2. 60 million deaths (military & civilian)
Millions of refugees
Soviet Union
China
Eastern Europe
Japan (Hiroshima & Nagasaki)
New mentality about civilians as “casualties of war”
Shifting of “western” power to the United States and
“eastern” power to the Soviet Union
De-colonization of Africa, India & SE Asia
A commitment to internationalism
3.
4.
5. No more isolationism
Commitment to the United Nations
Housed in New York City
Forum for resolving international disputes
Has political rights
Active in creating the World Bank and International
Monetary Fund (IMF) to prevent world depression
and stimulate economic growth globally
6.
7. After 2 horrendous wars, Europe bounced back as a
prosperous region by 1970. Why?
3. An industrial society is a resilient society.
4. Nationalism was set aside in favor of international
economic cooperation
5. The United States was not touched physically by the
wars, and it was far away from communist countries
1. Oh…and the US had…
8.
9.
10. $12 billion “gift” from the US (the Marshall Plan)
Help rebuild war-torn Western Europe
Prevent a depression
Keep Europeans buying American goods
Prevent Europeans from seeing communism as a viable
option
Encourage European Economic Cooperation (common
trade policies, reduced tariffs, easier travel)
1957 – the EEC is created (Common Market)
1994 – EEC is renamed “European Union – EU”
2002 – 12 member nations adopt the Euro
11.
12. Americans wanted Europe to feel protected from
another German resurgence and the spreading of
communism:
1949 – North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
USA commits to using its nuclear arsenal, if necessary,
to protect members of this alliance
Ensures that West Germany is a capitalist ally
1955 – Warsaw Pact allies communist countries with
each other
13.
14. US military occupies Japan from 1945-1952
Unbelievable economic growth (10% per year)
$2 billion in American aid
US bought materials & supplies from Japan to fight
the Korean War (1950-1953)
A democratic constitution is forced on Japan
They aren’t allowed to have a self-sufficient military
Therefore they have more $ to invest in production of
goods
17. 1970s – 1/3 of the world’s population lived in a
communist-run country
Soviet Union
China
North Korea
Vietnam
Laos & Cambodia
Cuba
Afghanistan
But…it was supposed to be a global revolution!
18. Karl Marx = Father of Communism
1848 – “The Communist Manifesto”
A response to industrial wealth & exploitation of workers
Calls for violent overthrow of existing society
Workers overtake factories & government
All wealth & power is distributed equally within society
No private ownership of land, goods, etc
“Classless Society” will emerge
This revolution has no nation…it spreads worldwide.
19.
20. Serfdom ends in 1861
Free peasantry is a miserable life
Tsars fear industrialization
Nicholas II begins industrializing in 1890s
Loses war to Japan in 1905
People are ignored; Nicholas does what he wants
Makes alliance with Britain & France
Fights WWI – more losses than anyone
Workers and soldiers abandon the tsar
Communists gain support (Bolsheviks)
21. Vladimir Lenin admires Marxist socialism
(communism)
Supports “soviets” of workers to resist the tsar and
then the provisional government
Bolsheviks claim power in 1917
Lenin signs Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany to
get Russia out of WWI
Bolshevik Red Army fights a civil war against non-
communists until 1921
Support comes from workers and farmers
Lenin is victorious – renames Russia (Soviet Union or
USSR)
22.
23. Qing Dynasty fell in 1911
New Republic was elite and urban while the
population was mostly rural poor
1921 – very small Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is
founded to help the small working class
By 1927, Mao Zedong became the leader of the CCP
Very charismatic & a natural leader
Began seeking support of the rural peasants
Promises to redistribute land, lower taxes & educate
Civil War erupts between Nationalists & Communists
24.
25.
26. Aggressively fights against Japanese imperialism
Fights against the Japanese in WWII
Nationalists were more concerned with defeating the
communists than defeating the Japanese!
1949 – Communists claim full victory
Nationalist government flees to Taiwan
US will only recognize the Taiwanese group as the
legitimate government!
27.
28. Modernization and industrialization
Rejection and hatred of capitalism
Class and gender equality!
Collectivization of agriculture & industry
Cultural values of selflessness
Creating a single-party system
Total control over every aspect of citizens’ lives
“Totalitarianism”
Lots of propaganda
Secret police
Outlawing of religion!
29. China
Political equality Freedom of marriage
Abortions legal Easy divorce
Divorce legal Attack on Confucian
Women in factories principles of marriage
Maternity leave End of child marriage
Men hated this! Property rights
Stalin repeals most of it Women in factories
Men hated this!
30.
31. China
Communism started in Communism started in
the cities the fields
Redistributed land
Redistributed land
Confucian peasants had
Russian peasants did this
to be convinced to attack
automatically social superiors
Many landlords killed Many landlords killed
Violent collectivization Peaceful collectivization
of agriculture of agriculture
32.
33. China
Unprecedented economic Unprecedented economic
growth 1930s growth 1950s
Stalin’s 5 Year Plans Massive forced labor in
Massive, forced labor in factories
factories Technology improved
Technology improved Rural areas exploited
Rural areas exploited Urban elites emerge
Corruption and elitism Mao tries a backlash
continues throughout the against elitism (Great Leap
time of the USSR Forward)