Slides from NELS44 at UConn

1. !"#$%&'()&*)%"*+,-&.'$*#/)01"*"'$#'&#.2)
/3&-/*#/)4"5)6"-7%$5)%/$5*&*+)
!"#$%&'(')**$%&+%,&-)%%+.&/*+0).&1+%223%&
4"5+.67"%6&30&8$%9)$2:(2&;&<%$#".2$6=&30&>.$:2?&@3*)7A$+&
BC8DEE&+6&<@3%%&F&G(63A".&HIJ&KLHM&
D*$,"2&+6&:%=).*N(37OPQ7BC8DEE&
H&

2. !"#$%&'()5/%$'&"*.)&*)01"*"'$#'&#.)
• R?3%36+(:(&(3%26.+$%62&3%&3)65)6&."5."2"%6+:3%2S&2"97"%6+*&
!"#"!!$%%&'!&&%&()%*!+"'(&
• T%6".+(:3%2&)%,".&,$."(6&+,Q+("%(=&
U"N9N&*3(+*&+22$7$*+:3%O,$22$7$*+:3%V&
• B3%;+,Q+("%6&$%6".+(:3%2&
U"N9N&W&3.&@&?+.73%=X&*3%9;,$26+%("&,$22$7$*+:3%V&
Y&,"'-#.*()/'!&012"'")/!+!(&
• B3%;+,Q+("%6&$%6".+(:3%2&+."&0+($*$6+6",&A=&6.$99".;6+.9"6&
(*3*,/%*)4&UZ32"&[&+*P".&KLLEJ&1+%223%&KLHLJ&>"%%"]&KLHMV&
K&

3. !"#$%&'()5/%$'&"*.)&*)01"*"'$#'&#.)
• 4$2(."6"&*"#"*2&30&*3(+*$6=^&UG,,"%&HIIEJ&D)_)P$&HII`J&
R)**"=A*+%P&KLLEV&
• ,$."(6&+,Q+("%(=&
• 2=**+A*"&+,Q+("%(=&Ua2?3.6;.+%9"bV&
• )%A3)%,",&Ua*3%9;.+%9"bV&
'"'#/.5/!&')0
• B3%;+,Q+("%6&$%6".+(:3%2&Y&+,Q+("%(=&3%&237"&36?".&
5.3Q"(:3%O:".^&
• +)632"97"%6+*&:".&U0"+6)."&9"37"6.=X&)%,".25"($c(+:3%V&
• 2$7$*+.$6=;A+2",&(3.."253%,"%("&(?+$%&UZ32"&[&+*P".&KLLEX&
1+%223%&KLLdJ&KLHLV&
M&

4. !"#$%&'()&*)#"*."*$*')1$56"*()
• G%*=&)6"0)41&(0+]"26",&(.322;*$%9)$2:(+**=&U1+%223%&KLHLV&
• aeb&Y&?+.73%=&"%03.(",X&afb&Y&?+.73%=&%36&"%03.(",&
879:7980
879:!9:7980
87:!9:7980
879:!9:!9:7980
;)%/'(9"!/,*!<0
e&
F&
F&
F&
$'="$'.&.0
e&
e&
e&
e&
"#$%&'(&)!
F&
e&
e&
e&
"#$%&'(&)!
F&
F&
F&
e&
• T75*$(+:3%+*&)%$#".2+*S&
• $%6".+(:3%&$%&*3%9;.+%9"&(3%6"g62&Uh7#(#7h&"6(NV&&')/*,(!
$%6".+(:3%&$%&2?3.6;.+%9"&(3%6"g6&Uh7#7hV&+2&i"**&
• 6?"&."#".2"&,3"2&%36&?3*,&
E&

5. 89$60%/.2)*$.$%&'()
• j.+%2#3(+*$(&%+2+*&(3%23%+%6&?+.73%=S&>/3=/&UG,,"%&HIIEV&
;5+6;$*"
;)n3;$'"
;3+2;$,"
&k2(3*,;RlWm&
&k,.=;RlWm&
&k5*+26".;RlWm
&&
• <%A3)%,",&%+2+*&(3%23%+%6&?+.73%=S&?/@/&U1=7+%&HIIoV&
;62pA;$,$ &ki+%,".;RlWm&
;62p3;$'$ &k2"i;RlWm&
;3qn6)P;$'$ &k2)*P;RlWm&
o&

6. 89$60%/.2).&:&%$*')1$56"*()
• j.+%2#3(+*$(S&A""%&)&&U+NPN+N&!3=.+X&1+=i+.,&HI`KV&
A+n.;)2;
93nB;)C;
C3,;)(;
&k*$"N,3i%;@r<Dm&
&k5)**;@r<Dm&
&k)5.336;@r<Dm
&&
• <%A3)%,",S&D/%*&U1+=i+.,&HIILV&
A+s;2;"
s)C;C;$6
BE+tnu;C;$6
F+tn9;".;C;"
&kA.$%9;RlW;MD-m&
&k(33P;RlW;HD-m &&
&k2i"+.;RlW;HD-m&
&k2"i;RrDD;RlW;MD-m&
v&

7. Computational and
formal methods
(e.g. proofs)
hypothesis
testing
Channel
Biases
hypothesis
generation
hypothesis
testing
explanation
TYPOLOGY
explanation
Laboratory
experimentation
hypothesis
testing
hypothesis
generation
Analytic
Biases
hypothesis
testing
d&

