_sZlvky klhjhgm h[jZahZgby623. hijhk Zgh: V(H2H

335. fe0X624⋅5H22

336. ] GZclb: ω jj_(CuSO4) J_r_gb_: 1. m(H2O) = V(H2O)⋅ρ(H22

337. fe⋅]fhev ] GZc^_ffZkkmjZklhjZkheb Ph[s

338. P+2O) + m(CuSO4⋅5H2O) = 5000 ] GZc^_ffZkkmkmevnZlZf_^b[_ah^gh]h m(CuSO4) = m(CuSO4⋅5H2O)⋅ω X62⋅GH(CuSO4) = = m(CuSO4)⋅ 0UX62

339. 0UX62

340. 0U+ 2

341. + ]⋅ + ]⋅ ] Lh]^ZfZkkhZy^heyX624 jZklhj_ ω(CuSO4) = )h[s(m )CuSO(m 4 = ]5500 320 ≈0,058 = 5,8 %. Hl_l: ω(CuSO4) = 5,8 %.

342. 43 hijhk gbfZl_evgh jZkkfhljbl_ ko_fm ijbf_g_gby k_jghc dbkehlu jbk

343. gZkljb ihiulZcl_kvkZfbhl_lblvgZwlhlhijhk § 23:ahl hijhk Z

344. 0J + N2 = Mg3N2 ²gbljb^fZ]gby 0J H 0J 1 H 1 + − − = + = [

345. KZ + N2 = Ca3N2 ²gbljb^dZevpby D H D 1 H 1 + − − = + =

346. $O + N2 = 2AlN ²gbljb^Zexfbgby $O H $O 1 H 1 + − − = + = ijh^mdlZo j_Zdpbc bhgguc lbi obfbq_kdhc kyab b bhggZy djbklZeebq_kdZyj_r_ldZ Gbljb^uf_lZeehe_]dh]b^jhebamxlkyk u^_e_gb_fZffbZdZ Mg3N2 + 6H2O 3Mg(OH)2↓ + 2NH3↑; hijhk 1 → /L1 → 1+ → 12 → 12 → +12 1. N2 + 6Li = 2Li3N; 1 H 1 − + → 2. Li3N + 3H2O = 3LiOH + NH3↑; Li – 1 H → Li+ ; 3. 4NH3 H2 cat = 4NO↑ + 6H2O; 4. 2NO + O2 = 2NO2; 5. 4NO2 + 2H2O + O2 = 4HNO3. hijhk JZkkfhljbfke_^mxsmxj_Zdpbx 2NO + O2 ∅ 2NO2 + Q. Ij_`^_k_]hwlZj_Zdpbyhdbkebl_evghhkklZghbl_evgZy hdbke_gb_ hkklZghbl_ev 1 H 1+ + − → ; −  →+ 2_gb_hkklZghe hdbkebl_ev 0 2 O2e4O .

347. 44 LZd`_j_Zdpbykbgl_aZ122 yey_lkyh[jZlghcj_Zdpb_cl_hgZ b^_lh^ghj_f_ggh h[_klhjhguLd j_ZdpbbmqZklmxl]Zaulh fufh`_fijbf_gblvijbgpbiE_RZl_ev_ gZr_cj_Zdpbbdhebq_klhfhev]Zahke_Z[hevr_q_fkijZZ Lh]^Zijbm_ebq_gbb^Ze_gbyjZgh_kb_kf_klblkyijZh ijyfhcj_Zdpbbu^_ey_lkyl_iehke_^hZl_evghijb mf_gvr_gbbl_fi_jZlmjujZgh_kb_kf_klblkyijZh hijhk Z

348. 1+3 + 5O2 = 4NO↑ + 6H2O 1 H 1 2 H 2 − + − − = + = [

349. 1+3 + 3O2 ⇒ 2N2↑ + 6H2O 1 H 1 2 H 2 − − − = + = . hijhk Zgh: m(NH4NO2

350. ]ωijbf_kb

351. %. GZclb: V(N2), ν(H2O) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmkheb[_aijbf_k_c m(NH4NO2)=m(NH4NO2ij

352. ±P1+4NO2)⋅ωij ]±]⋅0,012=19,76 ] AZibr_fmjZg_gb_j_Zdpbb m ]] W o e fhev fhev fhev 0 ]fhev 9 ]fhev F ]fhev P ] P ]9 ] 1+ 12 1 + 2 GZc^_f912

353. b P+2O): ] ²e ] ²o e o 19,76 22,4 64 ⋅ e912

354. e ] ²] ] ²m ] y = 19,76 36 64 ⋅ = 11,115 ]P+22

355. ] Lh]^Zν(H2O) = P+ 2

356. 0+ 2

357. = ] ] fhev fhev Hl_l: V(N2

358. eν(H22

359. fhev

360. 45 § 24:ffbZd hijhk :ffbZd e_]dh k`b`Z_lky ijb h[uqghf ^Ze_gbb b l_fi_jZlmj_ ± 33,4°KZ ijbbkiZj_gbb`b^dh]h]ZaZbahdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uih]ehsZ_lky fgh]hl_ieZihwlhfmhgijbf_gy_lky oheh^bevguomklZghdZo :ffbZdhq_gvohjhrhjZklhjbf h^_ jZklhjZffbZdZ gZauZ_lkygZrZlujgufkibjlhfb bkihevam_lky f_^bpbg_2 hijhk h^hjh^gZykyav ²wlhobfbq_kdZykyavf_`^mZlhfZfbh^hjh^Z b ZlhfZfbkbevghwe_dljhhljbpZl_evguowe_f_glhnlhj dbkehjh^Zahl

