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02 - Fundamentals of Power Line Carrier.pdf
- 1. ABB © ABB University Switzerland - 1 January 07, Markus Vogt, PS BTN Fundamentals of Power Line Carrier Course CHT568 ETL600 Operation&Maintenance
- 2. ABB © ABB Switzerland - 2 Chapter Overview This Chapter Covers the Areas n PLC-Components: n PLC-System n Coupling Units
- 3. ABB © ABB Switzerland - 3 PLC ETL PLC ETL Power Line Private Cable Leased PTT Line (e.g. AF Cable) Port 1 Port 2 Port 3 Port 4 Port 6 Port 5 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3 Port 4 Port 6 Port 5 Optical Fibre Transmission Medium Radio Link Strengths Protection Voice Data Protection Voice Data Weaknesses Range of Available Systems
- 4. ABB © ABB Switzerland - 4 Substation A HV-line eg. 220KV/50Hz Transport of electrical energy Substation B Transmission of data, speech and protection signal PLC- Terminal ETL600 PLC- Terminal ETL600 LT LT CC/CVT CC/CVT Coupling device LMU RF 24-1000kHz RF 24-1000kHz Coupling device LMU Abbreviations: LT-Line Trap, CC-Coupling Capacitor, CVT-Capacitive Voltage Transformer, HV-High Voltage, LMU-Line Matching Unit Components of a PLC Link analog/digital nx 300-3720Hz analog/digital nx 300-3720Hz
- 5. ABB © ABB Switzerland - 5 Attenuation on Homogeneous Line
- 6. ABB © ABB Switzerland - 6 Line Traps, Type DLTC
- 7. ABB © ABB Switzerland - 7 Usage of PLC Line Traps (II) n PLC-signal transmission demands: n HF-blocking elements (e.g. PLC Line Traps) are needed at both coupling points n to ensure defined impedance conditions independent from switching condition of the substation n to prevent undue loss of carrier signal into the substation n to block HF-signals from other sections of the power grid to reuse RF- frequency bands n Energy transportation demands: n HF-blocking elements must be of very low impedance at power frequency and must satisfy all power frequency current demands
- 9. ABB © ABB Switzerland - 9 DLTC Production Range IN(A) Standard IkN(kA) Ikm(kA) Inductance LtN(mH) 400 IEC1 10 25.5 0.2 0.315 0.5 1.0 2.0 IEC2 16 41 0.2 0.315 0.5 1.0 2.0 ANSI 15 38.5 0.2 0.315 0.5 1.0 2.0 630 IEC1 16 41 0.2 0.315 0.5 1.0 2.0 IEC2 20 51 0.2 0.315 0.5 1.0 2.0 800 IEC1 20 51 0.2 0.315 0.5 1.0 2.0 IEC2 25 64 0.2 0.315 0.5 1.0 2.0 ANSI 20 51 0.2 0.315 0.5 1.0 2.0 1000 IEC1 25 64 0.2 0.315 0.5 1.0 2.0 IEC2 31.5 80.5 0.2 0.315 0.5 1.0 2.0 1250 IEC1 31.5 80.5 0.2 0.315 0.5 1.0 2.0 IEC2 40 102 0.2 0.315 0.5 1.0 2.0 ANSI 36 92 0.2 0.315 0.5 1.0 2.0 1600 IEC1 40 102 0.2 0.315 0.5 1.0 2.0 IEC2 50 128 0.2 0.315 0.5 1.0 2.0 ANSI 44 112 0.2 0.315 0.5 1.0 2.0 2000 IEC1 40 102 0.2 0.315 0.5 1.0 2.0 IEC2 50 128 0.2 0.315 0.5 1.0 2.0 ANSI 63 161 0.2 0.315 0.5 1.0 2.0 2500 IEC1 40 102 0.2 0.315 0.5 1.0 2.0 IEC2 50 128 0.2 0.315 0.5 1.0 2.0 3150 IEC1 40 102 0.2 0.315 0.5 1.0 2.0 IEC2 50 128 0.2 0.315 0.5 1.0 2.0 ANSI 63 161 0.2 0.315 0.5 1.0 2.0 4000 IEC1 63 161 0.2 0.315 0.5 1.0 2.0 IEC2 80 204 0.2 0.315 0.5 1.0 2.0 ANSI 80 204 0.2 0.315 0.5 1.0 2.0 and various types to fulfill special customer demands
- 10. ABB © ABB Switzerland - 10 n Maximum system voltage Um n Rated power frequency fpN (50 Hz, 60 Hz) n Nominal current IN (RMS) n Short-time current IkN (RMS) (acc. IEC1, IEC2 or ANSI) n Desired band limit frequencies f1/f2 n Rated blocking impedance (R - trap or Z - trap) n Coupling method and type of line conductor Required determinativ parameters: Example Short time current: Nominal current: 400 A Short-time current IEC1: 10 kA Short-time current IEC2: 16 kA Short-time current ANSI: 15 kA How to Choose a Line Trap
