1. 38 SHODH, SAMIKSHA AUR MULYANKAN
International Indexed & Refereed Research Journal, ISSN 0974-2832,(Print) E- ISSN-2320-5474, December,2013, VOL-V * ISSUE- 59
Inroduction
Perhaps the most spectacular and joyous part
of Volley ball is smashing or spiking. Latest strategies
insist on all spikers and all defenders. The final aim of
the team during a rally is to 'kill' the ball, smashing is
considered as the best form of attack. Even though
snap shot and place shots have great importance in a
game, a really good drive has its own charm and pace
involleyball.Evenaboostingtheballplaysanimportant
role in smashing the ball. With the progress in
advanced defence tactics the job of smasher has
become very difficult. Unfortunately, the physical
requirements for top level smashers are more limiting
than for any other role in Volley ball. The player must
be tall and have a good functional efficiency. Physical
and motor traits play a vital role in contributing to
spiking ability of the player. The spiker's arts is one of
themostdifficultofVolleyballaccomplishments,forat
themovementofimpactboththespikerand theballare
in the air, an attacking situation that appears to be
unique in sports. The ingredients of successful spik-
ing are speed, judgment of distance and space,
concentration,timing,agility,ambidexterity,periferical
vision and ability to keep high in air.
Generally successful spiking is a total result
of a good pass. That means the skill of booster, howhe
set the pass skillfully. To setting the ball in a perfect
positionintheairisdepend onthebooster'sskill.Good
boosting includes judgment, foot work, leg and back
Number of studies had been completed in the past to find out the relationship of body composition status and perfor-
mance of the players in different discipline. The objectives of such studies to know the status of the performance and to
improve the standard of the players. While going through the literature researcher across the studies on relationship of
angle of foot or longitudinal height of the arch and functional efficiency of the foot. According to the purpose of the study
researcher collected the data from the Inter collegiate Volley Ball Competition. Twenty-five Boosters and Smashers were
selected for the study. Anthropometric measurements were recorded for determining the body composition. Angle of foot
was recorded by foot prints taken down on a paper with the help of 'Pedograph'. Functional efficiency variables viz.
vertical jump, standing broad jump, 400 Mt. run, Leg and Back strength, ankle flexibility and balance were recorded.
To find out the correlation, Pearson's Product Movement Correlation was used. It was noted that there is no relationship
of body composition with the functional efficiency of boosters, except the leg strength. Insignificant correlation was
observed between the body composition and functional efficiency of smashers. Relationship of angle of foot with the
functional efficiency of boosters and smashers were recorded insignificant except standing broad jump variable of
boosters. From the findings of the study the results was not satisfactory and impressive, regarding the body composition
and angle of foot with the playing activity.
Keywords - Body Composition, Angle of Foot, Functional Efficiency. Boosters and Smashers.
spring and other fitness factors. It is obvious from the
above discussion that performance of boosters and
smashers are totally related with the physical fitness
and foot work of the players. The movement of each
joints also plays important role in activity,particularly
the movement of the leg joints affect the foot work. It
is seen that few researcher have also tried to know the
relation between angle of foot arch and functional
efficiency of the athletes. Generally foot is used
vigorouslyinallphysical activityincludinggamesand
sports. So, it is therefore interesting to undertake the
study to know the relationship of body composition
and angle offootwiththefunctionalefficiency. Incase
of Volleyball toes and heels plays a dominant role in
boosting and smashing skills. So it was decided to find
out the relationship of body composition and angle of
foot with the functional efficiency of boosters and
smashersinVolleyball.
Methodology and Pocedure
Accordingto purposeofthestudy,researcher
collected the data from Inter collegiate Volley Ball
Competition. Twentyfive boosters and smashers were
selected for the study. Skinfold measurement of
abdominal,chestandarmwerecollectedfordetermining
the body composition. Angle of foot was recorded by
foot prints taken down on a paper with the help of
handmade device (8). This device was made by using
the 'Padogram" technique. Standard procedure was
adopted for scoring the angle of foot (CBD) as shown
Relationship of Body Composition andAngle of Foot
With The Functional Efficiency of Boosters and
Smashers In Volley Ball
* Dr. Ravindra M. Kadu.
Research Paper -Physical Education
December , 2013
A B S T R A C T
*Assot. Prof, Shri Shivaji College of Physical Education,Amravati. (M.S.)

2. 39SHODH, SAMIKSHA AUR MULYANKAN
International Indexed & Refereed Research Journal, ISSN 0974-2832,(Print) E- ISSN-2320-5474, December,2013, VOL-V * ISSUE- 59
infollowingfigureno.1.Similarly,functionalefficiency
variables viz. vertical jump, standing broad jump, 400
Mt. Run, leg and back strength, ankle flexibility and
balance were recorded with the help of standard test.
The score of the two days tests thus obtained were
correlated and the coefficients of reliability was ob-
tained for the each test by using test and retest method
of body composition variables, angle of foot, with the
functional efficiency variables.
