Makarajyothi 2015

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-Xm-a-cw-Ip-f-ßc {io [¿Ω-imkvXm icWw...
]mXp ]q¿Æ-{X-boix
{io ltc ax
3
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t£{XKcnbmb Xr∏qWnØpdbn¬ {io [¿ΩimkvXmhv {][m {]XnjvTbmb t£{XamWv XmacwIpfßc
{io [¿ΩimkvXm t£{Xw. Ipd®v q‰m≠pIƒ°v ap≥]v GXp ImeØpw hncn™v hnIkn®v n¬°p∂
Xmac∏q°sfs°m≠v nd™ncp∂ AXnatmlcamb Hcp Pemibw ChnsS D≠mbncp∂p. Cu Pemibw ÿnXn
sNbvXncp∂ hf∏ns‚ DSaÿmbncp∂ samc°me abnse DÆn ºqXncn Xncpmhmb t£{XØnp kao]w
HmØv ]Tn°p∂Xnmbn t]mhpIbp≠mbn. AhnsS HmØv ]Tn°p∂ ImeØv kao]Øv Xs∂ ÿnXn sNøp∂ N{ah´w
{io [¿ΩimkvXm t£{XØn¬ N{ah´Ø∏s `Pn®pw tkhn®pw Pohn®p. Imew sN∂tXmSp IqSn At±lw
hm¿≤IyklPamb Zoßƒ°v ASns∏SpIbpw Xncn®p kz¥w C√tØ°v aSßp∂Xns°pdn®v Nn¥n°mpw
XpSßn. F∂m¬ N{ah´Ø∏tmSp≈ AXnc‰ `‡n nanØw `Khms Hcp tcw Z¿in°mXncn°pI km[yamb
Imcya√t√m F∂ Nn¥bm¬ BIpeNnØmbn Ign™p hcsh Hcp Znhkw At±lw n{Zbnem≠t∏mƒ, kz]vØn¬
Z¿iap≠mbn.
""`´Xncn C√tØ°v aSßns°mƒI, AßbpsS IqsS Rm≥ F∂pw D≠mIpw. C√sØØn Akm[mcWabn
Fs¥¶nepw Ap`hs∏SpIbmsW¶n¬ Fs‚ km∂n[yw AhnsS Ds≠∂v hnizkn®v Bcm[n®vsImƒI''. s]mSp∂s
n{Z hn´v Fgpt∂‰ ºqXncn°v sX√pw kwibw D≠mbn√. N{ah´Ø∏s‚ `‡n hm’eyØn¬ Ba·mb
hn{]t{ijvT≥ C√tØ°v aS°bm{X Bcw`n®p. C√sØØn, ta¬ {]Xn]mZn® Xmac°pfØn¬ Ipfn°p∂Xnmbn,
Iønep≠mbncp∂ Hme°pS Icbn¬ h®v IpfØnte°ndßn. Ipfn Ign™v Icbv°v Ibdnb {_m“W≥ IpS
FSp°phmmbn {ian®t∏mƒ, AXv AhnsS Dd®ncn°p∂Xmbn Ap`hs∏´p. `‡intcmaWn°v N{ah´Ø∏s‚
km∂n[yw AhnsS Z¿in°phm≥ km[n®p. H´pw sshImsX Xs∂ Ipf°cbn¬ Hcp XdsIń, `Khms AhnsS
{]XnjvTn®p. Hmeta™ Hcp {iotImhn¬ n¿Ωn°pIbpw ssZwZn ]qPmImcyßƒ Bcw`n°pIbpw sNbvXp.
At±lØns‚ Imetijw C√sØ A¥¿PßfmWv nthZyw A¿∏n®ncp∂Xv.
Ime{ItaW ]qPmImcyßƒ SØphm≥ C√sØ ImcWh¿°v km[n°mØXnm¬, Hcp Znhkw D®]qP°v
tijw At±lw t£{XØns‚ Xmt°m¬ sNmΔc Xos∏´ almcmPmhns Gev∏n®p. [m¿ΩnI N{Ih¿Øn
F∂dnbs∏ńcp∂ almcmPmhv `‡n]q¿Δw t£{Xw Gs‰Sp°pIbpw, ]pcp≤mcWØns‚ NpaXe F°metØbpw
{]K¤mb X®pimkv{X⁄≥ Cu®chmcysc Gev∏n°pIbpw sNbvXp. sIm®n almcmPmhns‚ tcn´p≈ `cWØn≥
]flktcmhcXochnlmcn...]flktcmhcXochnlmcn...]flktcmhcXochnlmcn...]flktcmhcXochnlmcn...]flktcmhcXochnlmcn...
