NewBase April 09-2022 Energy News issue - 1503 by Khaled Al Awadi.pdf

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NewBase Energy News 09 April 2022 No. 1503 Senior Editor Eng. Khaled Al Awadi
NewBase for discussion or further details on the news below you may contact us on +971504822502, Dubai, UAE
U.A.E: EGA seals technology cooperation deal with Saudi
mining giant ( Ma’aden)
TradeArabia News Service + NewBase
Emirates Global Aluminium, the largest industrial company in the UAE outside oil and gas, said it
has signed an agreement with Saudi Arabian Mining Company (Ma’aden) to extend their exploration
of potential collaboration on technology in the aluminium value chain.
The agreement extends a MoU originally signed in 2018 by the duo. Under this, both companies
will explore co-operation on aluminium smelting technology development, including novel
technologies with lower greenhouse gas emissions.

As Saudi Arabia’s national mining champion and one of the fastest-growing mining companies in
the world, Ma’aden will consider cooperation with EGA on the management of by-products from
processes in the aluminium value chain, and aluminium recycling.
Maaden operates the largest and most efficient vertically integrated aluminium complex in the world
in Ras Al Khair on Saudi Arabia’s east coast.
A major player in the region, EGA has developed its own aluminium smelting technology for more
than 25 years. The company has used its UAE-developed technology for every smelter expansion
since the 1990s and has retrofitted all its older production lines.
The agreement was signed by Abdulnasser Bin Kalban, the Chief Executive Officer of EGA and
Riyadh Al Nassar, Senior Vice President of Ma’aden’s Aluminium business in the presence of Saeed
Mohammed Al Tayer, EGA’s Vice Chairman and Musabbeh Al Kaabi, EGA Board member.
Bin Kalban expressed delight at the agreement with Ma’aden on potential cooperation in technology
and other development to support further the sustainability of both companies.
"The successful tackling of big challenges can only be accelerated by companies working together,"
he noted.
Al Nassar said: "Aluminium is one of the world’s most crucial metals for many global industries going
into a future that is focused on environment and sustainability. This partnership aims to increase the
cooperation between Ma’aden and EGA to work together, including towards more sustainable
aluminium production."
Maaden's mine-to-market aluminium business comprises the Al Ba’itha mine and fully integrated
refinery, smelter, rolling and export facilities in Ras Al Khair. Ma’aden provides high-quality billets,
ingots, slabs and flat-rolled aluminium products to customers across the globe, including
multinational automakers and consumer brands, he added.-

Iraq: ensure oil exports over 3.3 MB/D from southern terminals
The National - Alkesh Sharma + NewBase
Iraq can ensure crude oil exports of more than 3.3 million barrels per day from its
southern terminals, as the country looks to leverage higher energy prices to support
its economy, Iraq's oil minister said on Friday.
The second-largest producer of oil in Opec, Iraq is making an effort to maximise its oil
exports and revenue, and the government is supporting these initiatives, Ihsan Abdul-
Jabbar told the Iraqi News Agency.
“The expected financial returns according to the scenarios presented by international
energy agencies and researchers will be in excess of what was approved as the price
of a barrel in the budget,” Mr Abdul-Jabbar told INA.
He expressed hope “in the ability to provide revenue in the appropriate amounts in
order to meet the necessary need” in the country.
Oil revenue is crucial for Iraq as it struggles to rebuild its economy. The country’s
March exports of crude oil reached more than 3.24 million barrels per day, with revenue
amounting to $11.7 billion, the highest since 1972, the Ministry of Oil reported.
Oil revenue is expected to account for 88 per cent of total revenue this year, Fitch
Solutions said.

