3. US Labor Productivity: Annual Changes in Non-Farm Output per Hour Worked, 1990-2006

4. Return on Equity of US Manufacturing Corporations, 1990-200 3 Source: US Bureau of the Census

5. The value of mergers and acquisitions worldwide Source : Thomson Financial Securities Data

9. The Need to Redesign Organizations THE PAST THE FUTURE Emphasis on control Emphasis on co-ordination Decisions located centrally Decisions located where relevant knowledge exists Simple structures , u nified line of command Multidimensional structures Diffused authority, but clear responsibilities Single performance goal Multiple performance goals Organization by design Self organization

10. Emerging Organizational Forms Process-based Organizing around business processes organizations Organizing around corporate processes - entrepreneurial process - competence building process - renewal process From unitary to parallel Separate coordination structures for structures different processes . E .g. 3M ’s product development structure; separate structures for TQM and change management Project-based organization E.g. engineering cos., consulting firms , also manufacturing cos. e.g. Oticon Network and v irtual E .g. e lectronics in Silicon Valley , c lothing o rganization and packaging equip ment in Italy Organizing for capability Shifting emphasis of organization development design from control to coordination