2. ECOLOGY
The study of the
interactions between
organisms and their
environment.
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3. ENVIRONMENT = all the factors that affect
an organism.
ABIOTIC FACTOR =
non-living factors in
an environment.
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BIOTIC FACTORS =
living factors in an
environment.
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4. Buckminster Fuller on the
Environment
“Environment to each must be
All there is, that isn't me.
Universe in turn must be
All that isn't me AND ME.”
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5. NICHE = all of the
ways that the organism
interacts with everything
else in the ecosystem-the
role or job of a species in an
ecosystem.
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HABITAT = place
where an
organism or
population of
organisms live.
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13. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
• Are graphical models of the quantitative
differences that exist between the trophic levels
of a single ecosystem.
• In accordance to the 2nd Law of
Thermodynamics, there is a tendency for
numbers and quantities to biomass and energy
to decrease along food chains, therefore the
pyramids become narrower toward the top.
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14. PYRAMID OF NUMBERS represents storages
found at each trophic level.
Units vary
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16. PYRAMID OF BIOMASS represent the
standing stock at each trophic level.
Units:
J m-2
or
g m-2
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17. Abandoned Field
Ocean
Tertiary consumers
Secondary consumers
Primary consumers
Producers
In open waters of aquatic ecosystems, the biomass primary consumers
(zooplankton) can exceed that of producers. The zooplankton eat the
Producers (phytoplankton) as fast as they reproduce, so their population
is never very large.
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IB/ESS
18. PYRAMID OF PRODUCTIVITY represents
the flow of energy through each trophic level.
Units:
J m-2 yr-1
or
g m-2 yr-1
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19. • As you move up each trophic level, only
10% of the energy is transferred.
• The other 90% is used for everyday life
functions, metabolism.
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