XmacwIpfßc {io [¿ΩimkvXm t£{Xw
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Iogn¬ Span‰w tZhkzw Bbn ssZwZn Imcyßƒ SØnbncp∂Xv. F∂m¬ tIcfkwÿmw
cq]nIrXambtXmSpIqSn, tZhkzØnp≈ hcpamw ]cnanXamhpIbpw, t£{XØnse ]qPmImcyßƒ°v ho≠pw
{i≤IpdbpIbpw sNbvXp.
Cu ImeL´ØnemWv t£{X]cnkchmknIƒ t£{XØns‚ D∂aw mSns‚ sFizcyw BsW∂v a nem°n,
t£{XSØn∏nmbn XmacwIpfßc Aø∏ tkhm kanXn F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp kwLS cq]oIcn®Xv. tIcf Ducm◊
tZhkzØns‚ Iognep≈ Cu t£{XØnse SØn∏v NpaXe Aø∏ tkhm kanXnbn¬ n£n]vXamWv. Ign™
Acq‰m≠mbn {]h¿Øn®p hcp∂ Aø∏ tkhm kanXn nch[n {]h¿Øßƒ t£{XØn¬ SØn hcp∂p.
[zP{]XnjvT, S∏pc n¿ΩmWw, {iotImhnepw Np‰ºehpw sNtºme tabpI, Du´p]pc n¿ΩWw XpSßnb ]e
_rlZv ]≤XnIfpw `Khms‚ Ap{KlØmepw `‡PßfpsS n¿temàmb klIcWØmepw ]q¿ØoIcn°phm≥
km[n®p.
Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc t£{X-Ønse apJy-{]-XnjvT {io [¿Ω-im-kvXm-hn-t‚-Xm-Wv. Chn-SpsØ tZhs
N{a-h-´-Ø-∏-mbpw `‡-P--ßƒ Bcm-[n-®p-h-cp-∂p. he-Xp- I-c-Øn¬ Aar-X-I-e-i-hp-ambn IpSn-sIm-f-fp∂ {io[¿Ω-
im-kvXmhv Xs‚ `‡-cpsS GX-`n-em-jhpw km[n-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-hm≥ Xøm-dmbn Ccn-°p-I-bm-Wv. I∂n-aq-e-bn¬ KW-]Xn
`K-hmpw sXs° Xncp-ap-‰Øp≈ t£{X-Øn¬ `{Z-Imfn tZhnbpw `‡-P--ßƒ°v Ap-{K-l-ßƒ ¬Ip-hm-mbn
hmW-cp-fp-∂p. IqSmsX mK-cm-Pm-hv, {_“-c-£kv F∂o D]-tZ-h-∑m-tcbpw ChnsS {]Xn-jvTn-°-s∏ń´p≠v.
tIcfØnse {]ikvXamb ]qtcm’hßfn¬ XmacwIpfßc aIchnf°p’hØnv {]tXyI ÿmap≠v.
{io ]q¿Æ{Xbois‚ {]PIƒ°v tafkwkv°mcw c‡Øn¬ Aen™p tN¿∂n´p≈XmWv. hr›ntIm’hhpw
AXntmSp_‘n®p≈ AXn{]ikvXamb Fgp∂≈n∏pIfpw tafßfpw BkzZn°phm≥ mSns‚ mm`mKØv
n∂pw BkzmZI¿ {io ]q¿Æ{Xboi k∂n[nbn¬ FØnt®cp∂p. Cu D’hkwkv°mcw NphSp]nSn®mWv
XmacwIpfßc t£{XØnse B≠ptXmdpap≈ aIchnf°p’hhpw Nn´s∏SpØnbncn°p∂Xv. F√m h¿jhpw aIcw
H∂nv XmacwIpfßc t£{XØn¬ Actßdp∂ taf{Xbw Npcpßnb Imeßfn¬ Xs∂ {]ikvXnbm¿÷n
®Xn¬ kanXn°v NmcnXm¿∞yap≠v. `Khms‚ Fgp∂≈n∏pIƒ cmPIobamhWw F∂p≈t∏mƒ AIºSnbmIp∂
hmZytafßƒ°v Xnabpw imkv{XobXbpw ]q¿Æambpw D≠mIWw. Cu e£yamWv `Khm≥ {io ]q¿Æ{Xbois‚bpw
{io [¿ΩimkvXmhns‚bpw Ap{KlØm¬ XmacwIpfßcbn¬ Actßdp∂Xv. D’htØmSp_‘n®v Hcp {]tXyI
hnjbw am{Xw ssIImcyw sNbvXv {]kn≤oIcn°mdp≈ F∂ kvacWnIbpw BkzmZIhrμØns‚ {]iwk
]nSn®p]‰p∂p.