361. h^hjh^gZykyavh[jZam_lkyh[uqghf_`^m^mfy khk_^gbfbfhe_dmeZfbGZijbf_jhgZh[jZam_lkyf_`^m fhe_dmeZfbhûkibjlhnlhjhh^hjh^ZZffbZdZ Wlhhq_gvkeZ[Zykyav ²ijbf_jgh jZakeZ[__dhZe_glghc ;eZ]h^Zjy _c g_dhlhju_ gbadhfhe_dmeyjgu_ _s_klZ h[jZamxl ZkkhpbZlu qlh ijbh^bl d ihur_gbx l_fi_jZlmj ieZe_gby b dbi_gby_s_kl :ghfZevghukhdb_l_fi_jZlmjuieZe_gbyb dbi_gbyoZjZdl_jgu êyhû_kebjZkkfZljbZlvh^hjh^gu_kh_^bg_gby9,]jmiiu

362. k_ h^hjh^gu_kh_^bg_gby9,]jmiiudjhf_hûyeyxlky]ZaZfb Hq_gvZ`gmxjhevb]jZ_lh^hjh^gZykyav fhe_dmeZoZ`g_crbo êy`buokms_klkh_^bg_gbc ²[_edhb gmde_bghuodbkehl3 hijhk hghjghZdp_ilhjgZykyav ²wlhhkh[ucbôbfbq_kdhc kyab dhlhjZyhagbdZ_lg_aZkq_lkiZjbZgbyg_iZjguowe_dljhghZ aZ kq_lkh[h^ghcwe_dljhgghciZjuh^gh]hZlhfZb kh[h^ghcyq_cdb ^jm]h]h4 hijhk Kl_i_gvhdbke_gbyZahlZ oehjb^_Zffhgby1+4Cl: 1+ O − . Kl_i_gvhdbke_gbyZahlZ gbljZl_Zffhgby1+4NO3: 1+ 12 − + . hijhk 3CuO + 2NH3 = N2 + 3Cu + 3H2O. X H X 1 H 1 + − + = − = . 2 eyhl_lZbkihevahZekymq_[gbdklj

363. 3 eyhl_lZbkihevahZekymq_[gbdklj

364. 4 eyhl_lZbkihevahZekymq_[gbdklj

365. 46 hijhk :ffbZd ijhyey_l lhevdh hkklZghbl_evgu_ khcklZ ld Zahl gZoh^blky kZfhc gbadhc kl_i_gb hdbke_gby b g_ fh`_l [hevr_ ijbgbfZlvwe_dljhgu § 25KhebZffhgby hijhk Z

366. 1+4)2SO4 + BaCl2 = BaSO4↓ + 2NH4Cl; SO4 2– + Ba2+ = BaSO4↓. [

367. 1+4Cl + AgNO3 = AgCl↓ + NH4NO3; Ag+ + Cl– = AgCl↓. hijhk Z

368. 1+4)2CO3+H2SO4=(NH4)2SO4+H2O+CO2 ↑; CO3 – 2 +2H+ =H2O+CO2↑. [

369. 1+4)2CO3+2NaOH=Na2CO3+2NH3↑+2H2O; NH4 + +OH– =NH3↑+H2O.

370. 1+4)2CO3 + CaCl2 = CaCO3↓ + 2NH4Cl; CO3 2– + Ca2 + = CaCO3↓. ]

371. 1+4)2CO3 W CO2↑ + 2NH3↑ + H2O↑. hijhk (NH4)3PO4 ²nhknZlZffhgby (NH4)2HPO4 ²]b^jhnhknZlZffhgby NH4H2PO4 ²^b]b^jhnhknZlZffhgby (NH4)3PO4 ∅ 3NH4 + + PO4 3– . (NH4)2HPO4 ∅ 2NH4 + + H+ + PO4 3– (NH4)H2PO4 ∅ NH4 + + 2H+ + PO4 3– . hijhk N2 →1 NH3 → 2 (NH4)2HPO4 → 3 NH4Cl → 4 NH4NO3. 1. N2 + 3H2 WSFDW - 2NH3↑; 2. H3PO4 + 2NH3 = (NH4)2HPO4; 3. (NH4)2HPO4 GO 1+4Cl + H3JH4; 4. NH4Cl + AgNO3 = AgCl↓ + NH4NO3. hijhk ZghP((NH4)2SO4

372. d] GZclb91+3), m(NH3) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkhmx^hexZffbZdZ kmevnZl_Zffhgby 1+

373. 62ω (NH3)= 01+

374. 01+

375. 62

376. = fhev/]132 fhev/]172⋅ =0,2576=25,76 %. GZc^_ffZkkmZffbZdZg_h[oh^bfh]h^eyihemq_gbyd] (NH4)2SO4: m(NH3) = m((NH4)2SO4)⋅ω(NH3

377. d]⋅ d] GZc^_fh[t_fZffbZdZ

378. 47 V(NH3)=ν(NH3)⋅Vν= P1+

379. 01+

380. ⋅Vν= ] ]fhev ⋅ ⋅efhev e f3 . Hl_l: m(NH3

381. d]91+3

382. f3 . § 26Dbkehjh^gu_kh_^bg_gbyZahlZ hijhk :ahlgZydbkehlZg_h[jZam_ldbkeuokhe_cldhgZh^ghhkghgZy b bf__lk_]hh^bgZlhfh^hjh^Zdhlhjucb hl^Z_lijbh[jZahZgbbkheb hijhk Z

383. X2+

384. 2 + 2HNO3=2H2O + Cu(NO3)2; Cu(OH)2 + 2H+ =Cu2+ + 2H2O; [

385. )H2O3 + 6HNO3 = 2Fe(NO3)3 + 3H2O; Fe2O3 + 6H+ = 2Fe3+ + 3H2O.