8. Computational and
formal methods
(e.g. proofs)
hypothesis
testing
Channel
Biases
hypothesis
generation
hypothesis
testing
explanation
TYPOLOGY
explanation
Laboratory
experimentation
hypothesis
testing
hypothesis
generation
Analytic
Biases
hypothesis
testing
`&

9. ;"$%.)$*-)"7'%&*/)
• @*+$7&
• j=53*39=&30&*3(+*$6=&5+]".%2&$2&2?+5",&A=&,&/%'*'-0=*/(&(&
• Z"*+6",&63&(375*"g$6=&U$%&6".72&30&03.7+*&*+%9)+9"&6?"3.=V&30&
$%,$#$,)+*&6=5"2&30&%3%;+,Q+("%6&,"5"%,"%($"2&&
• C#$,"%("&
• 8"+.%$%9&A$+2&(3%c.7",&$%&6i3&*+A3.+63.=&"g5".$7"%62&U+.:c($+*&
*+%9)+9"&*"+.%$%9V&
• Cg5N&HS&D$A$*+%6&?+.73%=&+6&,$w"."%6&,$26+%("2&
• Cg5N&KS&8$u)$,&?+.73%=&+6&,$w"."%6&,$26+%("2&
• R+]".%2&30&9"%".+*$_+:3%&U3.&*+(P&6?"."30V&63&)%2""%&(3%6"g62&
7$..3.&6?"&(.322;*$%9)$2:(&6=53*39=&
• Z"5*$(+6"2&+%,&"g6"%,2&5."#$3)2&c%,$%92&A=&l$%*"=&UKLHHJ&KLHKV&
• l).6?".&26),$"2&
I&

10. !"#$%&'(<)%/$5*$:&%&'()$*-)#"60%/9&'()
• R?3%36+(:(&(3%26.+$%62&(+%&,"c%"&03.7+*&*+%9)+9"2&i$6?$%&
6?"&($=%&-$,/%02*&%/%!240U1"$%_&KLHLJ&Z39".2&"6&+*N&KLHLV!
• #;9.+7&(3%26.+$%62&⇔&26.$(6*=&*3(+*&UD8%V&*+%9)+9"2&
• ."9)*+6"&!"'+-$"$(0($=(&G$&'!&(030&*"%96?&#&
• xyF23%J&e#3$zyF23%J&F#3$z&U"N9N&xAPJ&x_6J&x9{J&"6(NV&∈&D8K&
• 5."(","%("&(3%26.+$%62&⇔&26.$(6*=&5$"("i$2"&UDR%V&*+%9)+9"2&
• ."9)*+6"&($=(&G$&'!&(&30&*"%96?&#&
• xye26.$,J&e+%6zhye26.$,J&F+%6z&U"N9N&x2h|J&x_h6|J&"6(NV&∈&DRK&
&
HL&

11. !"#$%&'()$*-)6"-7%$5)%/$5*&*+)
• j?"&*+%9)+9"2&U26.$%92"62V&,"c%",&A=&#;9.+7&(3%26.+$%62&+%,&
5."(","%("&(3%26.+$%62&+."&*"+.%+A*"&$%&6?"&*$7$6&0.37&532$:#"&
"#$,"%("&U-3*,&HIvdX&2""&1"$%_&KLHLV&
• hA)6&%36&A=&6?"&2+7"&6=5"&30&*"+.%$%9&+*93.$6?7&U1"$%_&KLHLV&
• #;9.+7&*"+.%".&UD8%V&
• 5."(","%("&*"+.%".&UDR%V&
• C#$,"%("&03.&3".$,/%&%+6)."&30&5?3%3*39$(+*&*"+.%$%9&
• 2""&1"$%_&+%,&T,2+.,$&UKLHHV&03.&0).6?".&+.9)7"%62&03.&73,)*+.$6=&
$%&*+%9)+9"&*"+.%$%9&U2=%6+g&#2N&5?3%3*39=V&
HH&

12. !"#$%&'()&*)#"*."*$*')1$56"*()
• <%A3)%,",&(3%23%+%6&?+.73%=&
• T%&+9.""7"%6;A=;(3.."253%,"%("&Ur>@V&+%+*=2"2&UZ32"&[&+*P".&
KLLEJ&1+%223%&KLHLJ&>"%%"]&KLHMVJ&6?$2&$2&+&(37A$%",&"w"(6&30&
• U*3(+**=&)%."26.$(6",V&@GZZ;@}@&(3%26.+$%62J&i?$(?&"26+A*$2?&+&
(3.."253%,"%("&."*+:3%&U"N9N&A"6i""%&+**&ye26.$,zhye26.$,z&5+$.2V&
• T4CBjylz;@@&(3%26.+$%62&A+%%$%9&,$2+9.""7"%6&A"6i""%&
(3.."253%,"%62&U"N9N&$%&y~+%6zV&
• 1"."&i"&+A26.+(6&+i+=&0.37&)%%"("22+.=&(375*$(+:3%2&
+.$2$%9&0.37&6?"&r>@&03.7+*$27&
• Cw"(:#"*=S&(3%26.+$%62&+9+$%26&,$2+9.""$%9&($=(&G$&'!&(&UDRKV&
• "N9N&xye26.$,"%6J&+%6".$3.zhye26.$,"%6J&F+%6".$3.z&
• ,$2(3#".+A*"&A=&+&1%&!&.&'!&0,&/%'&%&U1"$%_&KLHLV&
HK&

