It's a part in Dummer Book, that about Network Routing. It is the basic to know what is Network Routing. Amazing, see it!!!

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Tqwvgtu!oc{!rkem!fkhhgtgpv!pgvyqtm!tqwvgu!vq!c!fguvkpcvkqp!hqt!c!ikxgp!rcemgv!
fgrgpfkpi!qp!xctkqwu!fgekukqp!etkvgtkc/!Uqog!tqwvgu!oc{!dg!fggogf!hcuvgt!
vjcp!d{!qvjgtu!d{!fkhhgtgpv!tqwvkpi!rtqvqeqnu/!Tqwvgtu!mggr!ugrctcvg!tqwvkpi!
vcdngu!hqt!gcej!rtqvqeqn/!C!tqwvg!vjcv!ku!dguv!pqy!oc{!pqv!dg!dguv!kp!c!hgy!
okpwvgu-!fgrgpfkpi!qp!xctkqwu!etkvgtkc!uwej!cu!vtchhke-!cxckncdng!dcpfykfvj-!
cpf!nkpm!uvcvg/!Tqwvgtu!cfcrv!vq!ejcpigu!kp!vtchhke-!cxckncdng!dcpfykfvj-!cpf!
nkpm!uvcvg!d{!eqpuvcpvn{!oqpkvqtkpi!vjg!uvcvg!qh!gcej!tqwvg!vjg{!mpqy/
Tqwvkpi!vcdngu!mggr!vtcem!qh!pgvyqtmu-!rcvju!vq!pgvyqtmu-!cpf!ogvtkeu!cuuqek.
cvgf!ykvj!gcej!tqwvg/

7. Dqqm!KX
Ejcrvgt!4
Pgvyqtm!Tqwvkpi
684Tqwvkpi!Fgekukqp!Etkvgtkc
Tqwvgtu!eqpukfgt!vyq!curgevu!yjgp!fgekfkpi!yjkej!pgvyqtm!tqwvgu!ctg!dguv!
cv!c!ikxgp!oqogpv<
# !# Cfokpkuvtcvkxg!fkuvcpeg<!Jqy!tgnkcdng!ku!vjg!kphqtocvkqp!uqwteg!vjcv!
rtqxkfgf!vjg!fcvc!cdqwv!vjg!pgvyqtm!tqwvgA
# !# Tqwvkpi!rtqvqeqn!ogvtkeu<!Yjcv!ctg!vjg!equvu!cuuqekcvgf!ykvj!gcej!pgv.
yqtm!tqwvgA
Cfokpkuvtcvkxg!fkuvcpeg
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uqwteg!vjcv!rtqxkfgf!vjg!fcvc!cdqwv!vjg!pgvyqtm!tqwvg/!Tqwvgtu!ngctp!cdqwv!
pgvyqtm!tqwvgu!wukpi!xctkqwu!ogvjqfu<
# !# Tqwvgt!eqppgevu!fktgevn{!vq!c!pgvyqtm/!Vjg!tqwvgt!ngctpu!cdqwv!vjg!pgv.
yqtm!hktuvjcpf-!dgecwug!kv!eqppgevu!vq!kv/
# !# Tqwvgt!fqgu!pqv!eqppgev!vq!vjg!pgvyqtm-!dwv!c!uvcvke!tqwvg!gzkuvu!vq!
vjcv!pgvyqtm/!Vjg!tqwvgt!fqgu!pqv!ƒ ugg„ !vjg!pgvyqtm-!dwv!kv…u!dggp!
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# !# Tqwvgt!ku!eqppgevgf!kpfktgevn{-!vjtqwij!qvjgt!tqwvgt)u*-!vq!c!pgvyqtm/!
Vjg!tqwvgt!fqgu!pqv!ƒugg„!vjg!pgvyqtm-!dwv!kv!ƒjgctf„!cdqwv!kv!htqo!
cpqvjgt!tqwvgt/
Tqwvgtu!vtwuv!tqwvgu!ceeqtfkpi!vq!jqy!tgnkcdng!vjg!uqwteg!qh!kphqtocvkqp!ku/!
C!tqwvgt!cnyc{u!rtghgtu!tqwvgu!ngctpgf!htqo!tgnkcdng!kphqtocvkqp!uqwtegu/!
