THIS POWER PRESENTATION TALK ABOUT THE RESEARCH PROCESS. TALK ABOUT HOW WE CAN PROCEED WHEN WE ARE TRYING TO THE SEARCH IN ANY FIELD.

1. RESEARCH PROCESS

2. Define Research problems
Review of literature
Formulate hypothesis
Research design
Collection of data
Analysis of Data
Interpretation and report

3. TITLE :
A good title is defined as the fewest possible words that describe the contents of
the paper.( maximum information in least words).
Should almost never contain abbreviation.
Title should be simple, informative and should reflect the objective of the
study.
< 12 words.
< 100 character.

4. Introduction:
1. Critical part of the research paper because it introduces the reason behind the paper
existence.
2. Must state the objective and scope of your work, present what is problem or question you
address and describe why this interesting or important challenge.
3. It is important to introduce appropriate and sufficient reference to prior works so that reader
can understand context and background of the research and the specific reason for your
research work.
4. Generally, introduction present a brief literature review, the problems and purpose of your
research work.
5. It should be powerful, simple ,realistic and logical.
6. Avoid unnecessary long paragraphs. Break up your paragraphs into smaller, useful unit.
7. Introduction may explain the approach that is characteristics to your works, and mention the
essence of the conclusion of the study.

5. Need and background
• Need:
why you want to do the study?
why it is importance?
• Background :
should includes the mother article information.
what are the change you made?
Parent articles document should be included ( author name, journal name,
volume, issued, page numbers).

6. Aims and Objective
• Aims:
ultimate goal
• Objective:
specific goal

7. Review of literature:
• Required to support our study.
• Researcher should undertake extensive literature survey connected with
problems.
• For this purpose, highly index journal, Abstract published or unpublished
video graphic are referred.
• Academic journal, conference proceeding, government report, books etc
must be referred depending upon on nature of problems.

8. Hypothesis
After extensive research survey, researcher should state in clear term the “
HYPOTHESIS OR WORKING HYPOTHESIS”. The role of hypothesis is to guide the
researcher by delimiting the area of research. ( provide wide area of research)
1. Null hypothesis:
There is no significant relation or difference.
2.Alternate hypothesis:
There is significant relation or difference

9. Method and material
- Deals about how you are going to carry out the project ( planning of study for
meeting the objective).
1. Study design:
structural frame of your study.
design
non experimental experimental study
a. Quazi experimental
b. True experimental
c. pre experimental

10. Study should have :
1. control group
2. intervention
3. randomisation

11. 2. Sampling technique:
two type of sampling technique:
a. Probability sampling :
1. simple randomised sampling:
also called as chance sampling, where each and every population has
equal chance of inclusion in the sample

12. 2. stratified Random sampling:
researcher can branch off the entire population into multiple non-
overlapping, homogenous group and randomly choose final member from various
strata.
3. systematic sampling:
In the instance the most practical way of sampling is to select every 15th name
on list , every 10th house on one of the street.

13. 4.cluster sampling:
Here, the multiple cluster of people are created from population where they
are indicative of homogenous characteristics and have equal chance of being a part
of sample. In this sampling, a simple random sample is created from the different
cluster of population.

14. 5. Multi stage sampling:
In all the stage selection, simple random sampling is applied and select the state,
district, village and household.

15. b. Non- probability sampling:
1. Purposive sampling:
Also called as judgement sampling.
Sampling member are chosen on the basis of researcher knowledge and
judgement.

16. 2. convenience sampling:
When population element are selected for inclusion in the sample based on the
ease of access, it can be called as convenience sampling.

17. 3.Quota sampling:
Researcher can form a sample involving individual that represent a population
and are chosen according to trait or qualities.

18. 4. snow ball sampling:
It is the technique in which sample have trait that are rare to find.

19. c. Sample size:
1. small sample size: Sample size calculation:
below 30 subjects
2. large sample size:
30 and above subject
d. Duration of study:
mention the period of study
e. Study setting:
where you are going to do your study

20. f. Sample selection:
1. inclusion criteria:
- age
- sex
- stage of condition
2. exclusion criteria:
what type of subject you are not going to take as subject for your study?
know the reason for exclusion from your study.
g. Material used:
Physical device:
IFT, TENS, Goniometer etc.
Abstractive:
Questionnaire, any index , Scale

21. Outcome measure:
Outcome measure are the tests that is used to determine whether a treatment you
have given to patient have effect or not .
outcome measure can be Questionnaire, any index , Scale or goniometer, VAS
etc.

22. Procedure
- Explain what you had participants do, how you collected data, and the order in
which step occurred.
- keep this subsection concise yet detailed. Explain what you did and how you did
it.
- Do not over explain common scientific procedure. Instead provide reference for
a particular technique.

23. Collection of data
• Several ways of collecting the appropriate data which differ considerably in the
context of money, time and other resources at the disposal of the researcher.
• Primary data can be collected either through experiment or through survey.
• If the researcher conduct an experiment, he observes some quantitative
measurement or data with the help of which he examine the truth contained in
his hypothesis.
• But in the case of survey, data can be collected by one or many ways
- observation
- interview ( personal or telephonic )
- questionnaire
- through schedule.

24. ANALYSIS OF DATA
• After data collected, data should be analysed.
• Analysis of data requires a number of closely related operation such as
establishment of categories, the application of these categories to raw data
through coding, tabulation and then drawing statistical interference.
• Analysis of data is required to state the conclusion of study.

25. Result:
- Make sure your graph and table speak for themselves.
- Result section should only contain result, no discussion.
- Do not repeat in word everything that your table and graph convey. You can,
however, point out the key finding and offers some text that complements the
finding.
- Figure must be well designed, clear and easy to read.
- Figure caption should succinct( short) yet provide sufficient information to
understand the figure without reference to the text.
- Particularly, in this section explain about result that you have got after your
intervention is given.

26. Discussion
- Discussion section should answer “ WHY” you obtained the observed result.
- Do not simply restate the result.
- Also address why your result are important( i.e how do they advance the
understanding of topic ).
- If multiple explanation for your result exist, be sure to address each one. You can
favour one explanation but be sure to mention alternative explanation.
- Discuss how your finding compare with other experimental observation or
theoretical expectation.
- By properly structuring this discussion, you can show how your result can solve
the current problems.
- Make sure that your discussion is concise and informative. If you ramble and it
includes a great deal of unnecessary information, your paper will likely get
rejected.

27. Limitation and Recommendation:
state what is lacking in your study and suggest for other research what
they can perform ?

28. Conclusion:
- Conclusion section summarizes the important result and impact of the work.
- Includes a brief restatement of the parts of research paper such as methodology,
data analysis and result and concludes the overall discussion.
- It should be brief, concise and worth remembering .

29. References:
• Mention all article that you have refers for your research.
• There are various styles to write reference.
1. APA style of writing reference
2. MLA ( Modern Language Association)
3. Harvard
4. Vancouver :
mainly used in medical and scientific paper.

30. While mention refers article, following thing should be present: (Vancouver style)
1. author name
2. title of paper
3.journal name( publication)
4.Year ( and month/ day if necessary/ available) of publication
5.Volume number( and issue/ part)
6.Page number

31. THANK YOU