The document summarizes key aspects of the nervous system including its organization, cells, nerve impulses, synapses, and reflexes. It describes the central and peripheral nervous systems, types of neurons, action potentials, and synaptic transmission. It also presents data from a neuromuscular reflex lab experiment showing involuntary reflexes have faster reaction times than voluntary movements.

1. What makes me
Nervous?
By: Kierra, James, Kara,
Rachael, Anna, and Josh

2. Organization of the Cells of the Nervous Nerve Impulses The Synapse
Nervous System System
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3. This system is a part of the nervous system that
consists of the brain and spinal cord.

4. What is CNS?

5. This system connects the central nervous system (CNS) to
sensory organs (such as the eye and ear), other organs of the
body, muscles, blood vessels and glands. The peripheral
nerves include the 12 cranial nerves, the spinal nerves and
roots, and what are called the autonomic nerves that are
concerned specifically with the regulation of the heart muscle,
the muscles in blood vessel walls, and glands.

6. What is PNS?

7. An nerve impulse that refers to pathways
leading to the cortex (ie, sensory) and a
nerve impulse where the pathways are
leading away (ie, motor).

8. What is the difference between afferent and
efferent nerve impulses?

9. the part of the pns that is responsible for carrying motor
and sensory information both to and from the cns. This
system is made up of nerves that connect to the skin,
sensory organs and all skeletal muscles. The system is
responsible for nearly all voluntary muscle movements as
well as for processing sensory information that arrives via
external stimuli including hearing, touch and sight.

10. What is Somatic Nervous System?

11. The part of the peripheral nervous system and it
controls many organs and muscles within the
body.
This is most important in two situations:
In emergencies that cause stress and require us
to "fight" or take "flight" (run away)
In nonemergencies that allow us to "rest" and
"digest."

12. What is the Autonomic Nervous
System?

13. Astrocytes-
Astrocytes are star shaped glial cells because of cytoplasmic processes that
extend from the cell body. they play a role in regulating the extracellular
composition of brain fluid. They release chemicals that promote the formation
of tight junctions between the endothelial cells of capillaries. (type of Glia)
Oligodendrocytes-
The principle function of oligodendrocytes is to provide support to axons and to
produce the Myelin sheath, which insulates axons.
(type of glia)
Microglia-
Small nonneural cells forming part of the supporting structure of the central
nervous system. They are migratory and act as phagocytes to waste products
of nerve tissue. (type of glia)
Ependymal cells-
Ependymal cells are the cells which line the ventricles of the brain.

14. What cells does the central nervous
system consist of?

15. (2 other types and functions of Glia)
- Schwann cells-
Schwann cells are the supporting cells of the PNS
- Satellite cells-
Any of the cells that envelop the bodies of neurons in
the peripheral nervous system.

16. What cells does the
Peripheral Nervous System?

17. Bipolar neurons have two processes extending
from the cell body (examples: retinal
cells, olfactory epithelium cells).
Pseudounipolar cells (example: dorsal root
ganglion cells). Actually, these cells have 2
Detailed image of axons rather than an axon and dendrite. One
Neuron below: axon extends centrally toward the spinal cord;
the other axon extends toward the skin or
muscle.
Multipolar neurons have many processes that
extend from the cell body. However, each
neuron has only one axon (examples: spinal
motor neurons, pyramidal neurons, Purkinje
cells).

18. What are the types of
Neurons?

19. Groups:
Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Receptors
Interneurons

20. What are the groups of
neurons?

21. Functions:
Sensory neurons carry signals from the outer parts of your
body (periphery) into the central nervous system.
Motor neurons (motoneurons) carry signals from the central
nervous system to the outer parts (muscles, skin, glands) of
your body.
Receptors sense the environment (chemicals, light, sound,
touch) and encode this information into electrochemical
messages that are transmitted by sensory neurons.
Interneurons connect various neurons within the brain and
spinal cord.

22. What are the functions of
the groups of neurons?

23. Also known as transmembrane potential or
membrane voltage, this is the difference in
electrical potential between the interior and the
exterior of a biological cell. Typical values range
from –40 mV to –80 mV.

24. What is Membrane Potential?

25. the transmembrane voltage that exists when a
neuron or muscle cell is not producing an action
potential.

26. What is resting Membrane Potential?

27. The potential is the depolarization of a cell below
threshold. After the cell is sufficiently depolarized
(and reaches threshold), it fires an action potential
down the axon.

28. What is Local Potential?

29. A nerve impulse that travels down the axon away
from the axon hillock but does not diminish
with distance.
This impulse is either on or off.

30. What is Action Potential?

31. Na+ is critical for the action potential in nerve cells. Action
potentials are repeatedly initiated as the extracellular
concentration of Na+ is modified. As the concentration of
sodium in the extracellular solution is reduced, the action
potentials become smaller.

32. What is a mechanism that produces the
action potential?

33. The pairing of homologous
chromosomes during the meiotic phase
of cell division.

34. What is Synopsis?

35. Action potential passes along a nerve fiber and
over the surface of its synaptic knob.

36. What is the event leading to the release
of a neurotransmitter?

37. Cause of ion tropic effect

38. What is when the neurotransmitter
binds to a receptor that is also an ion
channel?

39. When the neurotransmitter binds to a
receptor that activates a second
messenger, then the change in
membrane potential is slightly
delayed.

40. What is metabotropic effect?

41. The bulbous structures on the end of
an axon, each of which contains many
synaptic vesicles.

42. What is the synaptic knob?
Neuromuscular
Reflex Lab (CLICK
ME)

43. Neuromuscular Reflex
Lab

44. Table 1 (voluntary)
Kick Kick 2 Kick 3 Kick 4 Kick 5 Average
1
Time of 5.84s 10.55s 15.17s 20.37s 25.31s
Muscle
Constraction
(s)
Time of 5.41s 10.24s 14.37s 19.78s 24.73s
Stimulus (s)
Change of .43s .31s .8s .59s .58s .54s
time (s)

45. Table 2 (involuntary)
Reflex 1 Reflex 2 Reflex 3 Reflex 4 Reflex 5 Average
Time of 2.18s 6.75s 10.91s 19.3s 24.35s
Muscle
Constraction
(s)
Time of 2.14s 6.64s 10.85s 19.28s 24.34s
Stimulus (s)
Change of .04s .08s .06s .2s .1s .096s
time (s)

46. Table 3
Reflex without Reflex with reinforcement
reinforcement
Reflex Max (mV) Min (mV) Change Max (mV) Min (mV) Change of
response of mV mV
1 1.527 .728 .799 1.411 .86 .551
2 1.421 .832 .589 1.156 .874 .282
3 1.850 .786 1.064 1.473 .837 .636
4 1.751 .778 .973 1.666 .865 .801
5 1.672 .828 .844 1.532 .827 .705
Average .8538 .595

47. Data Analysis
• There was a significant difference between the
voluntary and involuntary reaction times. The
average voluntary reaction time took a longer time
than the involuntary reaction time. The reason this
for what was observed is because the when the body
responds to stimuli it takes a lot less than a fraction
of a millisecond to go from the area of the body
(using receptors) that is being effected to go up to
the brain to decipher (using sensory nerves) the
electrochemical messages and send the information
back (using motor neurons) to act on that change of
state of the body.