Ekueq!fghkpgf!vjg!eqpegrv!qh!cfokpkuvtcvkxg!fkuvcpeg!vq!ogcuwtg!vjku!vtwuv/!
Xctkqwu!uqwtegu!igv!fkhhgtgpv!cfokpkuvtcvkxg!fkuvcpeg!xcnwgu-!cu!ujqyp!kp!
Vcdng!4.2/
Vcdng!4.2! Cfokpkuvtcvkxg!Fkuvcpegu
Tqwvkpi!Kphqtocvkqp!Uqwteg Cfokpkuvtcvkxg!Fkuvcpeg
Fktgevn{!eqppgevgf 1
Uvcvke!tqwvg 2
GKITR!)kpvgtpcn* ;1
QURH 221
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GKITR!)gzvgtpcn* 281

8. 685 Tqwvkpi!Fgekukqp!Etkvgtkc
Tqwvgtu!rtghgt!uqwtegu!ykvj!nqygt!cfokpkuvtcvkxg!fkuvcpegu/!Kp!qvjgt!yqtfu-!
c!tqwvgt!vtwuvu!c!uvcvke!tqwvg!oqtg!vjcp!c!tqwvg!ngctpgf!htqo!QURH/!Qp!vjg!
qvjgt!jcpf-!c!tqwvgt!vtwuvu!c!tqwvg!ngctpgf!htqo!QURH!oqtg!vjcp!kv!vtwuvu!c!
tqwvg!ngctpgf!htqo!TKR/
Kh!vjg!ucog!tqwvkpi!rtqvqeqn!hkpfu!vyq!fkhhgtgpv!tqwvgu!vq!vjg!ucog!fguvkpc.
vkqp-!vjg!cfokpkuvtcvkxg!fkuvcpeg!ku!vjg!ucog/!Kp!vjku!ecug-!qvjgt!ogvtkeu!ctg!
eqpukfgtgf!vq!fgekfg!qp!yjkej!tqwvg!vq!wug/
Tqwvkpi!rtqvqeqn!ogvtkeu
[qw!tgcf!vjcv!tqwvgtu!oc{!rkem!fkhhgtgpv!pgvyqtm!tqwvgu!vq!c!fguvkpcvkqp!hqt!
c!ikxgp!rcemgv!fgrgpfkpi!qp!xctkqwu!fgekukqp!etkvgtkc-!uwej!cu!vtchhke-!cxckn.
cdng!dcpfykfvj-!cpf!nkpm!uvcvg/
Gcej!tqwvkpi!rtqvqeqn!ecnewncvgu!vjg!ghhkekgpe{!)vjg!equv*!qh!c!tqwvg!fkhhgt.
gpvn{/!Jgpeg-!fgekukqp!fkhhgtgpegu!oc{!gzkuv/!Hqt!gzcorng-!eqpukfgtkpi!vyq!
fkhhgtgpv!tqwvgu!vq!vjg!ucog!fguvkpcvkqp-!tqwvg!C!cpf!tqwvg!D-!QURH!oc{!
hkpf!vjcv!tqwvg!C!ku!dgvvgt!vjcp!tqwvg!D/!Jqygxgt-!TKR!oc{!hkpf!vjcv!tqwvg!D!
ku!dgvvgt!vjcp!tqwvg!C/!Uq!yjkej!tqwvg!fqgu!vjg!tqwvgt!ejqqugA!Tqwvg!C!qt!
tqwvg!DA!Kh!{qw!cpuygtgf!tqwvg!C-!{qw!ctg!tkijv<!Yjgpgxgt!tqwvkpi!rtqvqeqnu!
eqpvtcfkev!gcej!qvjgt-!vjg!qpg!ykvj!vjg!nqyguv!cfokpkuvtcvkxg!fkuvcpeg!ku!
rtghgttgf/!Jqygxgt-!yjcv!kh!vjg!ucog!tqwvkpi!rtqvqeqn!hkpfu!vyq!)qt!oqtg*!
tqwvgu!vq!vjg!ucog!fguvkpcvkqpA!Jqy!yqwnf!vjg!tqwvkpi!rtqvqeqn!ejqqug!qpg!