386. 1D2CO3+2HNO3=2NaNO3 + H2O + CO2↑; CO3 2– + 2H+ =H2O + CO2↑. hijhk Na2SiO3 + 2HNO3 = 2NaNO3 + H2SiO3↓; SiO3 2– + 2H+ = H2SiO3↓. hijhk 1) 3Cu + 8HNOjZa[

387. = 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO↑ + 2H2O, X H X 1 H 1 − . 2) Cu + 4HNO3(dhgp) = Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2↑ + 2H2O X H X 1 H 1 − hijhk I. N2 → 1 NO →2 NO2 → 3 HNO3. 1. N2 + O2 = 2NO, 1 H 1 2 H 2 + − − = + = . 2. 2NO + O2 = 2NO2, 1 H 1 2 H 2 + + − − = + = . 3. 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O = 4HNO3, 1 H 1 2 H 2 + + − − = + = . II. NH3 1 → NO 2 → NO2 3 → HNO3. 1. 4NH3 + 5O2 = 4NO + 6H2O,

388. 48 1 H 1 2 H 2 − + − − = + = . MjZg_gbyb kfhljbur_ hijhk Zgh: V(NO2

389. f3 ; ω(HNO3) = 68 %. GZclbP+123) J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZg_gb_j_Zdpbbihemq_gbyZahlghcdbkehlu e o ] fhev fhev 9 efhev 0 ]fhev P ]9 e 12 2 +2 +12 ν ⋅ 89,6 e — 252 134,4⋅103 e ²o ] o ] e e ⋅ ⋅ d] GZc^_ffZkkmjZklhjZZahlghcdbkehlu m(HNO3) = )HNO( x 3ω = 379 d] 0,68 = 555,9 d]; Hl_l: m(HNO3) = 555,9 d] hijhk Zgh: m(NaNO3

390. ]922

391. e GZclbPijbf_kb

392. J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZg_gb_j_Zdpbb eo ] W fhev fhev 9 efhev0 ]fhev P ] 9 e 1D12 1D12 2 ↑ ] ²e o ] ²e o ⋅ ] mqbklZy(NaNO3

393. ] GZc^_ffZkkmijbf_kb Pij

394. P1D123)–mqbklZy(NaNO3

395. ]±] ] ωij = ij k_e P P = beb Hl_l: ωij = 25%. hijhk Kfhijhk,,

396. 49 § 27Nhknhjb _]hkh_^bg_gby hijhk 1. Na3PO4 ²nhknZlgZljby Na3PO4 = 3Na+ + PO4 3– ; 2. Na2HPO4 ²]b^jhnhknZlgZljby Na2G324 = 2Na+ G+ + PO4 3– ; 3. NaH2PO4 ²^b]b^jhnhknZlgZljby 1DG2PO4 = Na+ G+ + PO4 3– . hijhk J → 1 Mg3P2 →2 PH3 →3 P2O5 → 4 H3PO4 → 5 Ca3(PO4)2. 1. J + 3Mg t = Mg3P2, 3 H 3 0J H 0J− , 2. Mg3P2 + 6H2O = 3Mg(OH)2↓ + 2PH3↑. 3. 2PH3 + 4O2 = P2O5 + 3H2O, 3 H 3 2 H 2 − + − − = + = , 4. P2O5 + 3H2O = 2H3PO4; 5. 2H3PO4 DHG

397. 2 = Ca3(PO4)2↓ + 6H2H hijhk 3P + 5HNO3 + 2H2O = 3H3PO4 + 5NO↑, 3 H 3 1 H 1 + + + − = + = . hijhk Zgh: m(Ca3(PO)4 ij

398. ]ωij

399. %, W = 80 %. GZclb: m(P) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmkheb[_aijbf_kb m(Ca3(PO4)2) = m(Ca3(PO4)2 ij

400. ±PD3(PO4)2 ij

401. ⋅ωij

402. ]± ] ⋅ ] AZibr_fmjZg_gb_j_Zdpbb o ]] fhev fhev 0 ]fhev0 ]fhev P ]P ] D 32

403. 6L2 D6L2 3↑ ] ²] ] ²o ] o ⋅ ] m(P)l_hj ] GZc^_ffZkkmnhknhjZdhlhjZyihemqbeZkv oh^_j_Zdpbb m(P)ijZdl = m(P)l_hj⋅: ]⋅ ]

404. 50 Hl_l: m(P)ijZdl ] hijhk ZghP3

405. ]ωij

406. %, ω(H3PO4) = 80 %. GZclb: mjjZ(H3PO4) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmnhknhjZ[_aijbf_kb m(P) = m(P ij

407. – m(P ij

408. ⋅ωij

409. ] – 31⋅ ] Bah^gh]hfhevnhknhjZfh`ghihemqblvjhghh^bgfhev nhknhjghcdbkehlu ν(H3PO4)=ν(P)= P3