13. !"#$%&'()&*)#"*."*$*')1$56"*()
• aj.+%2#3(+*$(b&(3%23%+%6&?+.73%=&
• D=**+A*"&+,Q+("%(=^&UZ32"&[&+*P".&KLLEJ&>"%%"]&KLHMV&
• 2+7"&7"(?+%$27&+2&03.&)%A3)%,",&?+.73%=J&A)6&?$9?;.+%P",&
(3%26.+$%6&URZGÄT'TjÅV&*$7$62&(3.."253%,"%("&63&Ç;+,Q+("%6&5+$.2&
• j.+%2#3(+*$(&U@;:".V&+,Q+("%(=^&U1+%223%&KLHLV&
• "N9N&*3(+**=&."26.$(6",&@GZZ;@}@&(3%26.+$%62J&"26+A*$2?$%9&
(3.."253%,"%("&3%*=&A"6i""%&2"97"%62&2"5+.+6",&A=&+6&7326&+&
#3i"*&U"N9N&$%&+**&@ye26.$,zW@ye26.$,z&2"u)"%("2V&
• @+%&A"&(+26&+2&)%*-%/3&(3%26.+$%62&UD8MV&
• "N9N&xye26.$,"%6J&+%6".$3.zyF(3%23%+%6+*zye26.$,"%6J&F+%6".$3.z&
• ,$2(3#".+A*"&A=&+%&!#-%/30,&/%'&%&
• +*6".%+:#"*=J&+2&A$9.+7&(3%26.+$%62&3%&+&(3%23%+%6&:".&UjD8KV&
• (0N&1+="2&[&$*23%&UKLL`V&3%&#3i"*&?+.73%=&
• 2""&1"$%_&"6&+*N&UKLHHV&3%&6?"&:".;A+2",&26.$(6*=&*3(+*&UjD8V&(*+22&
HM&

14. !/$5*&*+):&$.)$*-)'(0"%"+()
• 1=536?"2$2S&j?"&)%+]"26",&(3%23%+%6&?+.73%=&6=5"&$2&
U,$+(?.3%$(+**=&+%,&2=%(?.3%$(+**=V&*'/!!&((*=,&&,)"&63&+%&
/'/,4+!0=*/(&35".+:%9&$%&5?3%36+(:(&*"+.%$%9&
• $%(375+:A*"&i$6?&5."(","%("&*"+.%".&UDRV&73,)*"&
• $%(375+:A*"&i$6?&#;9.+7&*"+.%".&UD8V&73,)*"&
• -$#"%&"#$,"%("&30&$%6".+(:3%&$%&*3%9;.+%9"&(3%6"g62J&*"+.%".&
i$**&*'H&%&6?+6&$%6".+(:3%&?3*,2&$%&@W@&(3%6"g62&+2&i"**&
• A)6&%36&U%"("22+.$*=V&#$("&#".2+É&
879:7980
879:!9:7980
87:!9:7980
879:!9:!9:7980
a6.+%2#3(+*$(b&
e&
F&
F&
F&
)%A3)%,",&
e&
e&
e&
e&
"#$%&'(&)!
F&
e&
e&
e&
HE&

15. !/$5*&*+):&$.)$*-)'(0"%"+()
• 1=536?"2$2S&j?"&)%+]"26",&(3%23%+%6&?+.73%=&6=5"&$2&
U,$+(?.3%$(+**=&+%,&2=%(?.3%$(+**=V&*'/!!&((*=,&&,)"&63&+%&
/'/,4+!0=*/(&35".+:%9&$%&5?3%36+(:(&*"+.%$%9&
• $%(375+:A*"&i$6?&5."(","%("&*"+.%".&UDRV&73,)*"&
• $%(375+:A*"&i$6?&#;9.+7&*"+.%".&UD8V&73,)*"&
• -$#"%&"#$,"%("&30&$%6".+(:3%&$%&*3%9;.+%9"&(3%6"g62J&*"+.%".&
i$**&*'H&%&6?+6&$%6".+(:3%&?3*,2&$%&@W@&(3%6"g62&+2&i"**&
• A)6&%36&U%"("22+.$*=V&#$("&#".2+É&
879:7980
879:!9:7980
87:!9:7980
879:!9:!9:7980
F&
F&
F&
a6.+%2#3(+*$(b&
e&
)%A3)%,",&
e&
e&
e&
e&
"#$%&'(&)!
F&
e&
e&
e&
!
Ho&

16. =/'1"-"%"+()
• D%+I!*/,#12"'","-40,&/%'*'-0"g5".$7"%62&U2""&'3."63%&[&
R+6".&KLHK+JA&03.&3#".#$"iV&
• )2$%9&a53#".6=&30&2:7)*)2b&5+.+,$97&U$*23%&KLLvV&63&6"26&03.&
9"%".+*$_+:3%&63&(3%6"g62&%36&"%(3)%6".",&$%&6.+$%$%9&,+6+&
• Z"5*$(+6"2&l$%*"=&UKLHHJ&KLHKVJ&A)6&i$6?&+&73,$c",&+%,&
+.9)+A*=&$75.3#",&,"2$9%&
• G).&26),=S&*"+.%$%9&63&+55*=&?+.73%=&+*6".%+:3%2&$%&26"7J&A+2",&
3%&6?"&2)Ñg&
• l$%*"=S&*"+.%$%9&63&(+6"93.$_"&26"7&2?+5"2&A=&(?3$("&30&2)Ñg&
+*6".%+%6&
• r%+*=2$2&30&."2)*62&
• (375+.$23%2&i$6?&@3%6.3*&9.3)5&63&0+(63.&3)6&8H&A$+2&3.&36?".&
(3%03)%,2&UZ"A".&[&R"..)(?"6&KLLMJ&l$%%&[&1),23%&!+7&KLL`V&
• 7$g",;"w"(62&*39$2:(&."9."22$3%&73,"**$%9&UÖ+"9".&KLL`V&
Hv&