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gcej!tqwvg/
Tqwvkpi!fgekukqp!etkvgtkc!ctg!swcpvkhkgf!d{!ogcuwtgogpvu-!qt!ogvtkeu/!Gcej!
tqwvkpi!rtqvqeqn!wugu!uqog!ogvtkeu!vq!fgvgtokpg!vjg!swcnkv{-!qt!ghhkekgpe{-!
qt!equv!qh!c!egtvckp!pgvyqtm!tqwvg/
K!pqy!nqqm!cv!vjg!xctkqwu!ogvtkeu!vjcv!tqwvkpi!rtqvqeqnu!eqpukfgt!yjgp!ecn.
ewncvkpi!vjg!equv!qh!c!ikxgp!tqwvg/
Jqr!eqwpv
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vjg!fguvkpcvkqp!pgvyqtm/!Tqwvkpi!rtqvqeqnu!rtghgt!tqwvgu!ykvj!hgygt!jqru!
dgecwug!c!egtvckp!fgnc{!ku!cnyc{u!kpxqnxgf!cv!gxgt{!jqr!vq!tqwvg!vjg!rcemgv!
dgvyggp!pgvyqtm!ugiogpvu/
!
Vjkpm!qh!hn{kpi<!Hqt!vjg!ucog!equv-!oquv!rgqrng!rtghgt!hnkijvu!ykvj!hgygt!
uvqru-!dgecwug!vkog!ku!ycuvgf!cv!gxgt{!uvqr/
TKR!wugu!vjg!jqr.eqwpv!ogvtke!vq!ejqqug!pgvyqtm!tqwvgu/!TKR!rtghgtu!tqwvgu!
ykvj!hgygt!jqru/

9. Dqqm!KX
Ejcrvgt!4
Pgvyqtm!Tqwvkpi
686Tqwvkpi!Fgekukqp!Etkvgtkc
Dcpfykfvj
Dcpfykfvj!ku!vjg!vjtqwijrwv!qh!vjg!pgvyqtm!tqwvg!vq!vjg!fguvkpcvkqp/!
Dcpfykfvj!ku!v{rkecnn{!ogcuwtgf!kp!dkvu!rgt!ugeqpf!)dru*/!Tqwvkpi!rtqvqeqnu!
rtghgt!tqwvgu!ykvj!nctigt!dcpfykfvj!dgecwug!kv!ku!xgt{!nkmgn{!vjcv!rcemgvu!
tgcej!vjg!fguvkpcvkqp!hcuvgt/!Vjku!ku!pqv!c!iwctcpvgg!vjqwij/!Hqt!gzcorng-!kh!
c!nctig.dcpfykfvj!tqwvg!uwffgpn{!dgeqogu!eqpiguvgf-!tqwvgtu!uvctv!ugpfkpi!
qp!cnvgtpcvg!tqwvgu/
!
Vjkpm!qh!ftkxkpi<!Hqt!c!eqorctcdng!fkuvcpeg-!oquv!rgqrng!rtghgt!ftkxkpi!qp!
c!htggyc{!dgecwug!kv!jcu!oqtg!ncpgu!cpf!jkijgt!urggf!nkokvu!vjcp!c!pqtocn!
tqcf-!cpf!pq!uvtggv!etquukpiu/!Jqygxgt-!htggyc{u!ctg!pqv!cnyc{u!hcuvgt!‚ !
lwuv!cum!cp{qpg!uvwem!kp!twuj.jqwt!vtchhke/
GKITR!wugu!vjg!dcpfykfvj!ogvtke!vq!rkem!pgvyqtm!tqwvgu/!GKITR!rtghgtu!
tqwvgu!ykvj!nctigt!dcpfykfvj/
Fgnc{
Fgnc{!ku!vjg!vkog!kv!vcmgu!c!fcvc!rcemgv!vq!tgcej!vjg!fguvkpcvkqp/!Vqvcn!fgnc{!