- 11. ABB © ABB Switzerland - 11 n Min. required (Rated) blocking impedance If coupling method and type of line conductor is given select: 600 Ohm 600 Ohm 400 Ohm 400 Ohm Required blocking impedance 350...400 Ohm 350...400 Ohm 280...300 Ohm 280...300 Ohm Line impedance Single Single Bundle (>220 kV) Bundle (>220 kV) Type of conductor Phase to ground Phase to phase Phase to ground Phase to phase Coupling method How to Choose a Line Trap
- 12. ABB © ABB Switzerland - 12 Impedance of Line Trap 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Blocking impedance, -resistance Frequency [kHz] Rated value L1 Arrestor L C R Tuning Device L1 = Main coil of line trap C, L, R = Tuning device elements Equivalent circuit diagram 7
- 13. ABB © ABB Switzerland - 13 Band Limits Lower band limit [kHz] 0 50 100 150 200 0 100 200 300 400 500 1.0 mH 0.5 mH 0.315 mH 2.0 mH 0.2 mH Upper band limit [kHz] Valid for blocking resistance Rb > 400 Ohm Band Tuned Line Traps Type DLTC
- 14. ABB © ABB Switzerland - 14 Band Limits Lower band limit [kHz] 0 50 100 150 200 0 100 200 300 400 500 Upper band limit [kHz] 1.0 mH 0.5 mH 0.315 mH 2.0 mH 0.2 mH 250 Band Tuned Line Traps Type DLTC Blocking resistance Rb> 600Ohm
- 15. ABB © ABB Switzerland - 15 Flexible Mounting Mounted on support Suspended
- 16. ABB © ABB Switzerland - 16 Coupling Capacitors & Capacitor Voltage Transformers
- 17. ABB © ABB Switzerland - 17 CVD Coupling Capacitor CC : CCA - - - Capacitor Voltage Transformer CVT: - CPA CPB CPB Elecromagnetic Unit EMU : - EOA EOB EOB Capacitive Voltage Divider CVD : CSA CSA CSA CSB EMU Coupling Capacitors & Capacitor Voltage Transformers
- 18. ABB © ABB Switzerland - 18 3‘500 pF 525 kV CCA 550 4‘800 pF 420 kV CCA 420 5‘300 pF 362 kV CCA 362 6‘400 pF 300 kV CCA 300 7‘600 pF 245 kV CCA 245 10‘600 pF 170 kV CCA 170 12‘700 pF 145 kV CCA 145 14‘700 pF 123 kV CCA 123 23‘800 pF 72.5 kV CCA 72 Rated capacitance System voltage Type * *As well valid for capacitor voltage transformer CPA Standard capacitance: Coupling Capacitors & Capacitor Voltage Transformers
- 19. ABB © ABB Switzerland - 19 L= PLC connection point A= OHL connection point A‘=Protection and instrumentation conn.point C1= capacitance for Prot.+Instr. C1+C2=capacitance for PLC Capacitor Voltage Transformer
- 20. ABB © ABB Switzerland - 20 Modular Coupling Devices
- 21. ABB © ABB Switzerland - 21 Modules of Coupling Equipment n High-pass coupling filter A9BS n High-pass coupling filter with hybrid transformer A9BT n Band-pass coupling filter A9BP n Band-pass coupling filter with hybrid transformer A9BR n Attenuator A1AD n Impedance transformer A1AE n Separating filter A9CA n Shunt tuning filter E9AA n Hybrid Transformer A1AC
- 22. ABB © ABB Switzerland - 22 Coupling capacitor Coupling device MCD 80 or Line trap HV-line Tx PLC equipment Cabinet Rx Substation Coax cable 1) 2 2) 3) 5) 4) 6) Principle of PLC Coupling
- 23. ABB © ABB Switzerland - 23 Elements of Coupling Device 1) Surge arrester for transients protection at the primary terminals of coupling device. 2) Drain coil for draining of power frequency currents 50/60 to earth. 3) Earthing switch for direct and efficient earthing of primary terminals. 4) Transformer for matching and galvanic isolation between primary and secondary terminals of coupling device. 5) High-pass or band-pass filter elements for optimum matching. 6) Coaxial cable to PLC equipment in cabinet.
