2. • Socio (Latin): Society
• Logos(Greek): Science
• Socius: Individual , Societa:: Group
• Sociology can be study of relationships between
human beings and changes or variations in these
relationships in different part of world & at different
times
• The study of human behavior

3. • Medical Sociology
• Urban Sociology
• Rural Sociology
• Industrial Sociology
• Criminology
• Hospital Sociology
• Sociology of religion
• Sociology of education

4. • Sociology enables to see & analyze social
world from the viewpoint other than ones’s
own
• Helps in understanding of how other’s live,
• Powerful insights gained into one’s particular
problem
• Policy can be formulated to suit for those it has
been intended

5. • Sociological research is a guide to assess
the results of policy initiatives
• A program/reform may fail what it intends to
strive or end up in undesirable results
• Eg.- “Relocation of slums to Planned
Resettlement Colonies”
- Fairly unpopular :
i. Uproots from livelihood
ii. Detaches from Social network
Development of the slums are better option

6. • Empowerment of the individuals and groups
with unbiased understanding
• Self-enlightened groups can benefit from
sociological research & influence government
policies or may formulate policies of their own
• Eg:
- Self-help groups of Diabetics/ Alcoholics
- Environmental movements

7. - Traditional attempts made to understand ownselves &
conventional wisdoms handed down through generations;
- Expressed in terms of religion, myths, superstitions, traditional
beliefs
- Objective & systematic study of human behavior since 1700s.
- Era of emergence of scientific disciplines
- Traditional & religion based explanations gave way to objective
scientific theories

8. - French revolution (1789) championed values of
equality & liberty over traditional social order
- Industrial revolution of late 18th century Britain
produced spread of new technology
- Led to complete change of social order , decline of
feudal system, large-scale migration to industrial
towns
- Breakdown of established forms of society &
emergence of newer social systems

9. • A French thinker, credited with coining of the term
„Sociology
• Sought to establish sociology as a positive science
which would conform to laws as in natural sciences
• Formulated “laws of three stages”- theological,
metaphysical & positive;
• Considered world have passed through 3 stages

10. - thoughts were
guided by religious ideas
: during the
time of Renaissance, came a
transition in the worldview of
society from
supernatural(religious) to natural
application of
scientific techniques to a variety of
other disciplines become a
popular intellectual exercise
(Following discoveries by
Copernicus, Galileo, Newton

11. B.
• Another French thinker
• Sought to establish sociology as
a scientific discipline
• Studied social norms & social
integration
• Looked at interactions between
individuals & society
• Observed society regulates the
individuals & there are various
levels of such regulation

12. c.
• A German settled in Britain
• Pioneering work in industrial revolution
• Sought to link economic problems to social
institution
• Propounded the Materialistic Conception of
History
• Argued social changes primarily driven by
economic changes
• Examined how societies had undergone
several transformations over the course of
history

13. D.
• Identified basic characteristics of
modern industrialized societies based
on a series of empirical studies
• Negated the materialistic conception of
history & considered class conflict less
significant
• Considered human motivation & ideas
are real factors for changes
• Thought sociology should focus on
Social Action , not on social
structures

14. - A basic social structure exists, so social
behavior is regulated to a certain extent
- Societal level is the most useful for
examination & study of individuals cannot
adequately explain the aggregate-level
phenomen
- Social structure imposes some constraints on
both individuals & groups; but it is debatable
whether human behavior is controlled
essentially by social behavior or is self-
determined

15. - Concerned with study of health, health-behavior & health
institutions, in a psychological & social dimension
- 1879 J S Billings linked study of sociology with hygiene
- 1894: Charles Mcintire defined medical sociology as , the
science:
i. Of the special phenomena of the physicians themselves as a
class apart & separate
ii. That investigates the laws regulating the relations between the
medical profession & human society as a whole