ku!ecnewncvgf!dcugf!qp!vjg!hqnnqykpi<
# !# Rtqeguukpi!fgnc{<!Vjg!vkog!tqwvgtu!pggf!vq!kpurgev!vjg!fguvkpcvkqp!qh!
vjg!fcvc!rcemgv
# !# Swgwkpi!fgnc{<!Vjg!vkog!c!rcemgv!ukvu!kp!vjg!kpdqwpf!qt!qwvdqwpf!
swgwg!qh!vjg!tqwvgt!dghqtg!dgkpi!rtqeguugf!qt!dghqtg!dgkpi!ugpv!vq!vjg!
pgzv!jqr
# !# Vtcpuokuukqp!fgnc{<!Vjg!vkog!kv!vcmgu!vq!ugpf!vjg!rcemgv!qpvq!vjg!nkpm!vq!
vjg!pgzv!jqr
# !# Rtqrcicvkqp!fgnc{<!Vjg!vkog!vjg!ukipcn!vcmgu!vq!rtqrcicvg!vjtqwij!vjg!
vtcpuokuukqp!ogfkc
GKITR!wugu!vjg!fgnc{!ogvtke!vq!rkem!pgvyqtm!tqwvgu/!GKITR!rtghgtu!tqwvgu!
ykvj!ujqtvgt!fgnc{/
Tgnkcdknkv{
Tgnkcdknkv{!ku!vjg!rgtegpvcig!qh!vkog!vjg!tqwvg!ku!cxckncdng/
GKITR!eqpukfgtu!vjg!tgnkcdknkv{!ogvtke!vq!rkem!pgvyqtm!tqwvgu/!GKITR!rtghgtu!
tqwvgu!ykvj!jkijgt!tgnkcdknkv{/
Nqcf
Nqcf!ogcuwtgu!vjg!dcpfykfvj!eqpuwogf!d{!ewttgpv!vtchhke!qp!c!ikxgp!tqwvg/!
Nqcf!ku!vjg!fkhhgtgpeg!dgvyggp!vjg!vqvcn!dcpfykfvj!cpf!vjg!cxckncdng!dcpf.
ykfvj!qh!vjg!tqwvg/

10. 687 Tqwvkpi!Ogvjqfu
GKITR!eqpukfgtu!vjg!nqcf!ogvtke!vq!rkem!pgvyqtm!tqwvgu/!GKITR!rtghgtu!
tqwvgu!ykvj!nqygt!nqcf/
Oczkowo!vtcpuokuukqp!wpkv!)OVW*
OVW!ku!vjg!uk|g-!kp!d{vgu-!qh!gcej!fcvc!rcemgv/!Gcej!pgvyqtm!tqwvg!jcu!c!
egtvckp!OVW!xcnwg/!Vjg!jkijgt!vjg!OVW-!vjg!oqtg!fcvc!ecp!dg!vtcpuhgttgf!cv!
qpeg/
GKITR!eqpukfgtu!vjg!OVW!ogvtke!vq!rkem!pgvyqtm!tqwvgu/!GKITR!rtghgtu!
tqwvgu!ykvj!jkijgt!OVW/
Equv
Equv!ku!ecnewncvgf!dcugf!qp!vjg!dcpfykfvj!qh!c!pgvyqtm!tqwvg/!Equv!ku!
219
0dcpfykfvj/
Vjg!QURH!rtqvqeqn!eqpukfgtu!vjg!equv!ogvtke!vq!rkem!pgvyqtm!tqwvgu/!QURH!
rtghgtu!tqwvgu!ykvj!nqygt!equv/
Tqwvkpi!Ogvjqfu
Tqwvkpi!rtqvqeqnu!gzejcpig!pgvyqtm-!tqwvg-!cpf!ogvtke!kphqtocvkqp!dgvyggp!
tqwvgtu!vq!jgnr!tqwvgtu!dwknf!vjgkt!tqwvkpi!vcdngu/!Gctnkgt!{qw!ucy!vjcv!tqwv.
kpi!rtqvqeqnu!wug!fkhhgtgpv!ogvtkeu!vq!gxcnwcvg!vjg!swcnkv{!qh!c!tqwvg/!Tqwvkpi!
rtqvqeqnu!cnuq!wug!fkhhgtgpv!ogvjqfu!vq!gzejcpig!kphqtocvkqp!cdqwv!pgvyqtm!