Higher oil prices this year are expected to expand Iraq’s fiscal surplus to 6.7 per cent
of its gross domestic product in 2022 from an estimated 2 per cent of GDP in 2021, it
said.
Brent, the global benchmark for two thirds of the world's oil, was trading 1.24 per cent
higher at 101.83 per barrel at 9.43pm in the UAE, while West Texas Intermediate, the
gauge that tracks US crude, was up 1.29 per cent at $97.27 a barrel.
The Ministry of Oil also said on Friday that production commitments of Opec+ members
led to the absorption of oil surplus in the markets.
Members of Opec+ held meetings “every month or according to the developments of
the oil markets … [the alliance] has set a schedule calculated according to quotas …
the production quantities contributed to absorbing the existing oil surplus”, the
ministry’s spokesman Assem Jihad told INA.
Opec+ will add another 432,000 barrels per day of crude to the market in May, staying
the course of incremental increases in global oil supply, it confirmed on March 31.
For several months, the alliance has worked to bring back 5.8 million bpd in production
cuts to restore supply that was greatly reduced after the onset of the Covid-19
pandemic in 2020. The alliance achieved a historic reduction of 9.7 million bpd
between May 2020 and July of last year.
The 23-member super group of producers, led by Saudi Arabia and Russia, has
signalled that it is unwilling to let global geopolitics dictate its output policies and
undermine efforts to stabilise a volatile crude market.

UK: Rolls-Royce boss earmarks 2029 for production of small
nuclear reactors, The National - Neil Murphy
Rolls-Royce, perhaps better known for its stately cars and plane engines, is planning to use
expertise to build small nuclear reactors, also known Advanced Small Modular Reactors (SMRs).
PThe boss of Rolls-Royce has said the company could create its first small nuclear reactors by
2029 as long as planning barriers are removed by the UK government.
Speaking in the British Parliament, the engineering company's chief executive Tom Sampson
demanded greater government action and commitment to help its ambition of creating reactors
within the next decade.
Britain will outline its strategy for energy security on Thursday, with reports suggesting nuclear
energy will play a greater role, as will renewables such as solar and wind power.
Energy prices have surged across the UK since Russia's invasion of Ukraine. The crisis has spurred
authorities to bolster Britain's energy independence and commitment to carbon neutrality by 2050.
Rolls-Royce, better known for its stately cars and plane engines, is planning to use its considerable
manufacturing know-how to build small nuclear reactors, also known Advanced Small Modular
Reactors.
SMRs can be made in factories, with parts small enough to be transported on lorries and barges
and assembled more quickly and cheaply than large-scale reactors. It is hoped that these cheaper-
to-build reactors could provide vast amounts of energy to help Britain realise its climate-change
goals.
Mr Sampson said he had written to the prime minister “outlining how by removing many of the
planning barriers and obstacles and by giving us a green light to proceed as quickly as possible”
Rolls-Royce could have a reactor operating by 2029.
He called for "commitment, action and decisions as opposed to ambition, targets and aspirations".

"Because we need to make decisions today if we're to bring clean energy to the grid in the next 10
years," he said. Addressing the House of Lords' economic affairs committee, Mr Sampson said the
creation and export of these reactors would help to boost Britain's brand abroad.
SMR parts can be assembled more quickly than those of large-scale nuclear reactors. Photo:
Rolls-Royce
"Not only does it improve security supply domestically, not only does it offer levelling up benefits by
building factories to produce content in the UK, it's also a global Britain export, and we see huge
demand," he said.
Mr Sampson said he saw an
"enormous" potential market
for the technology and
expected to sell many
hundreds of units by 2050.
Prime Minister Boris Johnson
with Tom Samson, chief
executive officer of Rolls-
Royce. Photo: No 10 Downing
Street
It is claimed that each mini-
plant can power about one
million homes and Rolls-
Royce has forecast the SMR
business could create up to
40,000 jobs.
It was announced this year that Britain’s Office for Nuclear Regulation had been asked to begin a
Generic Design Assessment for Rolls-Royce SMR Ltd’s 470 megawatt design.
“The assessment will begin once the necessary arrangements around timescales and resources
have been put in place,” the ONR said.
A GDA is the formal process for approving a new nuclear reactor. This is the first time a small-scale
reactor has been assessed by regulator in Britain.