410. 03

411. ⇒ν(H3PO4)= P3

412. 03

413. = ]31 ]45,29 =0,95 fhev Lh]^ZP+3PO4)=M(H3PO4)⋅ν(H3PO4

414. ]fhev⋅fhev ] FZkkZjZklhjZnhknhjghcdbkehlujZgZ PjjZ+3PO4) = )POH( )POH(m 43 43 ω = ] ] Hl_lPjjZ+3PO4

415. ] hijhk ZghPjjZ+3PO4

416. ]ω1(H3PO4) = 5 PJ2H5

417. ] GZclb: ω2(H3PO4) J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZg_gb_j_Zdpbbihemq_gbynhknhjghc dbkehlu G2H J2H5 G3JH4. BamjZg_gbyb^ghqlhbafhevJ2H5 ihemqZ_lkyfhevG3JH4. GZc^_ffZkkmnhknhjghcdbkehluihemqbr_cky oh^_j_Zdpbb ν(H3PO4) = 2ν(P2O5) = 2⋅ P3 2

418. 03 2

419. = 2⋅ ] ] fhev fhev m(H3PO4) = ν(H3PO4)⋅M(H3PO4

420. fhev⋅]fhev ] GZc^_fkdhevdh[uehnhknhjghcdbkehlu jZklhj_ m(H3PO4

421. PjjZ

422. ⋅ω1(H3PO4) = 980⋅ ] GZc^_fghmxfZkkhmx^hexdbkehlu jZklhj_ ω2(H3PO4) = h[s P+ 32

423. Pj jZ

424. P3 2

425. − + = 152980 4972,209 + + = 0,2286. Hl_l: ω2(H3PO4) = 22,86 %. hijhk :DhgZghce kh_f ijhba_^_gbb g_ mq_e obfbq_kdbo khckl nhknhjZ ZZcl_ ih^mfZ_f f_kl_ Nhknhj k_lblky l_fghl_ ke_^hZl_evgh wlh [_euc nhknhj ld djZkguc nhknhj g_ k_lblky hh[s_Ze__[_eucnhknhjhq_gvy^hblb bkihevahZlv_]hklhev

426. 51 g_h[uqgufkihkh[hfg_kdhevdhjZa_jhylgh[ueh[ukeh`ghDjhf_ lh]h[_eucnhknhjgZha^mo_e_]dhhdbkey_lkyi_j_oh^yijbwlhf kl_i_gvhdbke_gby 4P + 5O2 = 2P2O5. DZdlhevdhijhp_kkhdbke_gbyaZdZgqbZ_lkykh[ZdZi_j_klZ_l k_lblvky Hdkb^nhknhjZ9

427. hq_gv]b]jhkdhibqgh__s_klhl_hgh ijbly]bZ_ld k_[_h^mkihfgbfqlh hljud_]hhjbehkvh lmfZg_badhlhjh]hukdhqbeh©qm^hbs_ªLmfZg ²wlh kdhg^_gkbjhZggu_iZjuh^uLh]^Zkdhj__k_]hh[jZahZrbcky P2O5 ih^^_cklb_feZ]bij_jZlbeky nhknhjgmxdbkehlm J2H5 G2H⇒G3JH4. Ljm^gh ij_^klZblv k_[_ qlh kh[ZdZ h[fZaZggZy y^hbluf _s_klhfb dbkehlhcfh`_l_s_qlheb[hk^_eZlv § 28M]e_jh^ hijhk

428. :efZa ²ijhajZqgh_djbklZeebq_kdh__s_klhkZfh_l_j^h_ba k_o ijbjh^guo _s_kl LZdZy l_j^hklv h[mkehe_gZ hkh[hc kljmdlmjhc_]hZlhfghcdjbklZeebq_kdhcj_r_ldb g_cdZ`^ucZlhf m]e_jh^Z hdjm`_g lZdbfb `_ ZlhfZfb jZkiheh`_ggufb _jrbgZo ijZbevgh]hl_ljZw^jZ DjbklZeeuZefZaZh[uqgh[_kp_lgu_gh[uZxlkbg_]h]hem[h]h djZkgh]hb q_jgh]hp_lhHgbbf_xlhq_gvkbevguc[e_kd [eZ]h^Zjyukhdhck_lhij_ehfeyxs_cb k_lhhljZ`Zxs_c kihkh[ghklb:efZaohjhrhijhh^bll_iehh[eZ^Z_l we_dljhbaheypbhggufbkhcklZfb5

429. =jZnbl ²l_fghk_jh_`bjgh_gZhsmivdjbklZeebq_kdh_ _s_klhk f_lZeebq_kdbf[e_kdhf hlebqb_hlZefZaZ]jZnbl fy]dbcb g_ijhajZqgucohjhrhijhh^bll_iehb we_dljbq_kdbc lhdFy]dhklv]jZnblZh[mkehe_gZkehbklhckljmdlmjhcjbk mq_[gbd_

430. djbklZeebq_kdhcj_r_ld_]jZnblZZlhfum]e_jh^Z e_`Zsb_ h^ghciehkdhklbijhqghkyaZgu ijZbevgu_ r_klbm]hevgbdb6 5 Hl_laylbamq_[gbdZklj 6 Hl_laylbamq_[gbdZklj