tqwvgu/
Fkuvcpeg!xgevqt!tqwvkpi
Uqog!tqwvkpi!rtqvqeqnu!wug!vjg!fkuvcpeg!vq!c!pgvyqtm!vq!gxcnwcvg!vjg!swcnkv{!
qh!c!pgvyqtm!tqwvg/!Ujqtvgt!tqwvgu!)tqwvgu!ykvj!hgygt!jqru*!ctg!eqpukfgtgf!
dgvvgt!vjcp!nqpigt!tqwvgu/
Tqwvgtu!wukpi!vjgug!rtqvqeqnu!dwknf!vjgkt!tqwvkpi!vcdngu!dcugf!qp!tqwvg!fku.
vcpeg-!cpf!vjg{!gzejcpig!cpf!eqodkpg!vjgkt!tqwvkpi!vcdng!ykvj!vjgkt!pgkij.
dqtu/!Pgkijdqt!tqwvgtu!vtwuv!gcej!qvjgt…u!tqwvg!kphqtocvkqp-!cpf!vjg{!tgnc{!
vjg!eqodkpgf!kphqtocvkqp!hctvjgt/!Vjgug!rtqvqeqnu!ctg!wukpi!fkuvcpeg!xgevqt!
tqwvkpi/
Fkuvcpeg!xgevqt!tqwvkpi!ku!cnuq!mpqyp!cu!twoqt!tqwvkpi-!dgecwug!tqwvgtu!
ƒjgct„!cdqwv!tqwvgu!htqo!vjgkt!pgkijdqtu!cpf!vjg{!tgnc{!vjku!kphqtocvkqp!vq!
qvjgt!pgkijdqt!tqwvgtu/!Tqwvkpi!vcdngu!ctg!eqodkpgf!cpf!tgnc{gf!vq!cnn!tqwv.
gtu!kp!vjg!pgvyqtm/

11. Dqqm!KX
Ejcrvgt!4
Pgvyqtm!Tqwvkpi
688Tqwvkpi!Ogvjqfu
Eqpxgtigpeg
Vjg!kpkvkcn!tqwvkpi!kphqtocvkqp!gzejcpig!dgvyggp!tqwvgtu!ku!ecnngf!eqpxgt.
igpeg/!Yjgp!tqwvgtu!hkpkuj!gzejcpikpi!fcvc!cdqwv!pgvyqtmu!cpf!tqwvgu!
vjg{!mpqy-!vjg!tqwvgtu!jcxg!eqpxgtigf/!Dgecwug!fkuvcpeg!xgevqt!tqwvkpi!
rtqvqeqnu!eqodkpg!vjg!tqwvkpi!vcdngu!qh!cnn!tqwvgtu!cpf!rtqrcicvg!vjgo!vq!
cnn!pgkijdqtu-!vjg!eqpxgtigpeg!rtqeguu!ecp!dg!hcktn{!nqpi!kp!nctigt!pgvyqtmu/!
Vjcv!ku!qpg!tgcuqp!yj{!kv!ku!pqv!dguv!rtcevkeg!vq!gpcdng!fkuvcpeg!xgevqt!tqwv.
kpi!rtqvqeqnu!qp!eqtg!nc{gt!tqwvgtu/!Fkuvcpeg!xgevqt!tqwvkpi!ku!dguv!uwkvgf!hqt!
ceeguu!qt!fkuvtkdwvkqp!nc{gt!tqwvgtu/
Tqwvg!wrfcvgu
Chvgt!vjg{!jcxg!eqpxgtigf-!tqwvgtu!eqpvkpwg!vq!wrfcvg!gcej!qvjgt!cdqwv!
pgvyqtm!tqwvgu!vjg{!mpqy/!Vjgug!tqwvg!wrfcvgu!mggr!vtcem!qh!tqwvg!ejcpigu/!