- 24. ABB © ABB Switzerland - 24 Single Phase Coupling HV-line Substation Coupling capacitors Tx Rx Coupling device MCD 80 Line trap Cabinet PLC equipment A9BS or A9BP Coax Cable
- 25. ABB © ABB Switzerland - 25 Phase to Phase Coupling n2 single phase coupling devices nHybrid transformer for decoupling of signals and generation of push-pull signals HV-line Substation Coupling capacitors Tx Rx Coupling devices MCD 80 A9BS or A9BP A9BT or A9BR Line traps Cabinet PLC equipment Elements Coax cable Coax cable
- 26. ABB © ABB Switzerland - 26 Carrier Combiner Unit A9BM Z2 Z1 Z2 Z1 PLC A9BM (or A9CS with A1AC) Equipment room Phase to phase coupling with balanced hybrid in equipment room
- 27. ABB © ABB Switzerland - 27 Three Phase Coupling (Mode 1) n2 phase to phase coupling devices n1 phase to ground coupling HV-line Substation Coupling capacitors Coupling devices MCD 80 A9BS (A9BP) A9BT (A9BR) Line traps Coax cable Elements Tx Rx Cabinet PLC equipment A9BT (A9BR) Coax cable Coax cable
- 28. ABB © ABB Switzerland - 28 High-Pass Coupling Device A9BS/A9BT A G K L H 125ž 75ž M N O 1 2 3 P Q R B C C1 Z2 LE C T L2 L1 Z1 T1 CK F1 D E F Ck 1500 2200 2700 3300 3900 4700 5600 6800 7500 Z1 pF to to to to to to to to and Ω 2199 2699 3299 3899 4699 5599 6799 7499 up 240 232 158 132 115 96 80 70 60 52 320 180 128 102 90 78 76 70 58 52 Lower frequency limit f1 [kHz] Ck = coupling capacitance Upper frequency limit f2 = 500 [kHz] Z1 = impedance of overhead line Z2 = equipment side impedance C2 C3 C4 Z2 Q1
- 29. ABB © ABB Switzerland - 29 Tuning Characteristics High-Pass Coupling Filter A9BS/A9BT Composite loss Ac and return loss Ar 25 [dB] 20 15 0 100 200 300 400 Ac 600 [kHz] 10 5 0 Ar Coupling capacitor Cc 4.7 nF Nominal line impedance Z1 240 Ω Lower cut-off frequency F1 80 kHz Nominal return loss Ar 12 dB Upper cut-off frequency F2 500 kHz Nominal composite loss Ac 2 dB
- 30. ABB © ABB Switzerland - 30 Band-Pass Coupling Device A9BP/A9BR Z2 Z1 CK The attainable frequency ranges can be calculated f1 f2 = 1– 2.5 x 10–7 x π x f1 x Ck x Z1 Ck + 1.0 x 10–7 f1 = lower frequency limit [Hz] f2 = upper frequency limit [Hz] Ck = coupling capacitance [F] Z1 = impedance of overhead line [Ω] Z2 = equipment side impedance [Ω] Formula is valid for 12dB return loss Formula is valid for 12dB return loss 1
- 31. ABB © ABB Switzerland - 31 Tuning Characteristics Composite loss Ac and return loss Ar 25 [dB] 20 15 38 Ac 70 [kHz] 10 5 0 Ar F1 F2 Coupling capacitor Cc 4.7 nF Nominal line impedance Z1 240 Ω Lower cut-off frequency F1 40 kHz Nominal return loss Ar 12 dB Upper cut-off frequency F2 64 kHz Nominal composite loss Ac 2 dB Band-Pass Coupling Filter A9BP/A9BR
- 32. ABB © ABB Switzerland - 32 PLC Link Z2 Z1 Z2 Z1 Ac Substation A Z2 Z1 Z2 Z1 PLC Ac At At = Tapping loss of line trap Ac = Composite loss of phase-phase coupling Al = Composite loss of HV line Acoax = Composite loss of coax cable A = Overall attenuation of PLC link Substation B At PLC Al Acoax Acoax
- 33. ABB © ABB Switzerland - 33 PLC By-Pass Circuits Straight through connection without local carrier equipment Z2 Z1 Z2 Z1 Ac At At Substation Z2 Z1 Z2 Z1 Ac At = Tapping loss of line trap Ac = Composite loss of phase-phase coupling Acoax = Composite loss of coax cable A = Overall attenuation of by-passed signal A = 4...8 dB Acoax