17. 890/5&6/*')>2)?&:&%$*')1$56"*()
• D:7)*$&
• Z"(3.,",&A=&+&7+*"&%+:#"&C%9*$2?&25"+P".&
• <%+i+."&30&6?"&5+]".%&$%&6?"&*+%9)+9"&
• M&2=**+A*"&k#".A2m&U@W@W@WV&
• Ü5J6JPJAJ,J9áJ&Ü2J|á&+%,&Ü$J"J+J3J)á&
• ji3&2)Ñg"2S&5+26&6"26&y;2)z&+%,&0)6)."&6"%2"&y;|$z&
• D)Ñg;63;.336&?+.73%=&i?"%&6?"&.336&(3%6+$%2&+&2$A$*+%6&
• A)9+23J&A)9+23;2)J&A)9+|3;|$&
• r**&2:7)*$&26."22;$%$:+*&
Hd&

18. @5"#/-75/)A)B)01$./.)
• R.+(:("&5?+2"&
• T%26.)(:3%&3%&5+26&+%,&0)6)."&6"%2"&03.&K&2=**+A*"&.3362&
• B3%"&30&6?"2"&(3%6+$%",&2$A$*+%62&
• j.+$%$%9&5?+2"&
• 1"+.&+%,&."5"+6&HKL&#".A&6.$5*"62&6i$("&"+(?&
• j.$5*"62&A"9+%&i$6?&6?"&#".A&.336J&03**3i",&A=&6?"&6i3&2)Ñg",&
03.72&U(3)%6".A+*+%(",&03.&3.,".V&
• j36+*&30&dKL&UHKL&g&M&g&KV&5.3,)(:3%2O5+.:($5+%6&
• j"2:%9&5?+2"&
• W".A&.336&03**3i",&A=&6i3&(?3$("2&03.&6?"&k(3.."(6m&(3%Q)9+:3%&
• >36?&(?3$("2&?+,&6?"&2+7"&2)Ñg&
• G%"&?+,&?+.73%=J&3%"&26+=",&0+$6?0)*&i$6?3)6&?+.73%=&
• 5+:23&F&5+:23|$J&5+:|3|$&
H`&

19. C5$&*&*+)#"*-&'&"*.)
• 83(+*&F&HL&5+.:($5+%62&
• 1+*0&30&.3362&i"."&(#(#D#&U3%"&2)Ñg&6.$99".2&?+.73%=V&
• 1+*0&30&.3362&i"."&(#(#(#&U.3362&26+=&0+$6?0)*V&
• B3%*3(+*&F&HL&5+.:($5+%62&
• 1+*0&30&.3362&i"."&(#D#(#&
• 1+*0&i"."&(#(#(#&
• @3%6.3*&F&HL&5+.:($5+%62&
• j.+$%",&3%*=&3%&(#(#(#&.336&(3%6+$%$%9&%3&2$A$*+%62&
• B3&"#$,"%("&30&+%&+*6".%+:3%&&
HI&

20. 89$60%/).'&67%&)
• j.+$%$%9&5?+2"&
• 83(+*S&A)9+23J&A)9+23;2)J&A)9+|3;|$&
• B3%*3(+*S&A)2+93J&A)2+93;2)J&A)|+93;|$&
• @3%6.3*S&A)9+53J&A)9+53;2)J&A)9+53;|$&
• j"2:%9&5?+2"&U2+7"&03.&+**&(3%,$:3%2V&
•
•
•
•
HL&$6"72&+6&"+(?&,$26+%("&
5+:23&F&5+:23|$J&5+:|3|$&
A3|+P$&F&A32+P$2)J&A3|+P$2)&
2+5)P3&F&|+5)P3|$J&2+5)P3|$&
KL&

21. 0.7
D/.7%'.)A)?&:&%$*')1$56"*()
Training group
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
KH&
0.0
Proportion of harmony responses
0.6
Control (cvcvcv-Sv)
Local (cvcvSv-Sv)
Nonlocal (cvSvcv-Sv)
1 = cvcvSv-Sv
2 = cvSvcv-Sv
Locality (Test Items)
3 = Svcvcv-Sv

22. E*$%(.&.)
• '$g",;"w"(62&*39$2:(&."9."22$3%&73,"*&
• '3,"*2&6?"&*39&3,,2&30&(?332$%9&6?"&6"26&$6"7&i$6?&?+.73%=&
• l$g",&"w"(62&
• j.+$%$%9&9.3)5S&@3%6.3*J&83(+*J&B3%*3(+*&
• j"26&$6"7&,$26+%("S&H&UhD#;D#VJ&K&UhD#(#;D#VJ&3.&M&UD#(#(#;D#V&
• -.3)5&g&4$26+%("&$%6".+(:3%&
• Z+%,37&"w"(62&
• Z+%,37&A=;2)AQ"(6&$%6".("562&
• Z+%,37&A=;2)AQ"(6&2*35"2&03.&i?"6?".&6?"&?+.73%=&."253%2"&
i+2&6?"&H26&3.&K%,&35:3%&
KK&

