3. Latin word Vernaculus means domestic, native,
indigenous.
Vernacular architecture is a category of architecture
based on localized needs and construction materials,
and reflecting local traditions.
6. There are 3 main types of timber:
HARDWOOD
SOFTWOOD
MANUFACTURED BOARD
TIMBER is the general name for wood materials.
7. Wood
Can you name any types of wood?
pine, oak, ash, teak, mahogany, maple, sycamore, birch, beech,
walnut, cherry, zebrawood, balsa…….
pine oak beech walnut maple
zebrawood mahogany ash
8. Can you think of words that
describe wood?
warm, smooth, strong, flexible, strong,
hard, soft, rough, ….
9.
10. Hardwood
This type of timber is produced from
broad leaf trees that lose their leaves in
winter – a deciduous tree.
Uses - Oak is a hardwood and is used to
make expensive furniture/flooring and Model aircraft made from balsa
11.
12. This type of timber is produced from trees
that do not lose their leaves
Leaves are easily identified as
Softwood trees grow much quicker
than the hardwood ones, they are
therefore cheaper to buy and far more
available. Softwood is used for
Softwood
20. When we say Indigenous architecture, what do we
mean?
•Dwellings and structures that have responded to the
topography and local climate of the region
•They have been built using locally available resources
•They have emerged out of hard necessities of the place
and the lifestyle
•They are built by user themselves without professional
21. In the Satluj valley region, the typical house consists of stone
and timber walls, constructed in what is known as Kath-Kona
style, an indigenous style of construction,
In some parts of Himachal Pradesh, there is a popular use of
23. A typical house in Himachal Pradesh is built using kath-khuni
construction technique and is usually two or three storey high.
Examples of kath-khuni
houses
25. Foundation and plinth
Stone plinth is filled up to a meter from the
ground level and higher in case of tower
temples. The depth of the trench is relative to
the height of the structure. For a two storey
28. Typical Kath-khuni wall junction
Detail showing layering of wood and stone
including a truncated pyramid shaped corner
29. Two parallel crossbeams held together by a dovetailed member &
Carpenter fixing a wooden log in the wall construction in Devidhar
Wall construction
Dry masonry wood-and-stone wall of a temple construction in
Devidhar .
30. Wall punctures
Windows are provided in walls with solid plank shutters on all
four sides and are usually very small. The same window has
rhythmic floral carvings on the outer face with a small opening
33. Projecting wooden balconies
A typical two storey house with a cantilevered balcony on the top
floor. The wooden members supporting the balcony rest on the wa
34. Projecting wooden balcony
All the vertical posts are connected through a horizontal member
on top, on which sit the perpendicular members (connected with a
41. WALLS
Beams (bhatar) in the walls act as ‘seismic bands’.(Himachal
comes under Earthquake Zone – 4 & 5)
42. ROOF
Sloping - Wooden
Protects Dead load by falling down snow.
Projects less load to the base structure of bhattar
Roof frame binds all walls together
43. OPENINGS
Small ( Max 3’0” wide)
Height ( Max 6’0”)
a bigger window, the beams go
through the window.
52. Why is a Dhajji wall strong?
In a usual house, an earthquake
first makes:
• ONE BIG crack,
•then TWO BIG cracks,
• then the walls fall out
53. Small panels distribute the
energy evenly
In a Dhajji house, there are:
many SMALL cracks,
and only small parts fall out.
BUT THE WALLS REMAIN
54. A Dhajji wall is strong because:
The small panels distribute the earthquake energy
evenly.
The friction between all the small elements and their in-
fills breaks down the energy.
58. Material
Deodar Wood
imparts stability to tall structures
insect and termite resistant
even when untreated, can
withstand long periods of weather
corrosion.
It is used in making posts, beams,
window and door frames, shutters,
roofs etc.
59.
60.
61. ofing on timber and stone masonry wall
ofing on timber and burnt brick masonry wallsheet roofing on stone masonry and tim
sheet roofing on timber and burnt brick ma
62. House with timber balconies and two sided pi
Taaq type construction
Unbaked brick wall with
timber element
63. Taq construction in Kashmir
The typical ladder bands of timber runners and crosspieces
embedded in masonry walls in traditional taq construction at
64. Bhatar construction in Pakistan
Bhatar is a pashtoo word for beam. Wood is the main structural
member and the crosspieces tying the parallel wooden beams
66. HOUSE BOAT Donga
Well planned
Fully Wooden
Delicate Kashmiri Wooden
carving
Modern Resources
67.
68.
69. Vertical members (‘shear keys’) attached to the outer façade
to prevent out-of-plane failure of the walls.
70. Ladders made of a single
trunk used for
access to upper floors
71. uses in Trabzon turkey
vernacular architecture eastern black sea
region in turkey
72. Building materials Wood and stone are the major and common
traditional building materials
Wood issued for walls (bearing, strut, filler, partition walls and
coating),
floors (Beam and coating),
frames (doors, windows and balcony balustrades), roofs (all
73.
74.
75. Use of wood in vernacular architecture in the ruler
areas of Nepal
Now mostly wood used for construction in hilly areas because
it is easily locally available in hilly areas which fulfill the
purpose of vernacular Architecture
76. The vernacular architecture of wood draws on environmental
and cultural sources to create unique designs
In the Carpathian Mountains near Ukraine , Slovakia and the
surrounding foothills, wood and clay are the primary
traditional building materials.
78. Timber lacing for strengthening walls
The use of timber lacing is perhaps first described by
emperor Julius Caesar, as A technique used by the
celts in the walls of their fortifications.
79.
80. Altit Fort Tower, Hunza, Showing ‘Cator And
Cribbage’ Construction
The Shikari Tower Is Around 1100 Years Old
81.
82. Use of wood in vernacular Architecture of
Ziarat Baluchistan (PAKISTAN)
As ziarat is famous for junipers forest in the early time and
even today local people use juniper wood for local
construction
90. "Folk building growing in response to actual needs,
fitted into environment by people who knew no better than
to fit them with native feeling"
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT
91. It is the architecture of the people,
and by the people,
but not for the people.”
PAUL OLIVER defines in his book „Dwellings,‟
92. “It is a building designed by an amateur without any
training in design…………
The function of the building would be the dominant
factor, aesthetic considerations, though present to
some small degree, being quite minimal……………
Local materials would be used as a matter of course,
93. Histor
y
In 24 BC, the Roman emperor Egnatius Rufus
The department was composed of 600 slaves.
They were stationed
around the city to watch for and extinguish fires
94. Conclusion
•Vernacular structures - by empirical builders without
the intervention of professional architects
•In vernacular architecture - culture and climate play a
vital role
. Himachal Pradesh here reflects sensitivity to local culture mainly by adopting the locally available materials to provide stability to the entire structure.