U.S: Ethane to outpace growth in all other U.S. petroleum
product consumption through 2023 .U.S. EIA, Short-Term Energy Outlook (STEO), March 2022
Consumption of ethane has grown every year since 2010 in the United States, and more ethane is
now consumed in the country than either jet fuel or propane. Consumption of ethane, which we
estimate using product supplied, grew by 50,000 barrels per day (b/d) in 2021, according to data
from our March 2022 Petroleum Supply Monthly.
We forecast in our March 2022 Short-Term Energy Outlook (STEO) that by 2023, U.S. consumption
of ethane will grow by another 340,000 b/d.
Annual U.S. ethane consumption has increased in every year since 2010 because demand for
ethane as a petrochemical feedstock has grown. Ethane mainly serves as a petrochemical
feedstock to produce ethylene, which is used to make plastics and resins.
Domestic ethane consumption over the past two years has increased due to increased ethylene
cracking capacity. In contrast, consumption of most other petroleum products has decreased these
past two years as a result of less travel during the COVID-19 pandemic.
U.S. ethane consumption grew in 2021 despite the mid-February winter storm on the U.S. Gulf
Coast, which took more than one-third of U.S. ethylene cracking capacity offline. Because

about 90% of U.S. ethane consumption is concentrated along the Gulf Coast, storm disruptions
reduced ethane consumption by 655,000 b/d in February 2021.
Despite this drop, the additional capacity from two new ethylene crackers during the second half of
2021 contributed to an overall increase in ethane consumption in 2021.
We expect U.S. ethane consumption to average 2.1 million b/d in both 2022 and 2023 because
another ethylene cracker was recently completed in Monaca, Pennsylvania, which will add an
estimated 96,000 b/d of ethane feedstock capacity, and because we expect that existing ethylene
crackers will operate at higher utilization rates.
In the United States, cracking ethane has a higher profit margin than cracking naphtha to produce
ethylene, a key component needed to produce many resins and plastics. Ethane’s relatively low
cost and high ethylene yield have spurred growth in ethane use as an ethylene feedstock in the
United States and, increasingly, around the world.
Although naphtha cracking can yield valuable co-products such as propylene, butadiene, benzene,
toluene, and xylene, demand for ethylene has been outpacing demand for those co-products of
naphtha cracking.

Global Energy Upheaval Threatens Years of Natural Gas Shortages
Bloomberg
The natural gas market’s delicate balance is crumbling, putting the global economy under further
strain as nations struggle to secure enough fuel.
War, the energy transition, severe weather and surging demand are creating a period of upheaval
that is tightening supply like never before. Nations and companies are grappling to secure enough
gas amid a global power crunch as economies recover from the pandemic.
Natural gas is a key component in the global economy that keeps factories buzzing, lights on and
houses warm. The competition for a finite supply of the fuel will only get worse if current conditions
persist, with skyrocketing prices and supply gaps threatening to upend economies, boost inflation
and grind supply chains to a halt.
“The market of today is one of the most challenging I’ve ever seen,” said Susan L. Sakmar, a visiting
assistant professor at the University of Houston Law Center. “The world needs a bigger energy pie
to share. Absent a global recession or more Covid lockdowns that slow growth, I suspect many
parts of the world will face energy shortages.”
The world was already facing the risk of gas shortages this winter as a post-pandemic rebound in
demand outpaced supply. The crunch was years in the making: countries became more dependent
on gas as utilities curbed coal consumption and expanded intermittent renewable sources, while
shutting nuclear reactors in the wake of the 2011 Fukushima disaster. Meanwhile, suppliers were
slow to boost production.
Luckily, milder temperatures across Europe and parts of Asia this winter curbed demand for the
heating fuel and allowed utilities to squeak by on existing inventories. Traders now joke that praying