23. C1/)="-/%)
l$g",&"w"(62&30&7$g",&*39$6&73,"*&
U>+2"*$%"&30&(3%6.3*&9.3)5&3%&,$26+%("&H&6"26&$6"72V&
BY`KdX&ML&D)AQ"(62X&*39;*$P"*$?33,&;EvLNv&&
J(+3/)&0
KJ0
L%MNOPOQ0
T%6".("56&
;HNoLE&
LNMMv&
àLNLLHx&
4$26+%("&K&
LNvHM&
LNMvI&
LNLId&
4$26+%("&M&
;LNdIE&
LNEEv&
LNLdo&
83(+*&6.+$%$%9&
HNv`v&
LNEEM&
àLNLLHx&
B3%83(+*&6.+$%$%9&
HNHvL&
LNEEo&
LNLLIx&
83(+*&g&4$26+%("&K&
;HNM`M&
LNE`L&
LNLLMx&
83(+*&g&4$26+%("&M&
;HNML`&
LNo`K&
LNLKox&
B3%*3(+*&g&4$26+%("&K&
;LNoEI&
LNE`E&
LNKod&
B3%*3(+*&g&4$26+%("&M&
LNKod&
LNoEd&
LNvM`&
KM&

24. 0.7
F1$')'1&.)6"-/%).1"G.)
Training group
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
KE&
0.0
Proportion of harmony responses
0.6
Control (cvcvcv-Sv)
Local (cvcvSv-Sv)
Nonlocal (cvSvcv-Sv)
1 = cvcvSv-Sv
2 = cvSvcv-Sv
Locality (Test Items)
3 = Svcvcv-Sv

25. ?&:&%$*')3.H)%&I7&-)#"*'5$.'.)
• Cg5".$7"%6&H&U+%,&l$%*"=&KLHHJ&KLHKX&2""&+*23&8+$&KLHKV&)2",&
+%&+.:c($+*&(*=*,/')02/%3"'4&5+]".%S&y2z&#2N&y|z&
• 7326&0."u)"%6&6=5"&30&(3%23%+%6&?+.73%=&A=&0+.&U1+%223%&KLHLV&
• Cg5".$7"%6&K&)2"2&,*G$*.02/%3"'4S&y*z&#2N&y.z&
• +*23&+]"26",J&6?3)9?&*"22&0."u)"%6&U"N9N&>)P)2)X&G,,"%&HIIEV&
• '3:#+:3%S&
• ."5*$(+6"&c%,$%92&$%&,$w"."%6&5?3%":(O0"+6).+*&,$7"%2$3%&
• 237"i?+6&*"22&2+*$"%6&2"97"%6&(*+22&U*$u)$,2&,3&%36&a26+%,&3)6b&
+(3)2:(+**=&6?"&i+=&2$A$*+%62&,3V&
• 5+.6&30&A$99".&26),=&(3%6.+2:%9&(3%23%+%6&?+.73%=&i$6?&%3%;
+,Q+("%6&.*((*3*,/+"'&5+]".%2&U1"$%_&KLHLX&>"%%"]&KLHMV&
• 2$A$*+%6&,$22$7$*+:3%&#$.6)+**=&)%+]"26",&
• *$u)$,&?+.73%=&+%,&,$22$7$*+:3%&A36?&.3A)26*=&+]"26",&
Ko&

26. 890/5&6/*')J2)!&I7&-)1$56"*()
• D$7$*+.&,"2$9%&63&Cg5".$7"%6&H&
• j?.""&5?+2"2&U5.+(:("J&6.+$%$%9J&6"2:%9V&
• j?.""&(3%,$:3%2&U83(+*J&B3%*3(+*J&@3%6.3*&F&HK&2)AQ"(62&"+(?V&
• D:7)*$&
• @W@W@W&#".A&.3362&
• Ü5J6JPJAJ,J9J7J%áJ&Ü*J.á&+%,&Ü$J"J3J)á&
• ji3&2)Ñg"2&U5+26&6"%2"&;.)J&0)6)."&6"%2"&;*$V&
• Z"(3.,",&A=&03).&25"+P".2&UK&7+*"J&K&0"7+*"V&
Kv&

27. K/.&+*)
• j.+$%$%9&
• HIK&6.$5*"62&$%&6.+$%$%9&5?+2"&Uodv&636+*X&0"i".&6?+%&"g5".$7"%6&HV&
• 83(+*&9.3)5&.3362S&oLâ&(#(#8#J&oLâ&(#(#(#&
• B3%*3(+*&9.3)5S&oLâ&(#8#(#J&oLâ&(#(#(#&
• @3%6.3*&9.3)5S&r**&(#(#(#&U%3&*$u)$,2V&
• j"2:%9&
• Iv&636+*&6.$+*2&UMK&+6&"+(?&,$26+%("V&
• 1+*0&?+,&+&0+$6?0)*&.336&."2)*6&$%&?+.73%=&
• 1+*0&?+,&+&0+$6?0)*&.336&."2)*6&$%&,$2?+.73%=&
• C#"%*=&,$26.$A)6",&+73%9&25"+P".J&.336&*$u)$,J&2)Ñg&
Kd&