“£bØn¬ n∂pw {XmWw sNøp∂Xv” (miØn¬ n∂pw c£n°p∂Xv) t£{Xw F∂ A¿∞amWv
{ioi¶cmNmcy¿ `KhXv KoX° v cNn® `mjyØn¬ ¬Inbn´p≈Xv. XmacwIpfßc {io [¿ΩimkvXm t£{Xw Cu
A¿∞sØ ]q¿Æam°p∂p. Cu t£{XØnse tZhs Adn™v Bcm[n°p∂h¿°v k¿Δ sFizcyßfpw {IaØn¬
h∂ptNcp∂p. ap∂qdp sIm√Øntesd ]g°ap≈Xpw `‡intcmaWnbpw Nn{XIemn]pWpamb tamc°me `´Xncn
Bcm[n®pt]m∂Xpamb XmacwIpfßc {io [¿ΩimkvXmhns‚ ssNXyw mƒ°pmƒ Cu tZisaßpw
hym]n®psImt≠bncn°p∂p. inhXØzhpw hnjvWpXØzhpw HØptNcp∂ H∂mWv lcnlc]p{Xs∂ k¶ev]w.
Cu tZiØv F√m IpSpw_ßfnepw sFizcyhpw kº¬kar≤nbpw nd®psIm≠v B{inXh’emb `Khm≥ {io
[¿ΩimkvXmhv hncmPn°p∂p.
F√mw `Khm≥ {io [¿ΩimkvXmhns‚bpw {io ]q¿Æ{Xbois‚bpw Xr∏mZ]flßfn¬ ka¿∏n®v sIm≠v
AyYm icWw mkvXn Xztah icWw aa !
XkvamXv ImcpWy `mth c£ c£ alm{]t`m!!
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kzman icWw
Xma-cwIp-f-ßc {io [¿ΩimkvXm t£{X-Ønse Cu h¿jsØ Xncp-
hp-’-h-tØm-S-p-_-‘n®v {]Im-iw sNøp∂ ""t£{X-ß-fnse Npa¿®n-
{X-Ie'' F∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ F∂ t]tcm-Sp-IqSnb kvac-
Wn-Ibv°v k¿Δ-aw-K-f-ßfpw D≠m-Is´ F∂v {io[¿ΩimkvXm-hn-tmSv
{]m¿∞n-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p. t£{X-ß-fnse Npa¿®n-{X-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw AXns‚
ssZho-Ihpw Iem-]-c-hp-amb {]m[m-y-sØ-°p-dn®pw km[m-cW P-
ßƒ°pw `‡-P--ßƒ°pw Adn-hpw, hnizm-khpw, `‡nbpw D≠m-°p-
hmpw Cu kvac-WnI D]-I-cn-bv°p-am-dm-I-s´-sb∂v Biw-kn-°p-∂-tXm-
sSm∏w D’-h-Øns‚ I¿Ω-ßfpw BtLmjßfpw ]q¿Δm-[nIw awK-f-am-
bn-Øo-cp-hm≥ {io [¿ΩimkvXm-hns‚ Ap-{Klw F√m-h¿°pw D≠m-
Is´ F∂v {]m¿∞n-®p -sIm-≈p-∂p.
X{¥n ]pen-b-∂q¿ kp{_-“-Wy≥ ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv
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kp{_-“-Wy≥ ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv
]pen-b-∂q¿ a
Fcq¿ ]n. Hm.
Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd 682301
t^m¨: 0484 2780370
Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd
18-˛12-˛2014

Ac-q-‰m-≠n-te-sd-bmbn Xma-cwIpfßc {io [¿ΩimkvXm t£{X-Ønse
nXy-n-Zm--N-S-ß-fp-Ifpw D’-hmZnImcy-ßfpw S-Øn-h-cp-∂Xv Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc
Aø∏ tkhm -k-anXn (TASS) F∂ `‡P kwL-S--bm-Wv. `K-hm≥ {io [¿ΩimkvXm-hns‚ Ap-{K-
l-Ømepw kan-XnbpsS ap≥Ime ]pWy-{]-h¿Øn-I-fpsS ]n≥_-e-Ømepw Cu t£{X-Øns‚ JymXn
mƒ°p-mƒ h¿≤n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. t£{X ssNXyw IqSp-X¬ t{]mPz-e-am-°p-hm≥ th≠ [mcmfw
I¿Ω-ßƒ Aø-∏ -tkhm kanXn Ign™ Ac-q-‰m-≠mbn Nn´-tbmSpw t£{X-]m-c-º-cy-ßƒ°v Du∂¬
¬Inbpw sNbvXp-h-cp-∂p. Ch-sb√mw ]q¿Æ-hn-P-b-Øn¬ FØn-bv°p-hm≥ `‡-P--ß-fpsS n¿tem-`-
amb kl-I-c-W-ßƒ kan-Xn°p e-`n-®n-´p-≠v. [zP-{]-XnjvT, S-∏pc n¿Ωm-Ww, t£{X--ho-I-c-Ww,
Du´p-]pc n¿Ωm-Ww, AjvS-_-‘-I-e-iw, hn]pe-amb BNm-cm-p-jvTm--ß-tfm-Sp-IqSn `K-h-Xn°v hr›n-
I-am-k-Øn¬ S-Øp∂ If-sa-gpØpw ]m´pw, Zo]-°mgvN, Ign-™-h¿jw Bcw-`n® k¿∏-_-en, D’-h-_-
en XpS-ßn-b NS-ßp-Iƒ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ I¿Ω-ß-fn¬ Nne-Xp-am-{Xw.
t£{Xm-Nm-c-ßƒ IrXy-ambn ]men°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-tbm-sSm∏w t£{Xkwkv°mcw ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-
hmpw AXp-hgn F√m cwK-ß-fnepw ]m¿iz-h¬°-cn-°-s∏´ `mc-Xo-b-kw-kv°m-csØ ]p-cp-÷o-hn-∏n®v
kaq-lsØ H∂msI Cu kwkv°m-c-Øns‚ D]m-k-I-cm°n am‰p-∂-Xn-p≈ Hcp NmeI i‡n-bmbn
amdp-hmpw Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc Aø∏tkhm kanXn {i≤n-®p-h-cp-∂p. `mc-Xob kwkv°m-cØnv C∂v
ka-kvX-ta-J-e-I-fnepw aqey-Nyp-Xn kw`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂p. A]-I-S-I-c-amb Cu Ah-ÿbv°v
am‰w-h-cp-Øp-hm≥ ΩpsS t£{Xk¶¬∏-Øn-p-am-{Xsa Ignbq F∂v kanXn hniz-kn-°p-∂p.
IÉªÉÉiÉÂ jÉÉªÉiÉä <ÊiÉ IÉäjÉ:! F∂mWv ]WvUnX aXw. AXm-bXv £b-Øn¬ n∂pw {XmWw sNøp-∂-
Xv As√-¶n¬ c£n-°p-∂Xv t£{Xw F∂mWv CXns‚ A¿∞w. hy‡n, IpSpw-_w, cmjv{Sw F∂o
Xe-ßsf {Kln-®n-cn-°p∂ imco-cnc, am-kn-I, Bﬂo-b, kmaq-lnI £b-ß-fn¬ n∂pw sΩ c£n-°p-
hm≥ th≠ thZnIfmbn t£{X-ßƒ amtd-≠-Xp-≠v F∂v Rßƒ Icp-Xp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠mWv
tZi-Ønv ssNX-y- h¿≤--hp≠m-Ip-hm≥ t£{XssNXyw h¿≤n-°-W-sa∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xv. ΩpsS
t£{X-Øn¬ kanXn kwL-Sn-∏n-®p-h-cp∂ cmam-bW amkm-N-cWw, hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ D≈ ]T
]≤-Xn-Iƒ, `mK-h-X-k-]vXm-lw, ]pcm-W-]m-cm-b-W-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS t{]c-I-i-‡nbpw CXmWv. IqSmsX
t£{X-I-e-Isf ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-mbn t£{X hmZy-I-em-tI{μhpw kanXn S-Øn-h-cp-∂p.
