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arthrology
- 1. Arthrology 1 Dr. Abdulrahman ( MD )
- 2. Outline • Introduction • Classification of Joints Fibrous Joint Cartilaginous Joint Synovial Joint • Terms of movement 2
- 3. Introduction • Joints or articulations are sites where two or more bones meet • Functions – provide skeletal mobility – hold the skeleton together • Weakest parts of the skeleton but have ability to resist the forces that tear them apart 3
- 4. Classification of Joints • Structural classification – focuses on the material binding the bones together and whether or not there is a joint cavity • Functional classification – based on the amount of movement allowed at the joint 4
- 5. Functional Classification • Synarthroses – Immovable joints • Amphiarthroses – Slightly movable joints • Diarthroses – Freely movable joints 5
- 6. Structural Classification • Fibrous – Joined by fibrous tissue • Cartilaginous – Joined by cartilage • Synovial – Joined and surrounded by a joint cavity 6
- 7. Summary of Joint Classes • Fibrous joints – Suture – Syndesmoses – Gomphoses • Cartilaginous joints – Synchondroses – Symphyses • Synovial – Gliding – Hinge – Pivot – Condyloid – Saddle – Ball and socket 7
- 8. Fibrous Joints • Bones are joined by fibrous tissue • Types – Sutures • Dense fibrous connective tissue – Syndesmosis • A cord or band of connective tissue – Gomphosis • Peg-in-socket arrangement surrounded by fibrous tissue or peridontal ligament 8
- 9. Suture • Occurs only between bones of the skull • Wavy articulating bone edges interlock • Junction is filled by connective tissue 9
- 10. Syndesmosis • bones are united by sheet of fibrous tissue • permits the joint to flex • True movement is not possible 10
- 11. Gomphosis • Unique joint between a tooth & its socket • Fibrous tissue holds teeth in their sockets 11
- 12. Cartilaginous Joints • The articulating bones are united by cartilage • Types – Synchondroses • Hyaline cartilage unites the bones – Symphyses • Fibrocartilage unites the bones 12
- 13. Synchondroses • Hyaline cartilage unites the bones • E.g.. Epiphyseal plates in growing children • Provide for bone growth • When growth ends all synchondroses become immovable 13 Epipyseal Plate
- 14. Symphyses • Bone surfaces are covered with articular hyaline cartilage which is fused to a pad of fibrocartilage • Fibrocartilage is resilient and acts as a shock absorber and permits limited movement Pubic Symphysis 14
- 15. Synovial Joints • Articulating bones are located within a fluid containing joint cavity • Permit substantial range of motion 15
- 16. Structures of Synovial Joint 1. Articular cartilage – Hyaline cartilage on opposing bone surfaces 2. Joint (synovial) cavity – Space filled with fluid 3. Articular capsule – Capsule to confine fluid 4. Synovial fluid – Fluid to lubricate joints 5. Reinforcing ligaments – Maintain joint alignment 16
- 17. Articular Cartilage • Hyaline cartilage covers the bone surfaces • Cartilage absorbs the compression placed on the joint • Cartilage keeps the bone ends from being crushed 17
- 18. Synovial cavity • unique to synovial joints • filled with synovial fluid 18
- 19. Articular capsule • The joint cavity is enclosed by a double layered articular capsule – The external layer is a tough flexible fibrous capsule – The inner synovial membrane 19
- 20. Synovial Fluid • Lubricates the joint • Nourish cells 20 Synovial Fluid
- 21. Reinforcing ligaments • Ligaments reinforce the joint – Extracapsular – Intracapsular 21 Extracapsular Ligament Intracapsular Ligament
- 22. Synovial Joints • Certain synovial joints have additional structural features –Fatty pads cushion the knee and hip joints –Fibrocartilage articular discs (menisci) separates articular surfaces • Articular discs improve the fit between the articulating surface 22
- 23. Bursae and Tendon Sheaths • Bursae and tendon sheaths are closely associated with synovial joints • They are sacs of lubricant • Function: reduce friction between adjacent structures 23
- 24. Bursae • Bursae are flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid • Common at sites where ligaments, skin, muscles or tendons rub against a bone 24
- 25. Tendon Sheaths • An elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction • Tendon slides within this lubricated sleeve • Common at sites where the tendon is subject to friction from other tendons or bone features 25 Tendon Sheath
- 26. Retinaculum • Retinaculum function to confine tendons to a specific line of pull • Similar to a pulley or gear changing the angle of force exerted by a machine 26 Retinaculum
- 27. Factors Influencing Synovial Joint Stability 1. The nature of the articular surfaces 2. The number and positioning of the ligaments 3. The tone and strength of the muscles acting upon the joint 27
- 28. Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints • Nonaxial: no rotation around an axis • Uniaxial: motion is within a single plane • Biaxial: allow movement in two planes • Multiaxial: movement is possible in all planes 28
- 29. Types of Synovial Joints • Based on the shape of their articular surfaces there are six major categories of synovial joints – Plane – Hinge – Pivot – Condyloid – Saddle – Ball and socket 29
- 30. Plane Joint • Articular surfaces are essentially flat • Allow only short slipping or gliding movements • Nonaxial joint • Examples – Intercarpals – Intertarsals – Vertebrae 30
- 31. Hinge Joint • Cylindrical shaped projection of a bone fits into a trough shaped surface of another bone • Motion is within a single plane • Joint components resemble that of a mechanical hinge • Example – elbow joint 31
- 32. Pivot Joint • Rounded end of a bone protrudes into a ring of bone and/ ligaments on another bone • Only movement allowed is rotation of bone around long axis • Example – the joint between the atlas and axis Atlantoaxial Joint – proximal radioulnar joint 32
- 33. Condyloid Joints • Oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary concavity in another • Both articulating surfaces are oval shaped • Biaxial joints • Example – Metacarpo-phalangeal joints – Atlanto-occipital Joint 33
- 34. Saddle Joints • Each surface has both a concave and a convex surface that fit together • Example – Carpometacarpal – Sternoclavicular 34
- 35. Ball and Socket Joint • The spherical head of one bone articulates with the cuplike socket of another • Multiaxial • The most freely moving synovial joint • Movements in all planes is allowed • Examples – Shoulder joint – Hip joint 35
- 36. Terms of movement • Flexion • Extension • Abduction • Adduction • Rotation • Circumduction • Eversion • Inversion • Supination • Pronation • Protrusion • Retrusion 36
- 37. Gliding Movements • Bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface • Occur at the intercarpal and intertarsal 37
- 38. Flexion, Extension & Hyperextension • Flexion – A bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint • Extension – A movement that increases the angle of the joint • Hyperextension – Bending beyond the upright position 38
- 39. Dorsi flexion and Plantar Flexion • Dorsi flexion – Lifting the foot so that its superior surface nears the shin • Plantar flexion – Depressing the foot or pointing the toes downward 39
- 40. Abduction, Adduction & Circumduction • Abduction – Movement of a limb away from midline or a spreading of the digits of the hand or foot • Adduction – Movement of a limb toward midline or in the case of the digits toward the midline of the hand or foot • Circumduction – Movement of a limb in a circle 40
- 41. Rotation • Rotation is the turning of a bone around its own long axis – Only movement possible between C1 & C2 – Common at the hip and shoulder joints 41
- 42. Supination and Pronation • Supination: rotating forearm & hand so that the palm faces anteriorly • Pronation: rotating forearm & hand so that the palm faces posteriorly 42
- 43. Inversion and Eversion • Moving the sole of the foot towards or away from the median plane 43
- 46. Opposition 46