28. D/.7%'.)A)!&I7&-)1$56"*()
0.6
0.4
0.2
K`&
0.0
Proportion of harmony responses
0.8
Training group
Control (cvcvcv-Lv)
Local (cvcvLv-Lv)
Nonlocal (cvLvcv-Lv)
1 = cvcvLv-Lv
2 = cvLvcv-Lv
Locality (Test Items)
3 = Lvcvcv-Lv

29. E*$%(.&.)
• '$g",;"w"(62&*39$2:(&."9."22$3%&73,"*&
• '3,"*2&6?"&*39&3,,2&30&(?332$%9&6?"&6"26&$6"7&i$6?&?+.73%=&
• l$g",&"w"(62&
• j.+$%$%9&9.3)5S&@3%6.3*J&83(+*J&B3%*3(+*&
• j"26&$6"7&,$26+%("S&H&Uh8#;8#VJ&K&Uh8#(#;8#VJ&3.&M&U8#(#(#;8#V&
• T%6".+(:3%&-.3)5&g&4$26+%("&g&l+$6?0)*&5+]".%&6=5"&
• Z+%,37&"w"(62&
• Z+%,37&A=;2)AQ"(6&$%6".("562&
• Z+%,37&A=;2)AQ"(6&2*35"2&03.&i?"6?".&6?"&?+.73%=&."253%2"&
i+2&6?"&H26&3.&K%,&35:3%&
KI&

30. C1/)="-/%)
• r%3#+&30&73,"*&(3%c.72&6?+6&$%6".+(:3%2&30&j.+$%$%9&9.3)5&g&
4$26+%("&
RS0
TH0
L%MNRSQ0
1+.73%=&$6"7&
INEv&
H&
LNLLKx&
l+$6?0)*&5+]".%&6=5"&
EdN`v&
H&
àLNLLHx&
4$26+%("&
MKNLE&
K&
àLNLLHx&
-.3)5&
HdNMv&
K&
àLNLLHx&
l+$6?R+6&g&4$26+%("&
HENMo&
K&
àLNLLHx&
l+$6?R+6&g&-.3)5&
ENKo&
K&
LNHKL&
4$26+%("&g&-.3)5&
HKNod&
E&
LNLHEx&
l+$6?R&g&4$26+%("&g&-.3)5&
HINLM&
E&
àLNLLHx&
ML&

31. C1/)="-/%)
l$g",&"w"(62&30&7$g",&*39$6&73,"*&U0+$6?0)*&5+]".%&6=5"&37$]",V&
U>+2"*$%"&30&(3%6.3*&9.3)5&3%&,$26+%("&H&6"26&$6"72V&
BYMM``X&Mv&D)AQ"(62X&*39;*$P"*$?33,&;HdKv&&
J(+3/)&0
KJ0
L%MNOPOQ0
T%6".("56&
HNHIE&
LNMHL&
àLNLLHx&
1+.7&@?3$("&K%,&
;LNEKd&
LNHMI&
LNLLox&
l+$6?0)*&$2&,$2?+.73%=&
;KNKLH&
LNMKI&
àLNLLH&
4$26+%("&K&
LNLEE&
LNMvI&
LN``H&
4$26+%("&M&
;LNHIL&
LNEEv&
LNKI`&
83(+*&6.+$%$%9&
HNLMd&
LNMMv&
LNLLKx&
B3%83(+*&6.+$%$%9&
HNM`E&
LNMMv&
àLNLLHx&
83(+*&g&4$26+%("&K&
;LNvKK&
LNKoI&
LNLHvx&
83(+*&g&4$26+%("&M&
;LNdvv&
LNKoI&
LNLLMx&
B3%*3(+*&g&4$26+%("&K&
LNHKM&
LNKoI&
LNvME&
B3%*3(+*&g&4$26+%("&M&
;LNMIM&
LNKoE&
LNHKK&
MH&

32. ?766$5()"4)5/.7%'.)
• D)AQ"(62&6.+$%",&3%&*3(+*&?+.73%=&Uh@#@hV&
• 8"+.%",&6?"&5+]".%&
• 4$,&%36&9"%".+*$_"&U63&h@#(#@h&3.&@#(#(#@hV&
• 8"+.%",&+&6.+%2#3(+*$(&5+]".%&3%*=&
• +2&+&D6.$(6*=&83(+*&UD8V&5+]".%&
• D)AQ"(62&6.+$%",&3%&%3%*3(+*&?+.73%=&U+6&h@#(#@hV&
•
•
•
•
8"+.%",&6?"&5+]".%&
-"%".+*$_",&63&6?"&73."&*3(+*&(+2"2&Uh@#@hV&
-"%".+*$_",&63&*3%9".&,$26+%("2&+2&i"**&U@#(#(#@hV&
8"+.%",&+%&)%A3)%,",&5+]".%&
• +2&+&D6.$(6*=&R$"("i$2"&UDRV&5+]".%&
MK&

