1. Study MACREDIE
Research The influence of gender on communication efficiency and effectiveness.
Question Are males better at route tasks with a partner?
Sample Size 56 participants (31 males and 25 females) – from a UK university (various
departments) – random grouping
Experiment • Wizard of Oz experiment (2 people interact; one of whom thinks they are
talking to a system) – Masking gender & seated in separate rooms
• Instructors were made to believe they were talking to a robot + they had no
dialogue or script
• User had to guide robot to 6 designated locations (in fictitious town)
• Only instructors had view of the map and destinations
• They were talking to a robot, so they could not assume that there was shared
knowledge.
• MM/MF/FM/FF – pairings
• Custom system developed for real time text communication
• System kept a log of dialogue & kept a log of the robot co-ordinates each time
a message was sent (meaning that they can analyse the text description)
• User controlled robot with arrow keys
• Users were given verbal and written instructions and a demonstration
• They were informed that the robot could learn routes – so they wont guess it’s
a human
• They can use forward, back, left and right, but not north, south…. (reducing
confusion)

2. Study MACREDIE
Lit review • Strengths
• 15 references in quite a small ‘background’ / lit review section
• Type of paper – IEEE - Conf - ACM
• Weaknesses
• A lot of references supported by Allen and Denis
Data • Study yielded 160 dialogues, 1460 instruction units
Analysis • Quantitative analysis of relevant data (time taken to complete task, number of
words, turns and instructions in each dialogue)
• Qualitative discourse analysis (number of miscommunication; granularity of
instructions)
Results from • Gender and role both have significant impact
analysis • Female instructors had to give less information when the follower was male
• Male robots/followers had the leased execution errors and misunderstandings
• Previous studies predict male superiority in both roles – mixed pairs actually
exceeded or matched male performance
Future • How it can be applied in a wider context
research • Identify drivers and non drivers to ensure better results
Research • Motorist thing
flaws / gaps • Is spatial communication the same in other languages?

3. Study LOUVIERIS
Research Military decision making for commanders to enable them to make rapid decisions by using CSF’s (critical
Question success factor – the area in which satisfactory results ensure competitiveness)
Sample Size A few subject matter experts
Experiment • Used subject matter experts – to identify critical information requirements
• Case based reasoning (analogical reasoning)
• Bayesian belief networks (a mind map of factors – how each factor flows into the next – training
impacts on quality, impacts on morale)
• Simulation software – to see the effect of the case based reasoning (using Bayesian belief networks
(how old related factors, map to new scenario)) – system spits out key information for decision
makers
• Like for like analysis between system and people on decision making.
Lit review • Different methods of decision making – with and without systems (e.g. fire fighting – no time to
make long decisions. Usually experience decision makers used RPD (recognition primed decision
making) where pattern matching identifies a decision)
• Strong references
• Over reliance on his own references
Data Analysis • Analysed against traditional human based decisions
• Collated responses
Results from • A solution which provided automated CSF identification and quantifications.
analysis • This reduces decision makers workload through supported situational awareness (SA: The perception
of the environment you are in with regards to time and/or space)
• Contributes to CSF research; use of BBN research
• Automated configuration of conditional probability tables (the factors of a decision and how they are
related. Part of BBN) is produced.
Future research • How can case based reasoning and BBN be applied in other domains?

4. Study YOUNG
Research Time to rethink healthcare and ICT
Question
Sample Size 0
Experiment Case study reviews
Lit review Surrounded IS failures
- 12 references
Data • Similarities and differences between healthcare and other sectors
Analysis
Results from • Enterprise systems cant be used for national healthcare initiatives
analysis • Person to person (collaborative) models are required
• New model required, start from scratch
• Getting the healthcare community to consider IS models, and looking @
failures before planning a new system.
Future • Finding / developing a model which can be adopted by healthcare systems
research
Weaknesses • No primary research
• Old (late 80’s and early 90’s) case studies

5. Study ELLIMAN
Research What are the gaps in the research area “ICT for governance and policy
Question modelling”. What needs to be addressed
Sample Size Not Applicable
Experiment Not Applicable
Lit review • As a background section – 4 references but only an initial report
• Lists 64 project with grant funding of about 80M euros
Data
Analysis
Results from
analysis