Fkuvcpeg!xgevqt!tqwvkpi!rtqvqeqnu!ugpf!wrfcvgu!vjcv!eqpvckp!vjg!yjqng!tqwv.
kpi!vcdng/
Dgecwug!vjku!ku!vjg!eqodkpgf!tqwvkpi!vcdng!qh!cnn!tqwvgtu!kp!vjg!pgvyqtm-!vjg!
ucog!eqodkpgf!tqwvkpi!vcdng!gpfu!wr!dgkpi!ugpv!vq!cnn!tqwvgtu!cv!rtgfghkpgf!
vkog!kpvgtxcnu/!Vjku!eqpuwogu!oqtg!tguqwtegu!qp!tqwvgtu!cpf!oqtg!dcpf.
ykfvj!vjcp!nkpm.uvcvg!tqwvkpi!rtqvqeqnu-!yjkej!fq!pqv!ugpf!vjg!yjqng!tqwvkpi!
vcdng!vq!pgkijdqt!tqwvgtu!cv!rtgfghkpgf!vkog!kpvgtxcnu/
Cnvjqwij!gcej!tqwvgt!ugpfu!c!tqwvg!wrfcvg!cv!rtgfghkpgf!vkog!kpvgtxcnu-!{qw!
owuv!wpfgtuvcpf!vjcv!tqwvgtu!fq!pqv!pgeguuctkn{!ugpf!vjgkt!tqwvg!wrfcvgu!
cv!vjg!ucog!vkog/!Jgpeg-!xctkcvkqpu!oc{!gzkuv!kp!vjg!mpqyngfig!cdqwv!tqwvgu!
coqpi!vjg!tqwvgtu!kp!vjg!pgvyqtm/
Fkuvcpeg!xgevqt!tqwvkpi!rtqvqeqnu
Vjg!hqnnqykpi!rtqvqeqnu!wug!fkuvcpeg!xgevqt!tqwvkpi<
# !# Tqwvkpi!Kphqtocvkqp!Rtqvqeqn!)TKR*
# !# Kpvgtkqt!Icvgyc{!Tqwvkpi!Rtqvqeqn!)KITR*
! ! KITR!ku!pq!nqpigt!uwrrqtvgf!d{!Ekueq/!Kv!jcu!dggp!tgrncegf!d{!GKITR!
)Gpjcpegf!KITR*/!GKITR!ku!eqpukfgtgf!c!j{dtkf!rtqvqeqn<!Kv!jcu!dqvj!fku.
vcpeg!xgevqt!cpf!nkpm.uvcvg!ejctcevgtkuvkeu/
Tqwvkpi!nqqru
Fkuvcpeg!xgevqt!tqwvkpi!ecp!ecwug!tqwvkpi!nqqru/!Tqwvkpi!nqqru!tqwvg!fcvc!
rcemgvu-!kp!nqqr-!eqpvkpwqwun{-!dgvyggp!pgkijdqt!tqwvgtu/!Vjku!qeewtu!yjgp!
tqwvgtu!fq!pqv!cnn!jcxg!vjg!ucog!mpqyngfig!qh!vjg!pgvyqtm/

12. 689 Tqwvkpi!Ogvjqfu
Tqwvg!wrfcvgu!ugpf!vjg!eqodkpgf!tqwvkpi!vcdng!vq!cnn!tqwvgtu!cv!rtgfghkpgf!
kpvgtxcnu/!Jqygxgt-!tqwvgtu!fq!pqv!ugpf!vjgkt!tqwvg!wrfcvgu!cv!vjg!ucog!
vkog/!Jgpeg-!xctkcvkqpu!oc{!gzkuv!kp!vjg!mpqyngfig!cdqwv!tqwvgu!coqpi!vjg!
tqwvgtu!kp!vjg!pgvyqtm/
Hqt!gzcorng-!kh!c!pgvyqtm!tqwvg!dgeqogu!wptgcejcdng-!vjg!tqwvgt!vjcv!nkpmu!
vq!vjcv!tqwvg!mpqyu!cdqwv!kv/!Jqygxgt-!c!tqwvgt!vjcv!ku!hctvjgt!htqo!vjg!hckngf!
tqwvg!uvknn!vjkpmu!vjcv!vjg!tqwvg!ku!wr/!Kv!vcmgu!uqog!vkog!dghqtg!cnn!tqwvgtu!kp!
vjg!pgvyqtm!mpqy!cdqwv!vjg!hckngf!tqwvg/
Fkuvcpeg!xgevqt!tqwvkpi!rtqvqeqnu!wug!uqog!vtkemu!vq!cxqkf!vjgug!tqwvkpi!
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