for mild weather will become a seasonal tradition, since a snowstorm in Beijing or heat waves in the
U.K. can trigger record-breaking price swings and crippling supply deficits.
And now the war has dealt an unexpected, devastating blow to such a fragile market.
Europe’s effort to halt most imports of Russian gas means that it will be going head-to-head with
Asia for spare liquefied natural gas supply, while there isn’t enough investment in new production
to meet surging demand. The European Union’s proposal this week to ban Russian coal imports
puts further strain on the market, as power producers may need to turn more to gas to generate
electricity.
Longer term, the LNG demand-supply balance is expected to get more out of whack, especially if
Russian gas is removed. The global market could be short nearly 100 million tons per year by the
middle of the decade, according to a Credit Suisse report last month. That’s equal to more than the
annual demand of China, the world’s top buyer of LNG.
“Even before the Russia-Ukraine crisis, the global LNG market was tight with record high prices,”
said James Taverner, a senior director at S&P Global. “Market tightness is likely to persist over the
next few years. Prices are likely to continue experiencing wild swings from day to day.”
Already, natural gas spot prices are so high that the world’s top buyers in North Asia are choosing
not to refill inventories with additional overseas purchases. They’re instead gambling that this
summer will be mild, or a peace deal between Russia and Ukraine will result in a price drop, said
traders, who requested anonymity to discuss private details.
LNG importers in China and India have drastically cut back spot purchases, and are instead
maximizing domestic supply and consuming gas in storage, traders said. This strategy will help to

save money, but comes with an enormous risk that allows little room for surprises -- a bet that hasn’t
paid off recently.
If there is a sudden spike in demand for gas, or if a contracted shipment isn’t able to be delivered
due to a production issue, some of Asia’s top consumers may be short of gas this summer or next
winter. They will be forced to go back into the spot market and buy very expensive shipments of the
fuel, or curtail gas deliveries to customers at home.
Europeans will also be counting on a mild summer in Asia because of the need to pull spot LNG
and fill their storage mandates. The European Union is pursuing a target of an 80% storage fill level
by November, compared to roughly 26% now. That’s achievable if Russian pipeline gas flows are
steady and European prices beat Asian rates to lure available LNG, according to BloombergNEF.
Right now, Russia is continuing to
supply the market and Europe has
avoided sanctions on that gas.
However, a sudden drop in Russian
exports -- either through sanctions or
a unilateral action by Moscow --
would wreak havoc, with demand
destruction the only option to keep
the market balanced.
Russian gas is so important to
Germany that immediately halting
imports would trigger a recession,
according to Deutsche Bank AG
CEO Christian Sewing. That would
intensify the global dash for spare
gas, sending prices to new heights and leaving many countries without enough fuel to power their
economies.
The unfolding global energy crisis poses higher risks than the oil shocks of the 1970s, according to
energy historian Daniel Yergin.
“It involves not only oil, but it involves natural gas and coal, and it involves two countries that happen
to be nuclear superpowers,” he said during a Bloomberg TV interview. If there is a disruption in gas
deliveries, “you are going to see industries shutting down, you will see prices going up. It means
that the macroeconomic forecasts will have to be lowered.”
For cash-strapped emerging nations across South Asia and South America, the situation is dire, as
governments may be forced to curb electricity or heating fuels to households. Argentina forked out
roughly $750 million for eight LNG shipments for May to June delivery in a tender last month. That’s
about 20 times higher than the price they paid for similar shipments in 2020, and threatens to send
electricity bills surging.
Pakistan is also in harrowing position, as the government can no longer afford to buy overseas
shipments of the fuel and is struggling to find alternatives. Power plants in Pakistan are running out
of fuel, and are pleading with the government to make more supply available, according to local
reports. As prices remain elevated, fuel shortages are at risk of spreading to Bangladesh, India and
Thailand.
“Energy poverty in parts of Asia could result as Europe sucks LNG cargoes away from their originally
intended destinations,” said Saul Kavonic, an energy analyst at Credit Suisse Group AG.