Analysis of Data and Result ofThe Study
All the score of angle of foot, body composi-
tion and functional efficiency, collected from the sub-
jects were converted in to standard score. After con-
version of raw score to standard T- score, relationship
ofindependent variablesi.e.foot angle and bodycom-
position to the dependent variables of functional effi-
ciency was calculated by applying the formula of
Pearson'sProductmovementCorrelation.Aftergiving
the statistical treatment values of correlation, were
analyzed and tested with null hypothesis and follow-
ing conclusions were drown.
1) There was no relationship of body composition
with the functional efficiency of boosters, except
the leg strength. The coefficient of correlation
valuesoflegstrength'r'(0.5805)wasmoresignifi
cant. Hence, the leg strength maximumcorrelates
with the body composition of boosters.
2) Insignificant correlation was observed between
thebodycompositionandfunctionalefficiencyof
smashers in each dependent variable.
3) Relationship of angle of foot with the functional
efficiencyofboosterswas recorded insignificant,
exceptstandingbroadjump(SBJ)variable.Incase
of booster's SBJ variable of functional efficiency
correlates maximum with the angle of foot (r =
.7088).
4) In case of angle of foot with the functional effi
ciency of smashers, value of coefficient correla
tion 'r' were insignificant. Hence, in case of angle
of foot of smashers were not correlates with the
functional efficiency variable.
5) When comparison between boosters and smash
ersofbodycompositionwithfunctionalefficiency
was drawn, it was concluded that, except leg
strengthvariableofboosters,thevariables offunc
tional efficiency indicates the poor relationship.
6) Similarly,thecomparativevaluesofcoefficientof
correlation between angle of foot and functional
efficiency of boosters and smashers, clearly
showed that all the variables of functional effi
ciency,otherthanstandingbroad jump(SBJ),was
poorlycorrelated.However,valueofcoefficientof
correlation'r'(0.7088)ofSBJofboosterswascor-
relates maximum with the angle of foot.
Discussion
From the statistical analysis of the score, the
results of the correlations are not impressive. The only
relationship seem to be ('r') with leg strength and SBJ
of boosters with body composition and angle of foot
respectively. It has been commonly observed that
boosters are usually stands in a half squat position for
lifting or passing the ball as compare to the smashers.
Therefore, in foot work activity of boosters in Volley
ball, extensor and planter flexor muscles of legs plays
a dominant role.As the test of leg strength and SBJ the
same muscle group is involved. So it can be said that,
positive correlation between leg strength and SBJ of
boosters with body composition and foot angle re-
spectively, is the result of stronger flexor and extensor
muscles of legs.
The findings of correlation between angle of
foot and functional efficiency of boosters and smash-
ers were found insignificant. It may be mention here
that, the pedograph print shows that flexy pad of the
planter surface of the foot and not the bony alignment
of the arch. If the planter muscles are relativelystrong,
there will be relatively more flesh present underneath

3. 40 SHODH, SAMIKSHA AUR MULYANKAN
International Indexed & Refereed Research Journal, ISSN 0974-2832,(Print) E- ISSN-2320-5474, December,2013, VOL-V * ISSUE- 59
1. Carlton R Meyers, "Measurement in Physical Education", The Ronald Press Company, New York, 1974.
2. Harold, M Barrow & Gee Rosemary Mc: A Practical Approach to Measurement in Physical Education, Philadelphia. Lea and Fibiger (second edition) 1971.
3. Harrison H Clark. "An Objective Method of Measuring the height of longitudinal Arch in Foot Examination", Research Quarterly, IV: 3(oct.1933) 99.
4. Harrison H Clark. "Relationship of Strength and Anthropometric Measures to Physical Performance involving the trunk and legs". Research Quarterly, 28 (oct.1955) 23.
5. Janice M Bosworth, "Relationship between vertical jump performance of college women and selected Anthropometric Measurements and Strength variables". Com
pleted research in Health, Physical Education and Recreation. 7 (1965) : 93
6. Thomas Kirk Cureton Jr. "The Validity of Foot Prints as a measure of vertical height of the arch and functional efficiency of the foot", Research Quarterly, III, (1935):7080.
7. Thompson Cameron, "Relationship between Deviations in Human Feet and Their Strength and Flexibility" Doctoral Dissertation, University of Oregon, 1969.
8. Carlton R Meyers, "Measurement in Physical Education", The Ronald Press Company, New York, 1974.
R E F E R E N C E
the arch. This might cause an "apparent" flat foot,
whereas, the foot is in fact a strong and well-muscled
one. Therefore foot angle measurement cannot be a
criterion to know the relationship with the foot skill
performance in which the feet are most actively used.
It is observed that the findings of the study and the
conclusions derived by the Cureton (6) as previously
discussed, regarding the foot angle and functional
efficiency was seem to be similar. Hence, it can be
concluded that, the results derived by Cureton is rela-
tively similar with results of this study even in Indian
condition.