33. ?"6/)47'75/)/90/5&6/*'.)
• -"%".+*$_+:3%&$%&6?"&0+("&30&!"$')&%&9*.&'!&^&
• j.+$%$%9S&3#".6&"#$,"%("&03.&)%+]"26",&(37A$%+:3%&
• ?+.73%=&+6&(#7#(#;7#&
• '"02/%3"'4&U$N"N&0+$6?0)*&26"72V&+6&(#(#7#;7#&
• j"2:%9S&
• ,3&*"+.%".2&2:**&9"%".+*$_"&?+.73%=&63&(#(#7#;7#^&
• 8"+.%$%9&30&2$75*".&U+(("22$A*"V&5+]".%&,"25$6"&3#".6&
"#$,"%("&03.&73."&(375*"g&UA)6&$%+(("22$A*"V&5+]".%&
• 8+$&UKLHKV&3%&ac.26;*+26b&?+.73%=&5+]".%2&
• ?$6"&U$%&5."22V&3%&a2+*6+63.=b&+*6".%+:3%2&
MM&

34. ?"6/)47'75/)/90/5&6/*'.)
• 4"c%$%9&(.$6".$3%&03.&a6.+%2#3(+*$(b&,"5"%,"%($"2&
• 2=**+A*"&+,Q+("%(=^&UG,,"%&HIIEJ&Z32"&[&+*P".&KLLEV&
• +,Q+("%(=&3%&(3%23%+%6&:".O5.3Q"(:3%^&U1+%223%&KLHLX&(0N&
-3*,27$6?&[&Z$99*"&KLHKV&
• +,Q+("%(=&3%&2=**+A*";(3%2:6)"%6&:".O5.3Q"(:3%^&Ua3%2"6&:".bJ&
a(3,+&:".bJ&"6(N^V&
K4,,/=,&0
/.5/!&'!40
7#+&%0
/.5/!&'!40
7"'(+)$&')0
/.5/!&'!40
(#N7#N;7#&
="2&
="2&
="2&
(#N(#7N;7#&
="2&
="2&
%3&
(#N7#(N;7#&
="2&
%3&
="2&
(#N7#N;(#7&
="2&
%3&
%3&
ME&

35. E#L*"G%/-+6/*'.)
• DD1Z@&T%2$9?6&-.+%6&EMoFKLHMFLEooS&a83%9;,$26+%("&
5?3%36+(:(2S&*"+.%$%9&A$+2J&(?+%9"J&+%,&6=53*39=b&URTS&-)%%+.&
/*+0).&1+%223%V&
• <>@&r.62&-.+,)+6"&Z"2"+.(?&ri+.,&U!"#$%&'(')**$%V&
• Ö"w&1"$%_&
• @+.*+&1),23%&!+7&F&<>@&8+%9)+9"&+%,&8"+.%$%9&8+A&
• r*"g$2&>*+(PJ&Ö+7"2&@.$55"%J&C**+&l)%,;Z"_%$("PJ&'$(?+"*&
'(r)*$w"&
• D*$,"2&+6S&:%=).*N(37OPQ7BC8DEE&
Mo&

36. D/4/5/*#/.)
>"%%"]J&$**$+7&-N&KLHMN&*+''+,+-$./#0!1/#'/#$#(!2$3,/#40!$#)!'"35$1&!1/33&'6/#)&#1&N&43(63.+*&
,$22".6+:3%J&Z)69".2&<%$#".2$6=N&
l$%*"=J&D+.+N&KLHHN&j?"&5.$#$*"9",&26+6)2&30&*3(+*$6=&$%&(3%23%+%6&?+.73%=N&7/"3#$-!/5!8&,/34!$#)!
9$#:"$:&!voS&dEF`MN&
l$%*"=J&D+.+N&KLHKN&j"2:%9&6?"&*$7$62&30&*3%9;,$26+%("&*"+.%$%9S&*"+.%$%9&A"=3%,&6?"&6?."";2"97"%6&
i$%,3iN&;/:#+.<&!=1+&#1&!MvUEVS&dELFdovN&
l$%%J&r7=&DNJ&+%,&@+.*+&8N&1),23%&!+7N&KLL`N&j?"&().2"&30&P%3i*",9"S&c.26&*+%9)+9"&P%3i*",9"&
$75+$.2&+,)*6&*"+.%".2m&)2"&30&%3#"*&26+:2:(2&03.&i3.,&2"97"%6+:3%N&;/:#+./#&HL`S&EddFEIIN&
-3*,27$6?J&Ö3?%J&+%,&Ö+23%&Z$99*"N&KLHKN&T%03.7+:3%&6?"3.":(&+55.3+(?"2&63&5?3%3*39$(+*&26.)(6)."S&
6?"&(+2"&30&l$%%$2?&#3i"*&?+.73%=N&>$("3$-!9$#:"$:&!$#)!9+#:"+'.1!?2&/34&MLS&`oIF`IvN&
1+%223%J&-)%%+.&/*+0).N&KLLdN&>*3(P$%9&"w"(62&$%&+9.""7"%6&A=&(3.."253%,"%("@!9+#:"+'.1!A#B"+34!
M`UKVS&MIo;ELIN&&
1+%223%J&-)%%+.&/*+0).N&KLHLN&;/#'/#$#(!2$3,/#4C!-/#:D)+'($#1&!+#(&3$1./#!+#!62/#/-/:4N&
>".P"*"=J&@rS&<%$#".2$6=&30&@+*$03.%$+&R."22N&yZ"#$2$3%&30&KLLH&,$22".6+:3%J&<N@N&>".P"*"=Nz&
1+=i+.,J&Z$(?+.,&ÖN&HI`KN&B36"2&3%&6?"&!3=.+&*+%9)+9"@!E53+F$!"#)!GH&3'&&!voS&KHHFKv`N&
1+=i+.,J&Z$(?+.,&ÖN&HIILN&B36"2&3%&6?"&r+.$&*+%9)+9"N&I,/.1!-$#:"$:&!'(")+&'J&",N&A=&Z$(?+.,&ÖN&
1+=i+.,J&55N&EKoFEIMN&83%,3%S&D(?33*&30&G.$"%6+*&+%,&r0.$(+%&D6),$"2J&<%$#".2$6=&30&83%,3%N&
1"$%_J&Ö"w."=N&KLHLN&8"+.%$%9&*3%9;,$26+%("&5?3%36+(:(2N&9+#:"+'.1!A#B"+34!EHUEVS&vKMFvvHN&
1"$%_J&Ö"w."=&+%,&$**$+7&T,2+.,$N&KLHHN&D"%6"%("&+%,&i3.,&(375*"g$6=N&=1+&#1&&MMMS&KIoFKIdN&
1"$%_J&Ö"w."=J&@?"6+%&Z+i+*&+%,&1".A".6&-N&j+%%".N&KLHHN&j$".;A+2",&26.$(6*=&*3(+*&(3%26.+$%62&03.&
5?3%3*39=N&J3/1&&)+#:'!/5!(2&!KL(2!E##"$-!8&&.#:!/5!(2&!E''/1+$./#!5/3!;/,6"($./#$-!
9+#:"+'.1'J&55N&o`FvEN&r223($+:3%&03.&@375)6+:3%+*&8$%9)$2:(2N&
Mv&

