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THE ORIGIN OF LIFE
 The Evolutionary History of
     Biological Diversity
Chemical Evolution


Most biologists favored the hypothesis that life on
Earth developed from living materials that became
ordered in to molecular aggregates that were eventually
capable of self-replication and metabolism
Biogenesis Paradox
Spontaneous Generation
  Life emerging from inanimate materials

  Louis Pasteur

Biogenesis
  “Life-from-Life”

  Reproduction of previous life

Early Earth
  Conditions were very different; oxygen, lightning, volcanic activity, sunlight
Four Stage Hypothesis
1) Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules; amino
acids, nucleotides
2) Joining of these molecules into polymers; proteins,
nucleic acids
3) Origin of self-replicating molecules that made
inheritance possible
4) Packaging into Protobionts--droplets with
membranes and an inner chemical composition
different than its surrounding
Pasteur and
  Biogenesis of
 Microorganisms

1) Sterilized Beef Broth,
   after few days broth
  became spoiled with
     microorganisms
 2) Sealed sterile broth
   remained sterile for
          months
  3a) Swan-neck flasks
      traps dust and
     microorganisms,
     remained sterile
 3b) Broken swan-neck
      gave access to
 microorganisms; broth
          spoiled
Abiotic synthesis

Oparin & Heldane independently postulated that early
environments favored abiotic synthesis
  Oxygen attacks chemical bonds, extracting electrons

  Electron adding atmosphere from volcanic vapors enhanced the joining of
  simple molecules

  Energy was derived from intense UV radiation and lightning
Miller-Urey
          #2    Experiment
               Atmosphere = H2O, H2,
               CH4, and NH3

               #1) Warm water
               simulated primeval sea

               #2) Sparks were
     #3        discharged to mimic
               lightning

               #3) Condenser cooled
               water and dissolved
               contents went back to
               the miniature sea

               After one week, the
               solution turned from
               clear to musky brown,
#1             analysis showed variety of
               organic molecules,
               including amino acids
               and proteins
Another Hypothesis

It is also plausible that some organic compounds
reached the Earth from space. Scientists showed how
Adenine could form by the reactions of cyanide in the
clouds of stars. This would explain why some
meteorites carried organic molecules
Laboratory Simulations


Link monomers without the help of enzymes
  Polymerization by dripping on hot sand, clay, or rock

  Water splashing on fresh lava
RNA

RNA self-replication
  Ribozymes - RNA catalysts

  RNA self-replicated when added to organic monomers

  Autocatalytic
Natural Selection

Single strand = variety of 3D shapes, giving it Genotype
and a Phenotype
Certain base sequences replicate faster and more
accurate
Competition
Protobionts
Aggregates of abiotically produced molecules
No precise reproduction
Can maintain an internal chemical environment
different than the surrounding; metabolism and
excitability
Discharge voltage across surface in a nerve-like fashion
Split and produces smaller replicas
Natural Selection &
         Protobionts

The most successful Protobionts would grow and split
Differential reproductive success of varied individuals
  Darwinism

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The Origin Of Life Key

  • 1. THE ORIGIN OF LIFE The Evolutionary History of Biological Diversity
  • 2. Chemical Evolution Most biologists favored the hypothesis that life on Earth developed from living materials that became ordered in to molecular aggregates that were eventually capable of self-replication and metabolism
  • 3. Biogenesis Paradox Spontaneous Generation Life emerging from inanimate materials Louis Pasteur Biogenesis “Life-from-Life” Reproduction of previous life Early Earth Conditions were very different; oxygen, lightning, volcanic activity, sunlight
  • 4. Four Stage Hypothesis 1) Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules; amino acids, nucleotides 2) Joining of these molecules into polymers; proteins, nucleic acids 3) Origin of self-replicating molecules that made inheritance possible 4) Packaging into Protobionts--droplets with membranes and an inner chemical composition different than its surrounding
  • 5. Pasteur and Biogenesis of Microorganisms 1) Sterilized Beef Broth, after few days broth became spoiled with microorganisms 2) Sealed sterile broth remained sterile for months 3a) Swan-neck flasks traps dust and microorganisms, remained sterile 3b) Broken swan-neck gave access to microorganisms; broth spoiled
  • 6. Abiotic synthesis Oparin & Heldane independently postulated that early environments favored abiotic synthesis Oxygen attacks chemical bonds, extracting electrons Electron adding atmosphere from volcanic vapors enhanced the joining of simple molecules Energy was derived from intense UV radiation and lightning
  • 7. Miller-Urey #2 Experiment Atmosphere = H2O, H2, CH4, and NH3 #1) Warm water simulated primeval sea #2) Sparks were #3 discharged to mimic lightning #3) Condenser cooled water and dissolved contents went back to the miniature sea After one week, the solution turned from clear to musky brown, #1 analysis showed variety of organic molecules, including amino acids and proteins
  • 8. Another Hypothesis It is also plausible that some organic compounds reached the Earth from space. Scientists showed how Adenine could form by the reactions of cyanide in the clouds of stars. This would explain why some meteorites carried organic molecules
  • 9. Laboratory Simulations Link monomers without the help of enzymes Polymerization by dripping on hot sand, clay, or rock Water splashing on fresh lava
  • 10. RNA RNA self-replication Ribozymes - RNA catalysts RNA self-replicated when added to organic monomers Autocatalytic
  • 11. Natural Selection Single strand = variety of 3D shapes, giving it Genotype and a Phenotype Certain base sequences replicate faster and more accurate Competition
  • 12. Protobionts Aggregates of abiotically produced molecules No precise reproduction Can maintain an internal chemical environment different than the surrounding; metabolism and excitability Discharge voltage across surface in a nerve-like fashion Split and produces smaller replicas
  • 13. Natural Selection & Protobionts The most successful Protobionts would grow and split Differential reproductive success of varied individuals Darwinism

Notes de l'éditeur