Global: Methane emissions surged by a record amount in 2021,
NOAA says , Emma Newburger@EMMA_NEWBURGER
KEY POINTS
 Global methane emissions jumped by a record amount in 2021, the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration said Thursday.
 Methane, a key component of natural gas, is 84 times more potent than carbon dioxide but
doesn’t last as long in the atmosphere before it breaks down.
 NOAA said the annual increase in atmospheric methane last year was 17 parts per billion,
the largest amount recorded since systematic measurements began in 1983.
Global emissions of methane, the second-biggest contributor to human-caused climate change after
carbon dioxide, surged by a record amount in 2021, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration said on Thursday.
Methane, a key component of natural gas, is 84 times more potent than carbon dioxide but doesn’t
last as long in the atmosphere before it breaks down. Major contributors to methane emissions
include oil and gas extraction, landfills and wastewater, and farming of livestock.
“Our data show that global emissions continue to move in the wrong direction at a rapid pace,” Rick
Spinrad, the NOAA administrator, said in a statement. “The evidence is consistent, alarming and
undeniable.”
NOAA said the annual increase in atmospheric methane last year was 17 parts per billion, the
largest amount recorded since systematic measurements began in 1983. The increase in methane
during 2020 was 15.3 parts per billion. In 2021, atmospheric methane levels averaged 1,895.7
parts per billion, or roughly 162% greater than preindustrial levels, NOAA said.

The report comes after more than 100 countries joined a coalition to cut 30% of methane gas
emissions by 2030 from 2020 levels. The Global Methane Pledge of 2021 includes six of the world’s
10 biggest methane emitters — the U.S., Brazil, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan and Mexico. China,
Russia, India and Iran did not join the pledge.
Last year, a landmark United Nations report declared that drastically slashing methane is necessary
to avoid the worst outcomes of global warming. The report said if the world could cut methane
emissions by up to 45% through 2030, it would prevent 255,000 premature deaths and 775,000
asthma-related hospital visits on an annual basis.
Kassie Siegel, director of the Center for Biological Diversity’s Climate Law Institute, said reducing
methane is a relatively cheap and easy way to achieve significant climate benefits.
“Methane reductions have to be one part of a transformative global effort to phase out deadly fossil
fuels in favor of truly clean renewable energy,” Siegel said in a statement. “Anything less puts us on
a catastrophic path to an unrecognizable world.”
A study published in the journal Environmental Research Letters also found that slashing methane
emissions from the oil and gas industry, agriculture and other human sources could slow climate
change by as much as 30%.
NOAA also warned that carbon dioxide is continuing to rise at historically high rates.
The global surface average for carbon dioxide last year was 414.7 parts per million, an increase of
2.66 parts per million over the 2020 average, the agency said. The measurement marks the 10th
consecutive year that carbon dioxide rose by more than two parts per million, the fastest rate of
increase since monitoring began 63 years ago.
While there’s been some debate on the cause of the ongoing rise in methane emissions, carbon
dioxide emissions are the main driver of human-caused climate change, NOAA said.
“The effect of carbon dioxide emissions is cumulative,” Pieter Tans, a senior scientist with the Global
Monitoring Laboratory, said in a statement.
“About 40% of the Ford Model T emissions from 1911 are still in the air today,” Tans said. “We’re
halfway to doubling the abundance of carbon dioxide that was in the atmosphere at the start of the
Industrial Revolution.”