37. D/4/5/*#/.)
1=7+%J&8+..=&'N&HIIoN&B+2+*&(3%23%+%6&?+.73%=&+6&+&,$26+%("S&6?"&(+2"&30&Å+P+N&=(")+&'!+#!E53+1$#!
9+#:"+'.1'!KES&oFMLN&
Ö+"9".J&jN&l*3.$+%N&KLL`N&@+6"93.$(+*&,+6+&+%+*=2$2S&+i+=&0.37&rBGWr2&U6.+%203.7+:3%&3.&%36V&+%,&
63i+.,2&*39$6&7$g",&73,"*2N&7/"3#$-!/5!8&,/34!$#)!9$#:"$:&&oIUEVS&EMEFEEvN&
8+$J&Å""P$%9&Z"9$%"N&KLHKN&*/,$+#!'6&1+M1+(4!+#!-&$3#+#:!62/#/-/:4N&43(63.+*&,$22".6+:3%J&<%$#".2$6=&
30&4"*+i+."N&
'3."63%J&C**$3]N&KLL`N&r%+*=:(&A$+2&+%,&5?3%3*39$(+*&6=53*39=N&J2/#/-/:4&KoUHVS&`MFHKdN&
'3."63%J&C**$3]J&+%,&Ö3"&R+6".N&KLHK+N&D6.)(6)."&+%,&2)A26+%("&$%&+.:c($+*;5?3%3*39=&*"+.%$%9N&R+.6&
TS&D6.)(6)."@!9$#:"$:&!$#)!9+#:"+'.1'!;/,6$''&vUHHVS&v`v;;dLHN&
'3."63%J&C**$3]J&+%,&Ö3"&R+6".N&KLHKAN&D6.)(6)."&+%,&2)A26+%("&$%&+.:c($+*;5?3%3*39=&*"+.%$%9N&R+.6&
TTS&D)A26+%("@!9$#:"$:&!$#)!9+#:"+'.1'!;/,6$''!vUHHVS&dLK;;dH`N&
G,,"%J&4+#$,N&HIIEN&r,Q+("%(=&5+.+7"6".2&$%&5?3%3*39=N&9$#:"$:&&dLUKVS&K`IFMMLN&
Z"A".J&Z3*0J&+%,&R$".."&R"..)(?"6N&KLLMN&j?"&)2"&30&(3%6.3*&9.3)52&$%&+.:c($+*&9.+77+.&*"+.%$%9N&
N"$3(&3-4!7/"3#$-!/5!OP6&3+,&#($-!J'412/-/:4C!Q",$#!OP6&3+,&#($-!J'412/-/:4&ovrS&IHFHHoN&
Z32"J&D?+.3%&+%,&Z+(?"*&+*P".N&KLLEN&r&6=53*39=&30&(3%23%+%6&+9.""7"%6&+2&(3.."253%,"%("N&
9$#:"$:&&`LUMVS&EdoFoMHN&
D)_)P$J&!"$$(?$.3N&HII`N&E!(46/-/:+1$-!+#<&'.:$./#!/5!)+''+,+-$./#N&43(63.+*&,$22".6+:3%J&<%$#".2$6=&
30&r.$_3%+N&
?$6"J&Ö+7"2N&T%&5."22N&C#$,"%("&03.&+&*"+.%$%9&A$+2&+9+$%26&2+*6+63.=&5?3%3*39$(+*&+*6".%+:3%2N&
;/:#+./#N&
$*23%J&@3*$%N&KLLvN&8"+.%$%9&5?3%3*39=&i$6?&2)A26+%:#"&A$+2S&+%&"g5".$7"%6+*&+%,&(375)6+:3%+*&
26),=&30&#"*+.&5+*+6+*$_+:3%N&;/:#+.<&!=1+&#1&&MLS&IEoFI`KN&
&
Md&