16. - Assumes an ideal as a point of reference &
therefore examines deviations from this ideal
- Assumes that events are real & thus concludes
cuasal relationship can be studied
- Takes an idealistic perspective and considers that
there is no general law , focus should thus be
attributed to meanings of social events
- This approach analyzes- i) how people react to
deviant signs in themselves & others, ii) whether they
label them as deviant or not & iii) how they
respondwhen one or the other attribution is made

17. This approach analyzes- i) how people react to
deviant signs in themselves & others, ii) whether
they label them as deviant or not & iii) how they
respondwhen one or the other attribution is made
c)
- It merely observes the most frequent behavior
those are prevalent
- Does not concern itself with the meaning of either
moral or deviant behavior
- Only observes & record what is done

18. - Kendall & Merton in 1958 identified four key areas addressed by
medical sociology
- Mechanic also defined three analytical perspectives in medical
sociology

19. • Beliefs:
- Human Belief Model: One‟s daily activities were
conceived of a process of interaction between the
positive forces & negative forces
- Individuals vary widely in their acceptance of their
susceptibility to a condition
- There may be Denial, Consideration, or Acceptance

20. • Society:
- An organization of member agents
- Main feature: system of social relationship between individuals
- It controls & regulates the behavior of the individual by law &
custom
- Can exert pressure on individuals to conform to its norms
- Dynamic character, changes with time & place
- Society is a vast network of relationships & compulsions that
propel, direct & constrain man‟s individual efforts
- Public Health is an integral part of social system
- SOCIETY PUPLIC HEALTH

21. - “ A community is a social group determined by
geographical boundaries and or common
values and interests. Its members know and
interact with each other. It functions within a
particular social structure and exhibits and
creates certain forms, values and social
institutions. The individual belongs to the
society through his family and community.”

22. - Refers to the pattern of inter-relations between
persons
- Consists of - complex of major institutions, groups,
power structure & status hierarchy
- An organized complex pattern of behavior in which a
number of persons participate in order to further their
group interest
- Rights & duties of each member is defined within
each institutions
- Family, school, the church, club, hospital, college,
political parties, professional organizations,
panchayats

23. - Each individuals are allocated role in society
- Classified as “ given” or “ acquired”
- Given by virtue of sex, age, birth status
- Acquired by virtue of education or earned otherwise
- Single day single person can play- husband, father,
employee, friend, son, brother, guest, neighbor,
- When one falls ill, he assumes “ Sick roll”,
relinquishes/decreases normal duties, seek medical
aid, and carry out orders given by physician

24. - Economic doctrine that favors use of
property & resources of the country
for public welfare
- A system of production & distribution
based on social ownership for raising
the living standards of the working
class
- “Each according to his abilities, to
each according to his needs”

25. - Process by which an
individual gradually
acquires culture &
becomes member of a
social group
- Children going to school
- Internship of medical
graduates

26. - Societal rules are present, formal & informal, for
maintenance of relationship of authority &
subordination
- Informal social pressure are imposed on
individuals to help to construct norms of
behavior
- Social pressure may be exerted by powerful
groups, individuals, friends
- Acts through rewards & punishments
- Financial reward to undergo voluntary
sterilization

27. - Classified into “folkways” & “mores”
- Folkways are considered as right ways of doing
things in what is considered as the less vital
areas of human conduct
- More stringent customs are called mores
- Public takes active part in enforcement of
mores
- Staring point of all customs are convention
- “convention”: practice promoted by the
convenience of the society or individual

28. - “learned behavior which has been socially
acquired”
- Product of human societies
- Man is a product of his cultural environment
- Culture transmitted from one generation to
another through formal & informal learning
- Lays down norms & behavior

29. - Provides mechanism for an individual for his personal
& social survival
- Culture stands for customs, beliefs, laws, religion,
moral percepts, arts & other capabilities & skilled
acquired by man as a member of society
- Cultural factor plays important role in health & disease
- Culture is not inherited genetically; it is learned-
through formal & informal interaction
- Situational learning, Social Learning, Symbolic
Learning