NewBase April 09-2022 Khaled Al Awadi
NewBase for discussion or further details on the news below you may contact us on +971504822502, Dubai, UAE
Oil prices settle up 2%, post weekly loss on stockpile releases
Reuters + NewBase
Oil prices rose 2% on Friday but notched their second straight weekly decline after
countries announced plans to release crude from their strategic stocks.
Brent crude futures settled up $2.20, or 2.19%, at $102.78 a barrel. U.S. West Texas
Intermediate (WTI) crude futures rose $2.23 to $98.26. For the week, Brent dropped
1.5% while WTI slid 1%. For several weeks, the benchmarks have been at their most
volatile since June 2020.
Oil price special
coverage

Trading was choppy all day and the contracts spiked higher just before settlement as
traders covered short positions ahead of the weekend, said John Kilduff, a partner at
Again Capital LLC.
Member nations of the International Energy Agency (IEA) will release 60 million barrels
over the next six months, with the United States matching that amount as part of its
180 million barrel release announced in March.
"There's some concern that by artificially lowering prices, you are only going to
increase demand and that's going to burn off that supply pretty quickly," said Phil
Flynn, an analyst at Price Futures Group.
The release could also deter producers, including the Organization of the Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC) and U.S. shale producers, from accelerating output
increases even with oil prices around $100 a barrel, ANZ Research analysts said in a
note.
The commitment of the OPEC+ group of oil exporting nations to output targets have
contributed to absorbing an excess of supply in the market, Iraq's state-news agency
cited the oil ministry as saying on Friday.
PVM analyst Stephen Brennock said doubts remained on whether the supply from
emergency reserve releases will address the shortfall in Russian crude.
JPMorgan expects the reserves release to "go a long way in the short term" to
offsetting the 1 million barrels per day of Russian oil supply it expects to remain
permanently offline.
"However, looking forward to 2023 and beyond, global producers will likely need to
ramp up investment to both fill the Russia-sized gap in supply and restock IEA strategic
reserves," the bank said in a note.
U.S. producers added 13 oil rigs in the week to April 8, data from oil services firm
Baker Hughes showed, a third straight week of gains. While Russia has found Asian
buyers, Western buyers are shunning cargoes since the start of the conflict in Ukraine.
The Kremlin on Friday said Russia's "special operation" in Ukraine could end in the
"foreseeable future."
Russia's production of oil and gas condensate fell to 10.52 million barrels per day (bpd)
for April 1-6 from a March average of 11.01 million bpd, two sources familiar with the
data told Reuters on Thursday.
The U.S. Congress voted to ban Russian oil on Thursday, while the European Union is
considering a ban. Germany might be able to end Russian oil imports this year,
Chancellor Olaf Scholz said.

NewBase Special Coverage
The Energy world –April -01 -2022
CLEAN ENERGY
The story of climate change right now in 9 charts
Catherine Clifford@IN/CATCLIFFORD/@CATCLIFFORD
KEY POINTS
 The latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report, which was published Monday,
included a number of charts, all of which help tell the story of climate change.
 Anthropogenic emissions are still increasing, but the growth rate of emissions was slower
between 2010 and 2019 than between 2000 and 2009.
 The price of renewable energy and batteries for passenger electric vehicles has fallen
significantly, and their adoption continues to rise. However, globally current climate policy
responses are not sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions enough to limit global
warming to around 1.5° Celsius.
Climate change has not been caused by one
bad actor, and it won’t be solved by one silver
bullet. Instead, climate change is being caused
by a web of problems and is being addressed
by another web of mitigation and adaptation
strategies.
Globally, there has been significant progress to
limit greenhouse gas emissions and slow
global warming, but it hasn’t been enough.
It’s a complicated story and the charts, included
as part of the latest Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change report which
was published Monday, tell the story
visually, which can be helpful.
While the mix of factors and solutions are all
incremental, the consequences of inaction are
both dire and clear.
“We are on a fast track to climate
disaster: Major cities under water.
Unprecedented heatwaves. Terrifying storms.
Widespread water shortages. The extinction of
a million species of plants and animals. This is
not fiction or exaggeration. It is what science
tells us will result from our current energy
policies,” United Nations Secretary
General António Guterres said on
Monday in response to the report.

Greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans have increased
The reason climate change is a problem is because global anthropogenic ¢meaning originating from
human behavior — greenhouse gas emissions have been increasing. Taken as a whole, emissions
reductions from efficiencies have been less than emissions increases that come from rising global
activity.
In order to limit global warming to around 1.5° Celsius (2.7° Fahrenheit) above preindustrial levels,
which is the generally accepted goal established by the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement, greenhouse
gas emissions need to reach their highest peak before 2025, according to scenarios the IPCC
analyzed. By 2030, greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced by 43%, according to the report,
which was authored by 278 scientists and experts.
That’s not where the world is currently headed. “Current climate pledges would mean a 14%
increase in emissions,” Guterres said on Monday. “And most major emitters are not taking the steps
needed to fulfill even these inadequate promises.”
It is also true, however, that the rate of growth of greenhouse gas emissions between 2010 and
2019 was lower than that between 2000 and 2009.

Emissions by geography
Regional green house gas emissions. , Courtesy Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Greenhouse gas emissions have overwhelmingly come from more developed countries and
wealthier individuals.

“Climate change is the result of more than a century of unsustainable energy and land use, lifestyles
and patterns of consumption and production,” said IPCC Working Group III Co-Chair Jim Skea in
a written statement published alongside the report. “This report shows how taking action now can
move us towards a fairer, more sustainable world.”
The cost of renewable energy has plunged
Cost of renewable energy sources and adoption., Courtesy Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
The development and scaling up of renewable energy technologies, such as wind and solar, has
resulted in the price falling precipitously in the last decades. Adoption of those technologies has
continued to increase.
Even still, the speed of the shift to renewable energy must triple, Guterres said on Monday in
response to the report. “In most cases, renewables are already far cheaper,” he said.
The war in Ukraine has pressured countries around the world to limit their dependence on Russian
energy very quickly. As a result, leaders, including those U.S. Secretary of Energy Jennifer
Granholm, have called for an increase in domestic oil and gas production to meet wartime demands
and to ease high gas prices.

The U.N. secretary general rebuked even a short-term increase in oil and gas production, however.
“Inflation is rising, and the war in Ukraine is causing food and energy prices to skyrocket. But
increasing fossil fuel production will only make matters worse,” Guterres said on Monday. “Choices
made by countries now will make or break the commitment to 1.5 degrees.”
Current climate action is insufficient
Projected greenhouse gas emissions for various policy approaches. Courtesy Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
The current global response to climate change is insufficient.
Even if the nationally determined contributions announced before last year’s COP26 climate
conference are implemented, then greenhouse gas emissions will not fall enough to limit global
warming.

The current trend of implemented policies is in red in the chart above. The light blue and green lines
show greenhouse gas emissions that would be necessary to limit global warming to 1.5° Celsius
and 2° Celsius, respectively. Both of those trend lines fall beneath the red trend line, where the
globe currently is headed.
More aggressive reductions will limit warming
Projected global mean warming of 8 response scenarios.Courtesy Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
The global warming that occurs globally (shown on the right) depends on how aggressively
emissions are decreased.
A more aggressive policy (C1, the lighter blue color) will result in less warming. A less aggressive
emissions reduction policy (C8, the dark red color) will result in the most global warming.

Pathways that limit global warming to 1.5 or 2 degrees Celsius require
immediate action
Mitigation pathways that limit global warming to 1.5 or 2 degrees Celsius will require immediate action.
Courtesy Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
The chart above shows greenhouse gas (GHG), carbon dioxide (CO2) methane (CH4) and nitrous
oxide (N2O) emissions under various potential scenarios, what the IPCC calls illustrative mitigation
emissions pathways (IMPs).

The red-shaded ranges show the projected emissions pathways if current policies and pledges are
carried forward. The blue shaded range show emissions pathways if more aggressive policies that
limit global warming to 1.5°C are implemented.
“It’s now or never, if we want to limit global warming to 1.5°C (2.7°F),” said Skea in a written
statement. “Without immediate and deep emissions reductions across all sectors, it will be
impossible.”
Where emissions come from
Contributions of carbon dioxide by sector for several mitigation strategies, some of which include direct air carbon capture.
The chart above shows where carbon dioxide emissions come from by sector and any number of
possible pathways to get to net zero.

