This paper deals with modern trends in police force

1. MODERN TRENDS IN POLICING
Introduction
1. The policing will be transformed far more in the ten years between 2015 and
2525 than in several preceding generations. The most significant trend will continue
to be the application of technology to law enforcement, manifest in nearly every facet
of policing. Technology will help solve crimes, prevent crimes, and facilitate crimes
that haven’t yet been conceived. Evolving human factors will equally impact law
enforcement as the nation’s population ages.
2. One major key element of our society is the Scientific and technological
progress Police responsibilities and the way they are performed should always be
viewed in economic circumstances and developments. Any changes in these areas
are very much likely to lead to subsequent changes in the general framework for the
police service and police work. The police service as an organization needs to react
to that. This paper deals with the challenges that the future holds for the police.
3. The police being integrated into society are also involved in this process of
change. Changes affect police responsibilities. In other words: challenges and
expectations regarding the way in which the police should perform their duties. New
challenges and new phenomena should be identified in time and should be analyzed,
whether there are new forms of crime, changing security needs of the general public,
coping with new societal trends, migration or changes in the internal organization.
Aim
4. The aim of this dissertation is to analyse the modern trends in police
Preview
5. The subject matter will be dealt with in the following parts :-
(a) Part I: Modern trends in policing.
(b) Part II: Modern techniques in investigation.
(c) Part III: Recommendations.

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PART I : MODERN TRENDS IN POLICING
Hi-tech Crime Fighting
6. Almost every high-level police, the core of intelligence-led policing is
identification of specific criminal activities or specific criminal populations and
targeted enforcement against the highest-risk crimes or criminals to achieve overall
reduction in the impact of crime in a community
7. The human element of intelligence-led policing involves the intelligence
analyst. As we move into the next decade, intelligence analysts will become more
common at smaller- and mid-sized police agencies, and are already absolute
requisites for effective larger agencies. The hi tech terror attacks and subsequent
terrorist efforts awoke police to the need to understand the infrastructures in
community food and water supplies, power grids, telecommunications, transportation
systems, and even financial institutions as those entities will became prime terror
targets.
8. Not only does that mean that police administrators and command staff must
develop new areas of familiarity and forge new networks, but it also implies that the
increasingly professional intelligence analyst will continue to gain prominence in the
police agency. As police agencies make basic changes in gathering, assessing,
communicating and sharing information, the analyst will be at the center of systems
development and management.
SURVEILLANCE CAMERA
9. The decrease in cost and increase in quality of surveillance cameras, coupled
with a greater public acceptance of street surveillance, will push the trend toward
more cameras in high population centers and particularly in high vehicle- and
pedestrian-traffic areas. Great Britain, with an estimated four million public
surveillance cameras in operation, has led this trend. A spree of Irish Republican
Army bombings in the early nineties fed the appetite for mass public surveillance. In
some areas of Great Britain, a new camera cluster called The Bug is undergoing
extensive testing. This device features an array of eight cameras. The cameras are
supported by software that prompts them to scan for suspicious behavior, such as
running or sudden and violent body movements, and then lock on the suspect and
track the suspect on camera. How long will it be before we see similar devices in
metropolitan subways and busy street corners in major Indian cities?
USE OF NANO TECH
10. What lies ahead in video surveillance? Among other things, there will be
surveillance systems a generation beyond ‘The Bug’ that recognize the patterns of a
particular crime, such as an assault or robbery, and instantly dispatch police officers.
Facial recognition systems that identify known criminals or wanted persons and
telegraph their location and travel direction to officers are already available. One
developer is working on small surveillance drone aircraft that can actually follow

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suspects and record and transmit their movements and actions. Also under
development are nanotechnology devices that will detect the components of
explosive, chemical and biological weapons. These devices would be deployed in
high-threat target areas and would function as constant, real-time passive detectors.
DNA TECH
11. Though perhaps the trend has moderated, the public has become increasingly
tolerant of privacy intrusions following 9/11. Courts are just beginning to struggle with
the legal implications of new privacy intrusions. Lawyers and judges are trying to
shape new provisions in evidence rules to accommodate the expansion of electronic
surveillance and security searches. The Innocence Project estimates that mistaken
eyewitness identification contributed to the wrongful conviction in 75 percent of the
cases where DNA evidence conclusively exonerated the convicted defendant. This
has lead courts to carefully scrutinize how police administer line-ups and show-ups
and to promote the use of technology to record identification procedures.
MOBILE SURVEILLANCE
12. The latest tech in fighting against the crime fighting is mobile surveillance. A
lot criminal has been caught because of this tech. Despite the fact that it is intrusion
in the privacy of a common man
IN-CAR VIDEO SYSTEMS
13 Though in-car video systems have been around for some time, several
agencies in Great Britain and Europe are experimenting with wearable video
recording devices that are capable of recording an officer’s activity for an entire shift.
Constant electronic recording of police activity may become the new core of police
accountability. TASER International launched the AXON “tactical computer” that
features a tiny, high-quality wearable camera that snugs around the ear, much like a
wireless cell phone headset. The camera can also be mounted on other parts of an
officer’s uniform or equipment. Whatever the officer sees in front of him, the AXON’s
camera captures. One prosecutor recently credited the AXON for clearing an officer
involved in a fatal shooting of a man who pointed a gun at him during a domestic
violence call. So more and more hi tech wearable cameras will soon be available.
COURT RULES ARE ALREADY RAPIDLY CHANGING IN THIS AREA.
14. Police officers are trained to remember that “if it isn’t in the report, it didn’t
happen.” Soon, perhaps, the new maxim will be, “if it isn’t on your daily video log, it
didn’t happen.” In the past few years, the courts have strongly encouraged audio or
video recording of interrogations. In the coming years, it is expected that this trend
will grow.

