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Grammar Book Dos
      Kipa Keith
Table of Contents
•   Imperfect

•   Preterite
    •    Car/gar/ zar
    •    Spock
    •    Cucaracha
    •    Snake/snakey


•   Model Verbs

•   Adverbs

•   Progressive- present/past

•   Future (+Irregular and conditional)

•   Superlatives

•   Formal commands

•   Prepositions

•   Demonstratives
Imperfect Verb Forms

aba             ábamos       ía             íamos
abas            abais        ías            íais
aba             aban         ía             ían

       Uses:
       Ongoing action (was/were)
       Repeated action (used to)
       No definite beginning or end
       Time/date/age/feeling/descriptions
       Interrupted activity (cuando)
Imperfect Irregulares
                     Ir        Ser       Ver
Yo                   iba       era       veía
Tú                   ibas      eras      veías
El, Ella, Ud.        iba       era       veía
Nosotros             íbamos    éramos    veíamos
Vosotros             ibais     erais     veíais
Ellos, Ellas, Uds.   iban      eran      veían
Preterite
        • Past tense verb

        • “Snapshot” back in time

        • The action has a beginning and an ending
                                               ar     er/ir
        • It is a completed action
                   -gar                        é      í
            gué     gamos
            gaste                              aste   iste
            gó      garon
                                                      ió
    -car                            -zar
qué     camos               cé         zamos
                                               amos   imos
caste                       zaste
có      caron               zó        zaron    aron   ieron
Spock
            Ir o ser
            fui
            fuiste
            fue
            fuiemos
            fueron
                       dar o ver
                       i
                       iste
  hacer                io
  hice                 imos
  hiciste              ieron
  hizo
  hicimos
  hicieron
Cucaracha
 Andar         Anduv-
 Estar         Estuv-
 Poder         Pud-                  e
 Poner
 Querer
             
             
                 Pus-
                 Quis-
                                       iste
 Saber         Sup-                  o
 Tener         Tuv-
 Venir         Vin-                  imos
 Decir      
 Traer      
                 Dij-
                 Traj-
                                       isteis
 Conducir      Conduj-   Drop i ->   ieron
 Producir      Produj-
 Traducir      Traduj-
Snake/Snakey:
           Preterite Verbs with a Y Spelling Change


Snake
Stem Changers
*Dormir
>Dormí             To write the third
>Dormiste          person (singular
>Durmió            and plural)
                   preterite form of
>Dormimos          –er and –ir verbs        Snakey
>Dumieron          with stems that          Y Changers
                   end in a vowel,          *Leer
                   change the I to y.
                                            >Leí
                                            >Leiste
                                            >Leyó
                                            >Leimos
                                            >Leyeron
Modal Verbs
*conjugate and pair the modal verb with an infinitive to
  get a new meaning.
• Ir+a+infinitive (going to do something)
• Poder+infinitive (are able to do something)
• Querer+infinitive (want to do something)
• Deber+infinitive (should do something)
• Tenerque+infinitive (to have to do something)
• Soler+infinitive (to be accustomed)
Los Adverbios
• -mente adverbs: when 2 adverbs modify the
  same verb, only the 2nd one uses the –mente
  ending, but the other still has to go feminine.
• e ->e
• o -> a
• Constant -> constant
• Ex: Juan trabajalentaycuidadosamente.
Progressive tense
• Estar + -ando / -iendo / -yendo

• Present Progressive formed by combining “to
  be” with the present participle:

Estoyhablando a ti. Estanleyendo un libro.

• Past Participle is an ongoing action:

Estabahablando a ti. Estabanleyendo un libro.
uture
                         “will”


• Infinitive +   é       Los irregulares
                 ás
                         Decir Dir
                 á       HacerHar
                                                é
                         PonerPondr
                 emos    SalirSaldr
                                                ás
                                                á
                 án      TenerTendr    ending
                                                emos
                         ValerVendr             án
                         PoderPodr
                         QuererQuerr
                         Saber Sabr
Conditional
Means would, could, must have, or probably.
               ía
               ías
Infinitive +   ía
               íamos
               íais
               ían
Superlatives
                                                 más…que
                                                menos…que



•Used to say that something
 has the most or least of a
 certain quality
                         Jose es el chicomás alto.
                               Jose is the tallest boy.
                          Maria es la menosalta.
                               Maria is the least tall.

  El más    El menos
 Los más   Los menos
 La más    La menos
 Las más   Las menos
Formal commands

Usted(es) affirmative        Usted(es) negative
• Put in “yo” form.        • Same as affirmative

• Drop the –o ending       • Add “no” in front.