A cost-benefit analysis of mitigation options
Overview of climate mitigation options and their estimated ranges of costs and potentials in 2030
Not all climate change solutions will have the same impact on emissions. The chart above shows
the potential net greenhouse gas emissions avoided for each technology.

Consumer behavior changes can lower demand
The potential impact to climate change mitigation impacts of changing the demand for food, electricity and manufactured
products by infrastructure and behavioral adaptations.
One key component of reducing emissions is limiting demand, which the IPCC has divided into three types
of change. “Socio-cultural factors” are behavioral choices individuals make. “Infrastructure use” refers to
changes in the design of infrastructure that make it possible for individuals to make different choices. And
“end-use technology adoption” refers to changes in the uptake of technologies by end users.
“Having the right policies, infrastructure and technology in place to enable changes to our lifestyles and behavior can
result in a 40-70% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. This offers significant untapped potential,” said
IPCC Working Group III Co-Chair Priyadarshi Shukla, in a written statement. “The evidence also shows that these
lifestyle changes can improve our health and wellbeing.”
Cities where people can walk from one location to another or travel only small distances give people an option to have
a lighter carbon footprint. Also, buildings will need to become more efficient. “We see examples of zero energy or zero-
carbon buildings in almost all climates,” said Skea. “Action in this decade is critical to capture the mitigation potential of
buildings.”

NewBase Energy News 10 April 2022 - Issue No. 1503 call on +971504822502, UAE
The Editor:” Khaled Al Awadi” Your partner in Energy Services
NewBase energy news is produced Twice a week and sponsored by Hawk Energy Service – Dubai, UAE.
For additional free subscriptions, please email us.
About: Khaled Malallah Al Awadi,
Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USA
Emarat member since 1990
ASME member since 1995
Hawk Energy member 2010
www.linkedin.com/in/khaled-al-awadi-38b995b
Mobile: +971504822502
khdmohd@hawkenergy.net or khdmohd@hotmail.com
Khaled Al Awadi is a UAE National with over 30 years of experience in the Oil & Gas
sector. Has Mechanical Engineering BSc. & MSc. Degrees from leading U.S.
Universities. Currently working as self leading external Energy consultant for the GCC
area via many leading Energy Services companies. Khaled is the Founder of the
NewBase Energy news articles issues, Khaled is an international consultant, advisor,
ecopreneur and journalist with expertise in Gas & Oil pipeline Networks, waste
management, waste-to-energy, renewable energy, environment protection and
sustainable development. His geographical areas of focus include Middle East, Africa
and Asia. Khaled has successfully accomplished a wide range of projects in the areas
of Gas & Oil with extensive works on Gas Pipeline Network Facilities & gas compressor
stations. Executed projects in the designing & constructing of gas pipelines, gas
metering & regulating stations and in the engineering of gas/oil supply routes. Has drafted
& finalized many contracts/agreements in products sale, transportation, operation & maintenance
agreements. Along with many MOUs & JVs for organizations & governments authorities. Currently dealing
for biomass energy, biogas, waste-to-energy, recycling and waste management. He has participated in
numerous conferences and workshops as chairman, session chair, keynote speaker and panelist. Khaled is
the Editor-in-Chief of NewBase Energy News and is a professional environmental writer with over 1400
popular articles to his credit. He is proactively engaged in creating mass awareness on renewable energy,
waste management, plant Automation IA and environmental sustainability in different parts of the world.
Khaled has become a reference for many of the Oil & Gas Conferences and for many Energy program
broadcasted internationally, via GCC leading satellite Channels. Khaled can be reached at any time, see
contact details above.

NewBase April 09-2022 Energy News issue - 1503 by Khaled Al Awadi.pdf

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NewBase April 09-2022 Energy News issue - 1503 by Khaled Al Awadi.pdf