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PART II: MODERN TECHNIQUES IN INVESTIGATION
Forensic Informatics
15. In today's society, most people have at least one computer in their home, and
that has become another forensic tool for investigating crimes and catching
perpetrators. A computer trail can be likened to leaving digital footprints in a sense.
Child pornography rings can be located through people's use of Internet sites, for
example, and examining a person's hard drive can uncover other evidence to crack a
case. In murder investigations where pre-meditation is suspected, the forensic team
may find evidence of searches on how to kill people or on poisons, or they may find
incriminating email communication that helps to convict a suspect.
Computer forensic
16. Computer or digital forensics is the study of how technology is used to commit
crimes. Computer forensic specialists use computer hardware and software to
recover information from machines that could be used in criminal trials.
Crime Scene Investigation
17. Crime Scene Investigation is the field of collecting information from a crime
scene for the goal of recreating a crime and using the evidence in criminal trials.
Cyber Security
18. Cyber Security is the area of forensics that is devoted to actively protecting
information. Cyber security specialists use computer hardware and software to track
data thieves, thwart e-terrorists and protect sensitive electronic information.
Forensic Accounting
19. A forensic accountant uses basic accounting and investigative skills to find
defects in financial statements that may be indicative of criminal activity. They
perform audits on financial and legal files and present their findings in trials.
Forensic nursing

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20. Forensic nurses learn how to identify and treat victims of violent acts such as
abuse and rape. Forensic nurses are also trained on how to gather and present
evidence of these actions in court.
Forensic Science
21. Forensic Science is the general study of how science can be used for legal
purposes. Forensic scientists range from biological researchers to psychologists and
have many specialized skills.
Forensic Psychology
22. The study of Forensic Psychology specializes in how criminals and their
victims behave and how it affects them emotionally and mentally. Forensic
psychologists are often asked to present findings in court, especially in cases where
mental illness could be a cause of violent acts.
TECHNIQUES
Automated Fingerprint Identification System
23. It is much easier to identify fingerprints left at crime scenes in modern times
thanks to the automated fingerprint identification system, also known as AFIS. In the
past, suspects were fingerprinted using black ink. The updated method involves
rolling fingers and palms of suspects onto a glass plate on a scan terminal. An
identification technician sends the print images to the AFIS to be compared with
millions of fingerprints in a database. The AFIS identifies any matches to a person
that was previously arrested or someone who has a warrant out on them within a
matter of minutes.
Body fluid test
24. A variety of tests are used in cases of sexual assault and homicide to identify
body fluids at the scene of a crime. Body fluids include saliva, semen and blood.
Forensic technicians test for semen using acid phosphatase. When this enzyme is
applied to semen, it will turn a purple colour. Blood is identified by applying the
"Kastle-Meyer" test. This involves using phenolphthalein, which is clear but turns pink
when blood is detected. Another modern blood detection chemical is luminol. Crime
investigators will spray luminol around a room and then turn the lights off. Even tiny
droplets of blood will be revealed. To test for the presence of saliva, technicians use
the Phadebas Amylase test. When saliva is present on an article of clothing or
bedding, a blue dye is released due to the amylase being present.

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DNA Analysis
25. One of major updates in criminal investigation methods is the use of DNA
analysis. Since the late 1980s, advances involving DNA technology have helped to
convict criminals and eliminate innocent suspects from suspicion. DNA analysis is
used on skin tissue, blood, saliva, semen and hair and is now considered a reliable
tool in linking criminals to crimes they committed. DNA analysis is used today by
defence lawyers, prosecutors, police and courts.
Computer forensics
26. The latest tech of checking cyber crime is digital copy of HDD, digital foot
print, incriminating mtrl/mail and search history
Trace evidence
27. It is the importance facet of crime scene investigation which includes residual
traces like gunshot, paint, glass and traces of illicit drugs
Conclusion
28. The emergence of new and unforeseen security threats has led to a breaking
down of Boundaries between police and military. New internal security threats
include the need to maintain social inclusion in a rapidly changing society, by
addressing entrenched social problems and behaviours. If the above reqmts are met,
not only will the police be better prepared but also be a much more motivated force
which would also contribute to the overall health of society

7. 6
DNA Analysis
25. One of major updates in criminal investigation methods is the use of DNA
analysis. Since the late 1980s, advances involving DNA technology have helped to
convict criminals and eliminate innocent suspects from suspicion. DNA analysis is
used on skin tissue, blood, saliva, semen and hair and is now considered a reliable
tool in linking criminals to crimes they committed. DNA analysis is used today by
defence lawyers, prosecutors, police and courts.
Computer forensics
26. The latest tech of checking cyber crime is digital copy of HDD, digital foot
print, incriminating mtrl/mail and search history
Trace evidence
27. It is the importance facet of crime scene investigation which includes residual
traces like gunshot, paint, glass and traces of illicit drugs
Conclusion
28. The emergence of new and unforeseen security threats has led to a breaking
down of Boundaries between police and military. New internal security threats
include the need to maintain social inclusion in a rapidly changing society, by
addressing entrenched social problems and behaviours. If the above reqmts are met,
not only will the police be better prepared but also be a much more motivated force
which would also contribute to the overall health of society