The document summarizes important theories and research on distance education. The Theory of Independent Study by Charles Wedemeyer outlines six characteristics of distance learning including the student and teacher being in different locations and learning taking place through individual student activity. Malcolm Knowles' theory of Andragogy describes characteristics of adult education, such as creating a supportive learning environment and using instruction that fits learner needs and interests. Research on online teaching and learning identifies four primary categories that impact distance education, including course environment, learner outcomes, learner characteristics, and administrative factors. Key findings indicate a lack of clear definitions, need for instructional design theory, and that interaction and reducing learner anxiety are important for success in online programs.

1. Research and Theories of Distance Education

2. Important Theories Theory of Independent Study Charles Wedemeyer (1981) Andragogy Malcolm Knowles (1990)

3. Theory of Independent Study 6 Characteristics: Student and learner are not in same location Teaching and learning procedures are covered through writing or other medium Teaching is individualized Learning takes places through student activity Learning is made convenient in student’s environment Learner is responsible for progress

4. Theory of Independent Study 4 Elements of Teaching and Learning Teacher Learner Communication System Information to be learned

5. Andragogy Characteristics for adult education Environment should promote respect and dignity Supportive environment Information should fit the needs and interest of the learner Clear course objectives, resources, and timelines General-to-specific instruction works best Active participation should be encouraged

6. Research

7. Online Teaching and Learning Tallent-Runnels et al (2006) Four primary categories Course environment Learner outcomes Learner characteristics Institutional and administrative characteristics

8. Key finding Lack of clear definition for key terminology Lack of theory guiding instructional design Positive feelings towards online learning Lack of computer anxiety among students Design and quality of online instruction is important Online Teaching and Learning

9. Key Findings in Research Motivation is large factor of success Interaction is important Anxiety felt by learner leads to non-completion Completers typically have higher educational goals and study a minimum of 10 hours per week Distance does not predict level of learning Medium is not significant