1. The intellectual property landscape of the human genome Kyle Jensen PhD Candidate MIT Chemical Engineering Fiona Murray Assistant Professor Management of Technology Innovation & Entrepreneurship MIT Sloan School of Management

2. The “tragedy of the anti-commons” describes resource under-usage when many agents have rights to exclude M. A. Heller, R. S. Eisenberg, Science 280 , 698 (1998). Tragedy of the commons Tragedy of the anti-commons

3. There is some evidence for an anti-commons effect in the broader field of biotechnology Use forward citations as a measure of scientific progress All publications from Nature Biotech 97-99 Patent Grant Date Patent Patent FC jt FC jt FC jt FC jt FC jt FC jt FC jt Publication Publication Publication Publication FC jt FC jt FC jt FC jt FC jt F. Murray, S. Stern, NBER Working Paper 11465 , 2005.

5. The growth in sequence-oriented IPR prompts many of the same questions for the human geome 1:50 scale How much of the human genome is covered by IPR? By whom? D. L. Wheeler, et al. , Nucleic Acids Res 33 Database Issue , 39 (2005). No. sequences in Genbank No. sequences disclosed in issued US patents

8. An all-by-all homology search was used to determine which patented sequences correspond to human genes USPTO Patent Sequences 796,630 sequences (82,395 claimed) from 30,048 patents NCBI RefSeq 495,772 sequences from 2,969 species Blastn Eval = 0.0 >= 150 bp Conflicts resolved by highest bit-score X Patent 1 sequences Patent 2 sequences Patent N sequences Gene 1 transcripts Gene M transcripts NCBI, The RefSeq Database, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/RefSeq/ (2005). K. D. Pruitt, T. Tatusova, D. R. Maglott, Nucleic Acids Res 33 Database Issue , 501 (2005).

9. Our analysis show that 4,382 of the 23,688 genes in the human genome are claimed in granted U.S. patents NCBI Map Viewer. Build 35.1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mapview/ (2005). D. Maglott, J. Ostell, K. D. Pruitt, T. Tatusova, Nucleic Acids Res 33 Database Issue , 54 (2005).

10. Most genes are claimed in only a single patent; a few genes are covered by extensive IPR

11. The most IP-protected genes tend to be involved in cancer and cellular processes such as signal transduction, cellular differentiation, and cell proliferation NCBI Map Viewer. Build 35.1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mapview/ (2005). D. Maglott, J. Ostell, K. D. Pruitt, T. Tatusova, Nucleic Acids Res 33 Database Issue , 54 (2005).

12. The institutions with the most gene-oriented patents tend to be biotech or research institutes rather than larger pharmaceutical companies * * Variations in assignee names across patents strongly effects this result. For example HGS is occasionally “ Human Genome Sciences” instead of “Human Genome Sciences, Inc.” Also, this does not account for mergers and acquisitions or subsidiary relationships. Assignee name standardization by EPO. European Patent Office, INPADOC, http://www.european-patent-office.org/inpadoc/ (2005).

13. Private US-based firms tend to own the most human gene IP

14. Most genes have a single rights-holder; however a handful of genes have highly fragmented IPR ownership

16. A patent density view of disease pathways reveals the IP barrier of various targets Huntington's disease pathway

17. Questions?