WTGs in the Built Environment [Mar 2012]
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Installing small wind turbine generators (WTGs) in the urban/built environment - What not to do...
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WTGs in the Built Environment [Mar 2012]
- 1. RE POWER `EM Installing a Small Wind Turbine in the Built Environment — What Not To Do Berkeley, CA, USA 14 Mar 2012 Kimberly King Renewable Energy Engineer Email: kimgerly@kimgerly.com Mobile: +1 415 832 9084 Skype: kimgerly Recommended Citation Kimberly King, “Installing a Small Wind Turbine in the Built Environment: What Not To Do“ (2012). http://www.kimgerly.com/projects/wtg_wntd.pdf
- 2. RE POWER `EM Contact: Kimberly King, Renewable Energy Engineer +1 415 832-9084 kimgerly@kimgerly.com Proposal number 01-2012, Oakland, CA, 14 March 2012 Copyright © 2012, Kimberly King The information contained in this document is the exclusive, confidential and proprietary property of Kimberly King, and is protected under the trade secret and copyright laws of the U.S. and other international laws, trea- ties and conventions. No part of this work may be disclosed to any third party or used, reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includ- ing photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, with- out first receiving expressed written permis- sion of Kimberly King. Except as otherwise noted, all trademarks appearing here are herein proprietary to Kimberly King.
- 3. CONTENTS 01. WTG Specs 02. - 03. Cost & Site Info 04. The Hype 05. The Outcome 06. The Solution 07. One Helpful Tool 08. References
- 4. 01 WTG SPECS Make & Model: Aero Power Systems SL 1500 (1979) Designer: Mario Agnello Case Study : Year installed: 1982 3228 Idaho St., Berkeley, CA, USA Type: Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine [HAWT] Mounted on a 60’ Solargy Tower Monotube Orientation: Upwind Diameter: 12 ft [3.66m] Rated Power [max]: 1.5 kW Rated wind speed: 23.9-25 mph [10.7 m/s] Cut-in speed: 6 -8 mph [3.6 m/s] Cut-out speed: 101 mph [45 m/s]
- 5. 02 COST & SITE INFO WTG Cost Case Study : $3,000 [circa 1980] 3228 Idaho St., Berkeley, CA, USA Total installation cost [City of Berkeley estimate]: $12,000 Total charges actually paid: $17,000 WTG Site Info Medium height & density, residen- tial (qualitative roughness) Buildings of mixed height (2-4 sto- reys) & mature trees Closely spaced detached & semi- detached houses Five-plex housing structure
- 6. 03 THE SITE Image courtesy of GoogleMaps
- 7. 04 THE HYPE Caveat Emptor “City’s first residential windmill...” * Developer touted: 1/3rd of Berkeley’s 40,000 homes 125 mph cut-out speed could be serviced by wind Co-generated power power * 25 March 1982 The Berkeley 400 kW/month Gazette, Page 4 90% of PG&E electric bill State of CA 55% tax credit incentive Generating electricity PG&E to purchase excess closer to where it will be power generated @ $0.072/kWh used makes sense, but... (10 years)
- 8. 05 THE OUTCOME Case Study : One needs to consider the potential outcome... 3228 Idaho St., Berkeley, CA, USA Lack of performance - decision rendered to decommission after three months (PG&E bill) Customer dissatisfaction -> legal action pursued Derelict WT for ~30 years •• Free-wheeling for ~10 years (confirmed) •• Brake cable accidentally (?) severed •• Potential public safety hazard •• Potential public & private property damage potential
- 9. 06 THE SOLUTION As a consumer, caveat emptor... Case Study : Know your wind resource 3228 Idaho St., Berkeley, CA, USA Know your local ordinances Know how to site your WTG •• Consider site characteristics i.e. mini- mal terrain roughness •• Installation location - On or near the structure? •• Installation location - If on a rooftop, how high above the rooftop should the hub height be to capture the accelerating wind coming over the rooftop parapet? Understand the WTG specs as per your individual requirements •• Turbine mid-rotor height •• Published data e.g. performance, power curves
- 10. 07 ONE HELPFUL TOOL A good starting point... Case Study : UK Carbon Trust Wind Yield 3228 Idaho St., Berkeley, CA, USA Estimation Tool (UK & Ireland)
- 11. 08 REFERENCES Case Study : Vossa Wysinger Family 3228 Idaho St., Berkeley, CA, USA The Berkeley Gazette City of Berkeley, CA, USA •• Planning & Development Office •• Zoning Office •• City Manager UK Carbon Trust