431. 52 hijhk

432. K H2 KH2 H hkklZghbl_ev hdbkebl_ev2 H 2 − − − − .

433. K G2 W KG4 H hdbkebl_ev hkklZghbl_ev+ H + − + + = − −− = . hijhk DZj[hg ² wlh h^bg ba i_jbh^h iZe_hahckdhc wju dZj[hg_ ijh^he`Zxl jZkijhkljZgylvky kihjhu_ jZkl_gby l_ iZihjhlgbdb HklZldbih]b[rboiZihjhlgbdhf_^e_gghhdbkeyebkvih^keh_fa_feb l_q_gb_ fgh]bo fbeebhgh e_l j_amevlZl_ h[jZahZebkv h]jhfgu_ aZe_`b dZf_ggh]h m]ey dhlhjuc g_ qlh bgh_ dZd hklZldb ^j_g_crbo jZkl_gbc hijhk DZj[he_g ²wlhjZaghb^ghklvZdlbbjhZggh]hm]ey Ke_^hZl_evghhgh[eZ^Z_lohjhrbfbZ^khj[bjmxsbfb khcklZfbb bkihevam_lky^eyih]ehs_gbyjZaebqguoaZiZoh oheh^bevgbdZo hijhk

434. K + Fe2O3 t = 2Fe KH↑; H )H H )H + + − = + = 2) PbO2 + 2C t = Pb + 2CO↑; 3E H 3E H + + + = − = . hijhk ZghPK ij

435. ]922

436. e: %. GZclb: ωij

437. J_r_gb_GZc^_fh[t_fm]e_dbkeh]h]ZaZdhlhjuc^he`_g[ue ihemqblvky V(CO2)l_hj = 92

438. : = e e AZibr_fmjZg_gb_j_Zdpbb K H2 W KH2. Ba mjZg_gby j_Zdpbb b^gh qlh ba h^gh]h fhev m]ey ihemqZ_lky jhghh^bgfhevm]e_dbkeh]h]ZaZAgZqbl

439. 53 νK

440. νKH2) = νV )CO(V l_hj2 = e efhev fhev Lh]^ZP

441. νK

442. ⋅0K

443. fhev⋅]fhev ] Pij

444. P ij

445. ±PK

446. ]±] ] Lh]^Zωij

447. )ijC(m )ij(m + = ]8 ]2 = 0,25 = 25 %. Hl_l: ωij

448. %. hijhk K KH2 KH H hkklZghbl_ev hdbkebl_evK H K + + + − = − −+ = . hijhk K → 1 CaC2 → 2 C2H2 → 3 CO2 → 4 CO 1. 2C + Ca t = CaC2; H hdbkebl_ev hkklZghbl_evD H D − − 2. CaC2 + 2H2O = Ca(OH)2 + C2H2↑; 3. 2C2H2 + 5O2 = 4CO2↑ + 2H2O; H hkklZghbl_ev hdbkebl_ev H H H − + − − 4. CO2 + C = 2CO. § 29Dbkehjh^gu_kh_^bg_gbym]e_jh^Z hijhk Fe2O3 + 3CO t = 2Fe + 3CO2↑ )H H )H H + + + + = − = hijhk G_khe_h[jZamxsb_bebbg^bnn_j_glgu_hdkb^ug_j_Z]bjmxsb_ k h^hc ²wlhgZijbf_jK2126L2djZcg_g_mklhcqbuc

449. hijhk KH H2 KH2. Ihur_gb_^Ze_gbyijbh^bld kf_s_gbxiheh`_gbyjZgh_kby ijZh hijhk KH2 G2H G2KH3,

450. 54 KH2 K KH KH2 + 2Mg = 2MgO + C; 2 1 4 Mge2Mg Ce4C 20 04 + + =− =+ . hijhk IjbjZklhj_gbbm]e_dbkeh]h]ZaZ h^_h[jZam_lkykeZ[Zy m]hevgZydbkehlZihwlhfmeZdfmkbf__ldjZkgmxhdjZkdm CO2 + H2O H2CO3 IjbklhygbbjZklhjZm]hevgZydbkehlZjZaeZ]Z_lkyb jZklhjkghZ klZghblkyg_cljZevguf hijhk CuCO3 ²kj_^gyyfhev ²dZj[hgZlf_^b,,

451. XG23)2 ²dbkeZykhev ²]b^jhdZj[hgZlf_^b,II), (CuOH)2CO3 ²hkghgZykhev ²]b^jhdkhdZj[hgZlf_^b,,

452. fZeZobl

453. Bai_j_qbke_gguokhe_clhevdhX+23)2 yey_lkywe_dljheblhf XG23)2 Cu2+ + 2CO3 2– + 2H+ . hijhk Z

454. KD23 1 → CaO 2 → Z2+

455. 2 3 → CaCO3 4 → Ca(HCO3)2 5 → CaCO3 1. CaCO3 t = CaO + CO2↑; 2. CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2; 3. Ca(OH)2 + COg_^

456. = CaCO3 + H2O; 4. CaCO3 + COba[

457. + H2O = Ca(HCO3)2; 5. Ca(HCO3)2 t = CaCO3 + H2O + CO2↑. [

458. K → 1 CO2 → 2 CO → 3 CO2 → 4 C 1. C + O2 t = CO2; H 2 H 2 + − − = + = 2. CO2 + C = 2CO; H H + + + + = − = 3. 2CO + O2 = 2CO2; H 2 H2 − 4. CO2 + 2Mg t = 2MgO + C.