30. - Lung cancer (smoking)
- cirrhosis of liver (alcoholism)
- Oral cancer( pan chewing)
- Cultural factors are closely
associated with personal
hygiene, nutrition,
Immunization, health care
seeking, family planning, child
rearing, disposal of refuse &
excreta,

31. - Diffusion of culture between
groups & communities
- “culture contact”
- Made by : trade & commerce,
industrialization, propagation of
religion, education,conquest

32. - Social diagnosis of an illness
needs application of behavioral
sciences to arrive at community
diagnosis & accordingly the
therapy applied is social therapy in
the form of education, legislation ,
individual & group counseling,
motivation & team building apart
from provision of services on basis
of equity without any discrimination
with focus on economically weaker
section of the society

33. - refers to usual scale of expenditure, goods
consumed, services enjoyed, mode of living
- Depends upon national income, total amount of
goods & services a country is able to produce
- Size of population
- Level of education
- General price level
- Distribution of national income
- Per capita income

34. - 19th century Europe, industrial
revolution brought increase in
income & wealth accompanied
by decrease in birth & death
rates
- Late 20th century, steady
reduction in Death rate, IMR, in
Latin America & parts of Asia
with modest rise in income
- Both death & birth rate remains
high in Africa

35. - Generated by new opportunities & frustrations arising
from social changes
- Wave of migration from rural to urban areas
- Diminution of traditional family support system
- Greater exposure through mass media to ideas which
has been previously considered culturally alien
- Tourism
- Changes in technological needs of the society
requiring skills different from previous generation

36. - Pressure mostly felt by young
- Resources inadequate to meet
their needs
- Discrepancy between actual &
perceived demand of a stressful
situation
- Psychological stress &
inadequate coping ability
implicated as contributory to
disorders
- stress→ hypertension → CHD

37. -FLOW OF INFORMATION , CIRCULATION OF
KNOWLEDGE & IDEAS & PROPAGATION OF
THOUGHTS
-MASS MEDIA EXTENSIVELY USED AS VEHICLES
OF DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION

38. - Individual problems become social
problems when they affect large
number of people amounting a threat
to welfare of the society
- Predominant behavioral component
in causation
- Widespread over large geographical
areas & affect many people
- Disrupts trade, affects the economy

39. - May lead to discrimination &
ostracism
- Many public Health problems ↔
Social problems
- Alcoholism, venereal diseases,
mental illness, narcotic addiction
- Following Social Health Problems:
housing, divorce, population
growth, increased number of old
people, population explosion ►
calls for combined sociological &
public health action

40. - Relationship between disease & social condition
- Linked to poverty, crime, delinquency, vagrancy
- Social pathology of accidents, diabetes,
cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic bronchitis,
- Social pathology is uncovered by social surveys
- Strong kinship between epidemiological & social
survey
- Investigation on the relationship of social factors to
heart disease, cancer & arthritis

41. - Method of exploring & analyzing life of a social unit – person,
family, institution, group, community
- Determines the factors responsible for complex behavioral
pattern of the unit & relationship of the unit to the surrounding
- It collects a large number of data from small number of units
whereas in survey relatively small amount of information is
collected from a large number of units
- But a single instance may/may not be representative of a larger
population
- Concerned with depth of knowledge
- Observation of people in situ

42. - Defence of society against criminality
not only by treating & defending the
offende but also by creating conditions
in community conducive for healthy &
wholesome growth of human life.
- Entire range of preventive, therapeutic
& rehabilitative services for the
protection of society from antisocial,
criminal or deviant conduct of man

43. - Measures related to the control of juvenile
delinquency, eradication of beggary, social & moral
hygienic programs, welfare of prisoners, prison
reforms, elimination of prostitution, control of
alcoholism, drug addiction & suicides
- Children Act (prevention &control of juvenile
delinquency)
- Suppression of Immoral Traffic in Woman & Girls Act(
elimination of prostitution)
- GOI renamed Central Bureau of Correctional Services
as National Institute of Social Defence in 1975(
Ministry of Social Welfare)