1. Endogenic Influences on
Geomorphic Landscapes
November 30th, 2010
Jennifer Palmer
090639
Geomorphology

2. Endogenic Processes
 Endogenic processes: forces that cause
movements beneath the Earth`s surface.
 Endogenic processes can consist of anything
from plate tectonics, earth quakes, and volcanic
activities.
 Endogenic processes occurs so slowly that it is
very rare to find an unmodified landform

3. Plate Tectonics
 Convergent boundary- coming together
 Divergent boundary- pulling apart
 Transform boundary- two plates that slide
horizontally against each other
 There are 7 plates that cover the earth’s surface
and some smaller ones that fit in between the
larger ones

4. Convergent Boundary

5. Divergent Boundary

6. Transform Boundary

7. Tectonic Types
 There are two types of tectonic styles:
 Orogenic Processes
 Epeirogenic Processes

8. Orogenic Processes
 Mountain building processes that occur from
compressional forces that are generated by
continued subduction or the trapping and
deformation of sediment and crust between two
colliding plates

9. Epeirogenic Processes
 Processes that cause uplift or depression on a
regional scale and proceed without internal
disruption of original rock surfaces. It occurs in
response to driving forces.

10. Types of Landforms Created
 Tectonic scarp  Horsts
 Fault scarp  Grabens
 Thrust-fault scarps  Terraces
 Monoclinal scarps  Rift valleys
 Sag ponds  Topographic domes
 Pressure ridges  Fault-block mountain
 Strike-slip faults  Shutter Ridges
 Detachment faults

11. Tectonic Scarp
 Any steep slope that results from differential
movement of the earth’s crust

12. Fault Scarp
 Occurs when a fault displaces the surface of the
ground so that one side is higher or lower than
the other

13. Thrust-fault Scarps
 Is a major process of upper crustal shortening
during orogeny
 Thrusts upward through sedimentary cover strata
and emerge at the land surface

14. Monoclinal Scarp
 Tectonic scarps with height, steepness, and
lateral continuity comparable to fault scarps
 Formed by steep monoclines

15. Sag Ponds
 Found at the foot of
recent fault scarps
 May develop by
oblique movement or
ground setting

16. Pressure Ridges
 If the pressure on a scarp is compressional
 They are low elongated mounds that may parallel
the surface scarp

17. Strike-Slip Fault
 A fault of any scale
along which
movement is parallel
to the strike of the
fault

18. Detachment Faults
 Very large sub horizontal faults at midcrustal
depth where the brittle upper mantle has been
extended to “highly extended” domains
 Detachment faults also contain “stable” areas
which do not extend nearly as much

19. Horsts
 A fault block that has been uplifted relative to the
blocks on either side

20. Grabens
 Depressions produced by subsidence along faults

21. Terraces
 Created by tilting, folding, uplift and faulting

22. Rift Valleys
 Associated with
plateaus produced by
broad epeirogenic up
doming, crustal and
lithospheric thinning,
profuse volcanism,
and high heat flow

23. Topographic Domes
 Are active anticlines or blind thrust faults in rock
or sediment

24. Fault-block Mountains
 Occur in mostly arid regions where vegetation is
sparse and geological structures are boldly
exposed

25. Shutter Ridges
 If a fault crosses gullies or ridges all the spur
ends or ridge crests will be displaced in the same
direction and will become half-displaced ridges
known as shutter ridges

26. Volcanism
 Most volcanic processes are associated with
orogenic processes
 Three main instances where they occur
1. In curved volcanic arcs that probably correspond
to early-stage subductive zones
2. In straight volcanic chains within post-tectonic
folded mountains
3. In lines of largely extinct volcanoes that formed
when lithospheric plates moved over persistent
mantle plumes (“hot spots”)

27. Hot Spots
 Hot areas under plates
 “Hot spots” produce long chains of volcanic
islands as the plate travels over them
 Most “hot spots” are under plate
interiors, especially oceanic plates, some are
close to divergent plate boundaries and some are
near mid-oceanic ridges