459. 55 H 0J H 0J− hijhk ZghPjjZ1D2CO3

460. ]ω1(Na2CO3) = 2 %; m(Na2CO3⋅G2H

461. ] GZclb: ω2(Na2CO3) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkm1D2CO3 djbklZeeh]b^jZl_ m(Na2CO3)=m(Na2CO3⋅G2H

462. ⋅ω(Na2CO3)= =m(Na2CO3⋅G2H

463. ⋅ 0U1D 2

464. 0U1D 2

465. 0U+ 2

466. + = 14,3⋅ + ] GZc^_ffZkkm1D2CO3 jZklhj_ m(Na2CO3

467. PjjZ1D2CO3)⋅ω1(Na2CO3) = 1060⋅ ] 3. ω2(Na2CO3)= h[s P1D 2

468. Pj jZ

469. P1D 2 + 2

470. − + ⋅ = ] ] ] ] + + ] Hl_l: ω2(Na2CO3

471. ] beb %. § 30Dj_fgbcb _]hkh_^bg_gby hijhk bhdkb^dj_fgbyb m]e_dbkeuc]Zayeyxlkydbkehlgufbhdkb^Zfb H^gZdh hlebqb_hlKH2 hdkb^dj_fgby,9

472. bf__lg_ fhe_dmeyjgmxZ ZlhfgmxdjbklZeebq_kdmxj_r_ldmIhwlhfm6L22 yey_lkyl_j^ufb lm]hieZdbf_s_klhfZ KH2 yey_lky]Zahf M]e_dbkeuc]ZaaZbfh^_cklm_lk h^hck h[jZahZgb_fm]hevghc dbkehlu+2O + CO2 ∅ H2CO3aZbfh^_cklm_lk s_ehqZfbKH2 + + 2NaOH = Na2CO3 + H22j_Z]bjm_lk hkghgufbhdkb^ZfbKH2 + + KZH KZKH3klmiZ_l j_Zdpbxk f_lZeebq_kdbffZ]gb_f KH2 + + 2Mg = 2MgO + C. Hdkb^dj_fgby,9

473. g_jZklhjy_lky h^_aZbfh^_cklm_lijb ukhdbol_fi_jZlmjZokhs_ehqZfbk h[jZahZgb_fkbebdZlh SiO2 + 2NaOH t = Na2SiO3 + H22aZbfh^_cklm_lijbkieZe_gbbk hkghgufbhdkb^Zfb SiO2 + CaO t = CaSiO3, j_Z]bjm_lk fZ]gb_f SiO2 + 2Mg ⇒ 2MgO + Si. hijhk M]e_jh^ ² wlh hkh[uc obfbq_kdbc we_f_gl Hg hkghZ fgh]hh[jZaby hj]Zgbq_kdbo kh_^bg_gbc ba dhlhjuo ihkljh_gu k_ `bu_hj]ZgbafugZgZr_cieZg_l_ ijbjh^_dj_fgbc ²lhjhcihjZkijhkljZg_gghklbihke_ dbkehjh^Zobfbq_kdbcwe_f_glA_fgZydhjZ[he__q_fgZq_l_jlv khklhblba_]hkh_^bg_gbc Ihwlhfmm]e_jh^gZauZxlhkghguf

474. 56 we_f_glhf`bhcijbjh^uZ dj_fgbc²hkghgufwe_f_glhf g_`bhcijbjh^u hijhk Zgh: m(Si + ij

475. ]V(H2) = 22,4 eω(NaOH) = 60 %. GZclb: ω(Si), m(SiO2), m(jjZNaOH) J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZg_gb_j_Zdpbc Si + 2NaOH + H2O = Na2SiO3 + 2H2↑. BamjZg_gbyb^ghqlhbafhevdj_fgbyihemqZ_lkyfhev h^hjh^ZAgZqbl ν(Si) = 2 1 νG2) = 2 1 ⋅ νV )H(V 2 = 2 1 ⋅ fhev/e4,22 e4,22 fhev Lh]^Zm(Si) = ν(Si)⋅M(Si) = 0,5⋅28 = 14] ω(Si) = )ijSi(m )Si(m + = ]16 ]14 ⋅0,875 = 87,5 %. 2. m(SiO2) = m(Si ij

476. ±m(Si) = 16]±] ] BamjZg_gbyj_Zdpbbb^ghqlh^eyjZklhj_gbyfhevdj_fgby gm`ghaylvfhevs_ehqbKe_^hZl_evghν(NaOH) = 2ν(Si) = = 2⋅0fhev fhev m(NaOH) = ν(NaOH)⋅M(NaOH) = fhev⋅]fhev ] PjjZ1D2+

477. )NaOH( )NaOH(m ω = 6,0 ]40 ] Hl_l: ω(Si) = 87,5 %; m(SiO2) = 2 ]PjjZ1D2+

478. ] hijhk Z

479. 6LO2 →1 Si →2 Ca2Si →3 SiH4 →4 SiO2 →5 Si 1. SiO2 + 2Mg t = 2MgO + Si; 6L H 6L 0J H 0J + + + = − = , 2. Si + 2Ca t = Ca2Si; 6L H 6L D H D − + + = − = 3. Ca2Si + 4H2O = 2Ca(OH)2 + SiH4↑; 4. SiH4 + 2O2 = SiO2 + 2H2O; 6L H 6L 2 H 2 − + − − = + = , 5. SiO2 + Mg W = 2MgO + Si.