• Change opposite vowel.
  • Ex: -ar verbs:
    -e (Ud.), -en (Uds.)
  • -er and -ir verbs:
    -a (Ud.), -an (Uds.)
                                        Irregulars:
                                        TVDISHES
Prepositions
• Abajo       • Below

• Arriba      • Above

• Debajo de   • Below

• Dentro de   • Inside

• Encima de   • On top of

• Fuerada     • Outside
Demonstratives
Agree in number and gender with the noun they
modify
Come in front of the noun they modify
Singular
Este/ esta –this (aqui)
Ese/ esa –that (alli)
Aquel/ aquella –that over there (alla)
Plural
Estos/ estas –these (aqui)
Esos/ esas –those (alli)
Aquellos/ aquellas –those over there (alla)

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Grammar book dos

  • 1. Grammar Book Dos Kipa Keith
  • 2. Table of Contents • Imperfect • Preterite • Car/gar/ zar • Spock • Cucaracha • Snake/snakey • Model Verbs • Adverbs • Progressive- present/past • Future (+Irregular and conditional) • Superlatives • Formal commands • Prepositions • Demonstratives
  • 3. Imperfect Verb Forms aba ábamos ía íamos abas abais ías íais aba aban ía ían Uses: Ongoing action (was/were) Repeated action (used to) No definite beginning or end Time/date/age/feeling/descriptions Interrupted activity (cuando)
  • 4. Imperfect Irregulares Ir Ser Ver Yo iba era veía Tú ibas eras veías El, Ella, Ud. iba era veía Nosotros íbamos éramos veíamos Vosotros ibais erais veíais Ellos, Ellas, Uds. iban eran veían
  • 5. Preterite • Past tense verb • “Snapshot” back in time • The action has a beginning and an ending ar er/ir • It is a completed action -gar é í gué gamos gaste aste iste gó garon ió -car -zar qué camos cé zamos amos imos caste zaste có caron zó zaron aron ieron
  • 6. Spock Ir o ser fui fuiste fue fuiemos fueron dar o ver i iste hacer io hice imos hiciste ieron hizo hicimos hicieron
  • 7. Cucaracha  Andar  Anduv-  Estar  Estuv-  Poder  Pud- e  Poner  Querer   Pus- Quis- iste  Saber  Sup- o  Tener  Tuv-  Venir  Vin- imos  Decir   Traer  Dij- Traj- isteis  Conducir  Conduj- Drop i -> ieron  Producir  Produj-  Traducir  Traduj-
  • 8. Snake/Snakey: Preterite Verbs with a Y Spelling Change Snake Stem Changers *Dormir >Dormí To write the third >Dormiste person (singular >Durmió and plural) preterite form of >Dormimos –er and –ir verbs Snakey >Dumieron with stems that Y Changers end in a vowel, *Leer change the I to y. >Leí >Leiste >Leyó >Leimos >Leyeron
  • 9. Modal Verbs *conjugate and pair the modal verb with an infinitive to get a new meaning. • Ir+a+infinitive (going to do something) • Poder+infinitive (are able to do something) • Querer+infinitive (want to do something) • Deber+infinitive (should do something) • Tenerque+infinitive (to have to do something) • Soler+infinitive (to be accustomed)
  • 10. Los Adverbios • -mente adverbs: when 2 adverbs modify the same verb, only the 2nd one uses the –mente ending, but the other still has to go feminine. • e ->e • o -> a • Constant -> constant • Ex: Juan trabajalentaycuidadosamente.
  • 11. Progressive tense • Estar + -ando / -iendo / -yendo • Present Progressive formed by combining “to be” with the present participle: Estoyhablando a ti. Estanleyendo un libro. • Past Participle is an ongoing action: Estabahablando a ti. Estabanleyendo un libro.
  • 12. uture “will” • Infinitive + é Los irregulares ás Decir Dir á HacerHar é PonerPondr emos SalirSaldr ás á án TenerTendr ending emos ValerVendr án PoderPodr QuererQuerr Saber Sabr
  • 13. Conditional Means would, could, must have, or probably. ía ías Infinitive + ía íamos íais ían
  • 14. Superlatives más…que menos…que •Used to say that something has the most or least of a certain quality Jose es el chicomás alto. Jose is the tallest boy. Maria es la menosalta. Maria is the least tall. El más El menos Los más Los menos La más La menos Las más Las menos
  • 15. Formal commands Usted(es) affirmative Usted(es) negative • Put in “yo” form. • Same as affirmative • Drop the –o ending • Add “no” in front. • Change opposite vowel. • Ex: -ar verbs: -e (Ud.), -en (Uds.) • -er and -ir verbs: -a (Ud.), -an (Uds.) Irregulars: TVDISHES
  • 16. Prepositions • Abajo • Below • Arriba • Above • Debajo de • Below • Dentro de • Inside • Encima de • On top of • Fuerada • Outside
  • 17. Demonstratives Agree in number and gender with the noun they modify Come in front of the noun they modify Singular Este/ esta –this (aqui) Ese/ esa –that (alli) Aquel/ aquella –that over there (alla) Plural Estos/ estas –these (aqui) Esos/ esas –those (alli) Aquellos/ aquellas –those over there (alla)