480. 57 [

481. 6L → 6L2 → 1D6L2 → +6L2 → 6L2 → 6L 1. Si + O2 t = SiO2; 6L H 6L 2 H 2 + − − = + = , 2. SiO2 + 2NaOHl

482. t = Na2SiO3 + H2O↑; 3. Na2SiO3 + H2SO4 = H2SiO3↓ + Na2SO4; 4. H2SiO3 t = H2O + SiO2. 5. SiO2 + 2Mg t = Si + 2MgO. hijhk Dhg_qgh`_wlhkh_^bg_gb_ ²hdkb^dj_fgby(IV). hijhk Hlebqbl_evghchkh[_gghklvxkl_deZyey_lky_]hkhcklh jZafy]qZlvkyb jZkieZe_gghfb^_ijbgbfZlvex[mxnhjfm dhlhjZykhojZgy_lkyijbaZkluZgbbkl_deZGZwlhfhkghZgh ijhbah^klhihkm^ub ^jm]boba^_ebcbakl_deZhihegbl_evgu_ dZq_klZkl_demijb^ZxljZaebqgu_^h[ZdbLZd_^_gb_fhdkb^Z kbgpZihemqZxlojmklZevgh_kl_dehhdkb^ojhfZhdjZrbZ_l kl_deh a_e_gucp_lhdkb^dh[ZevlZ ² kbgbcb l^ H[eZklv ijbf_g_gby kl_deZ hq_gv h[rbjgZ Wlh hdhggh_ [mluehqgh_ eZfihh_ a_jdZevgh_ kl_deh kl_deh hilbq_kdh_ ² hl kl_dhehqdh^hkl_dhenhlhdZf_jebgau[_kqbke_gguoijb[hjh ²hl fbdjhkdhih^hl_e_kdhih

483. 58 =eZZ 3Hj]Zgbq_kdb__s_klZ § 31Ij_^f_lhj]Zgbq_kdhcobfbb hijhk S = C = S k_jhm]e_jh^ + O O O ljboehjf_lZg K K GG G G G G KG3 ²KG3 ijhiZg G K G G K G G G K G G K G G KG3 ²KG2 ²KG2 ²KG3 [mlZg hijhk K2G6kl_i_gvhdbke_gbym]e_jh^Z±

484. kl_i_gvhdbke_gbyh^hjh^Z

485. Ze_glghklvm]e_jh^ZZe_glghklvh^hjh^Z K K GG G G G G N2kl_i_gvhdbke_gbyZahlZZe_glghklvN ≡ N. H2O2: kl_i_gvhdbke_gbydbkehjh^Z±

486. kl_i_gvhdbke_gby h^hjh^Z

487. Ze_glghklvdbkehjh^ZZe_glghklvh^hjh^Z G ²H ²H ²G hijhk L_hjby:F;mle_jhZml_j`^Z_l lhqlhdZ`^h__s_klhbf__l hij_^_e_ggh_obfbq_kdh_kljh_gb_hldhlhjh]haZbkylkhcklZ _s_klKhcklZ_s_klaZbkylhlijbjh^uobfbq_kdbo we_f_glhhlbodhebq_klZb hllh]hdZdhgbkh_^bgyxlkyf_`^m kh[hc Ijb_^_f ijbf_j ^mo bahf_jh k jZaebqgufb obfbq_kdbfb khcklZfb

488. 59 2 +1 +1 NH4 — N = K = O fhq_bgZ pbZgZlZffhgby hijhk Kl_i_gvhdbke_gbyoZjZdl_jbam_ldhebq_klhijbgyluobeb hl^Zgguowe_f_glhfwe_dljhghKl_i_gvhdbke_gbyfh`_l[ulv iheh`bl_evghchljbpZl_evghcgme_hc Ze_glghklvihdZauZ_ldhebq_klhkya_cdhlhju_h[jZam_l we_f_gl fhe_dme_Ze_glghklvfh`_l[ulvlhevdhiheh`bl_evghc hijhk Ij_^hklZey_fZfhafh`ghklvih^mfZlvgZ^wlbfhijhkhf kZfbf hijhk Zgh: V(CH4) = f3 , ηH2)ha^ = 21 %. GZclb: Vha^

489. J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZg_gb_j_Zdpbbk`b]Zgbyf_lZgZ KG4 H2 W KH2 G2H Ba mjZg_gbyb^ghqlh^eyk`b]Zgby fhev f_lZgZ g_h[oh^bfh 2 fhevdbkehjh^ZAgZqbl νH2) = 2νKG4) = 2⋅ νV )CH(V 4 . Lh]^ZVha^

490. ha^)O( )O(V 2 2 η = ha^)O( V)O( 2 2 η ν ν = ha^)O( V )CH(V 2 2 4 η ν ⋅ = = ha^)O( )CH(V2 2 4 η ⋅ = 21,0 f2502 3 ⋅ f3 . Hl_l: Vha^

491. f3 . § 32Ij_^_evgu_m]e_h^hjh^u hijhk Ijbqbgu fgh]hh[jZaby m]e_h^hjh^h ykgu ba iheh`_gbc l_hjbb :F ;mle_jhZ :lhfu fhe_dmeZohj]Zgbq_kdbo_s_klkyaZgu^jm]k ^jm]hf kh]eZkghboZe_glghklb

492. 60 KhcklZ_s_klaZbkylg_lhevdhhlkhklZZbofhe_dmeghb hlbokljh_gby hijhk =hfheh]bq_kdbcjy^fh`ghaZibkZlvdZdCn H2n+2. M]e_h^hjhûk n ≤ yeyxlky]ZaZfb M]e_h^hjhûk n ≤ yeyxlky`b^dhklyfb M]e_h^hjhûk n ≥ yeyxlkyl_jûfb_s_klZfb Ihf_j_m_ebq_gbyn m_ebqbZ_lkyl_fi_jZlmjZdbi_gbyb ieZe_gbym]e_h^hjh^h hijhk GZ]hjh^kdhfb k_evkdhohayckl_gghfljZgkihjl_ijbf_gyxlky [_gabgd_jhkbgkheyjdZ^ba_evgh_lhiebhhgbyeyxlky e_]dhhkieZf_gyxsbfbky]hjxqbfb_s_klZfihwlhfmke_^m_l kh[ex^Zlvijhlbhih`Zjgu_ijZbeZl_ogbdb[_ahiZkghklb hijhk KG ²KG ²+ ²KG + Z

493. =hfheh]b KG ²KG ²KG + KG3 ²KG2 ²KG3 bah[mlZg ijhiZg [

494. Bahf_ju KG3 ²KG2 ²KG2 ²KG2 ²KG3 + + + + i_glZg l_ljZf_lbef_lZg hijhk K3G8 K3G6 G2↑; K3H6 — ijhi_gK4G10 K4G8 G2↑; K4G8 — [ml_g hijhk Zgh: Vkf_kb

495. eηKH2) = 10 %. GZclb: V(O2) J_r_gb_GZc^_fh[t_fijhiZgZ[_aijbf_kb V(C3H8)=V(kf_kb

496. ±V(kf_kb

497. ⋅ηKH2

498. e ±e⋅ e AZibr_fmjZg_gb_j_ZdpbbK3G8 H2 KH2 G2H BamjZg_gbyb^ghqlh^eyk`b]ZgbyfhevijhiZgZgm`ghfhev dbkehjh^Z

499. 61 Ke_^hZl_evghνH2) = 5νK3G8) = 5⋅ 9 +

500. 9ν . Lh]^ZV(O2) = Vν⋅νH2) = V#⋅5 3 8V(C H ) Vν = 5⋅ e Hl_l: V(O2) = 100e § 33G_ij_^_evgu_m]e_h^hjhû Wlbe_gb _]h]hfheh]b hijhk ey wlZgZ oZjZdl_j_g lbi j_Zdpbc aZf_s_gby Z êy wlbe_gZ — ijbkh_^bg_gby hijhk J_Zdpbyijbkh_^bg_gbyh^hjh^ZgZauZ_lky]b^jbjhZgb_f KG2 KG2 G2 → KG3–KG3; KG3±KG CH2 + H2 → CH3–CH2–CH3 hijhk 2CH3–CH3 + 7O2 → 4CO2 + 6H2O; CH2=CH2 + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 2H2O ;hevr_dbkehjh^Zihlj_[m_lkyêyk`b]ZgbywlZgZldwlZgbf__l gZ^Zh^hjh^Z[hevr_q_fwlbe_g Wlbe_g]hjblk_lysbfieZf_g_fld gf[hevr_fZkkhZy^hey m]e_jh^Zq_f wlZg_ hijhk ++ + QKG KG ²KG → a ihebijhibe_g a

501. Q Ijh^mdlihebf_jbaZpbbijhibe_gZgZauZ_lkyihebijhibe_g hijhk + + + G Z

502. =hfheh]b CH2 C CH3 CH3 CH2=CH–CH3 f_lbeijhi_g ijhi_g [

503. Bahf_ju KG KG²KG2 ²KG2 ²KG3 ²i_gl_g

504. 62 + KG ²K KG²KG ²f_lbe[ml_g hijhk KG2 KG2 → G2 KG≡KG Zp_lbe_g :p_lbe_gijhyey_lkbevghg_ij_^_evgucb ^Z`_ keZ[hdbkehlguc oZjZdl_j § 34G_ij_^_evgu_m]e_h^hjh^u:p_lbe_g hijhk H[sZynhjfmeZm]e_h^hjh^hjy^ZZp_lbe_gZCnH2n–2. hijhk :p_lbe_gfh`ghbgZq_gZaZlvwlbghf hijhk +≡ ²+²+ ²+ + Z

505. =hfheh]b KG≡ KH, ²wlbg KG≡ K — + + ²KG3 ²f_lbe[ml_g-1. [

506. Bahf_ju +≡ ²²+ + + — 3,3-^bf_lbe[mlbg KG3–K≡K–KG2–KG2–KG3 — ]_dkbg hijhk KG≡KG H2 KH2 G2H

507. 63 :p_lbe_g]hjbldhilysbfieZf_g_fihlhfm g_fhq_gv[hevrZy fZkkhZy^heym]e_jh^Z hijhk Zgh: m(CaC2) = 720 d]ωij

508. %. GZclb: VK2G2) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmdZj[b^ZdZevpby[_aijbf_k_c mKaK2) = 720⋅(1–0,2) = 720⋅ d] AZibr_fmjZg_gb_j_Zdpbb o ed] fhev fhev 0 ]fhev 9 efhev P ] 9 e D +2 + D2+

509. + = ↑ + KhklZbfijhihjpbx ] ²e ] ²o o ⋅ ⋅ = 201,6⋅103 e f3 . Hl_l: VK2G2

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