Cu {]h¿Øn-I-fpsS KpW-t`m-‡m-°m-fmbn `‡-P--ßƒ amd-W-sa∂v A`y¿∞n-°p-∂p.
kaql a- nse Bﬂobt_m[w Db¿ØpI hgn Pohn-X-Øns‚ hnhn[ Xe-ß-fn¬ jvS-s∏-´p-
sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ ka-{KX hos≠-Sp-°p-I-sb-∂-XmWv D’-hmZn BtLm-j-ß-fpsS apJy-e£yw. 2015-˛se
aI-c-hn-f-°m-tLm-j-Øn-tm-S-p-_-‘n®v {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂ bpsS CXn-hr-Ø-amb t£{X
Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ Cu Bi-b-hp-ambn tbmPn-®p-t]m-Ip∂p. ]pcmWIYm `mK-ß-fpsS tIhew Nn{Xo-I-cWw
am{X-a√ Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ. [ym-Øns‚ Zriym-hn-jv°m-c-ß-fm-W-h. thtZm-]-n-j-Xv X-Xz-ß-fpsS
{]Xo-I-ßfpamW-h. AXn-m¬ `mc-Xo-b-kw-kv°m-c-Øns‚ ka-{K-Xm-Z¿i--ambn Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ
amdp-∂p. kvac-Wn-I-bnse D≈S°w Cu Hcp Ah-t_m-[-Øn-tebv°v sΩ sIm≠p-t]mIpw F∂-Xn¬
kan-Xn°v kwi-b-an-√.
`K-hXv ssNXy h¿≤--hn-mbn Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc Aø∏tkhm kan-Xn sNbvXp-h-cp∂ F√m
Imcy-ß-fp-sSbpw hnP-b-Ønmbn `‡-P--ß-fpsS {]m¿∞-bpw n¿tem-`-amb kl-I-c-W-ßfpw XpS¿∂pw
D≠m-I-W-sa∂v Aø-∏-m-a-t[-b-Øn¬ A`y¿∞n-°p-∂p. F√m-h¿°pw `K-hm≥ {io ]q¿Æ-{X-bo-ipw
{io [¿Ω-im-kvXmhpw Bbq-cm-tcmKykuJy-ßƒ ¬In Ap-{K-ln-°s´ F∂v {]m¿∞n-°p-∂p.
ic-W-tLm-j-tØm-sS,
s{]m^. ]n. Fkv. tim`≥
{]kn-U‚ v
XmacwIpfßc Aø∏ tkhmkanXn
Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc, Xr∏q-Wn-Øp-d-˛682301
BapJw
10
Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc aI-c-hn-f-°m-tLmj kvac-WnI 2015.......... ..................................................................

XmacwIpfßc Aø∏ tkhmkanXn
Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc, Xr∏q-Wn-Øp-d-˛682301
aI-c-tPym-Xn-bn-eq-sS...
11
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{io ]q¿Æ-{X-boim Inbq `K-hmt
]e-P∑w ChnsS Pn-°m≥
n≥ aXn-e-I-sØ∂pw D’-h-]m-bkw
aXn-h-cp-thmfw pI-cm≥!
D’-h-{`m-¥s‚ Cu IhnXmiI-e-amWv GsXmcp Xr∏q-Wn-Øp-d-°m-c-s‚bpw a- n¬. CXns
Dƒs°m-≠mWv Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc tZi-hm-kn-Ifpw D’-hm-tLm-jsØ kao-]n-°p-∂-Xv. k¿Δm-`o-jvS-h-c-{]-
Z-m-bI-mb Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc {io [¿Ω-im-kvXm-hns‚ Xncp-hp-’hw Hcn°¬ IqSn kam-K-X-am-hp-I-bm-Wv.
t£{X-ssN-Xyw tZi-Øns‚ ssNXyw F∂v a- n-em-°n-bmWv Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc Aø∏ tkhm kan-
Xn-bpsS {]h¿Ø--ßƒ. Aßn-s-bmWv t£{Xm-Nm-c-ßƒ°pw Ap-jvSm--ßƒ°pw {]m[myw ¬In,
t£{Xm-¥-co-£-Ønp Ap-tbm-Py-amb coXn-bn¬ `‡nck{]Zm--amb Iem-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Dƒs∏-
SpØnbpamWv Cu Xncp-hp-’hw {Iao-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. sImSn-tb‰v mƒ apX¬ F√m Znh-khpw hnf-°m-
Nm-cw, c≠mw Znhkw D’-h-_-en, XpS¿∂p≈ Znh-k-ß-fn¬ cmhnse ioth-en, tZi-hm-kn-Isf tcn¬
I≠v nd-]d kzoI-cn®v Ap-{K-ln-°p-hm≥ `K-hms‚ ]d-bvs°-gp-∂-≈n-∏v, hninjvS {Zhy-ß-fm¬ A`n-tj-
I-ßƒ XpS-ßnb NS-ßp-Iƒ D’-h-Øns‚ `mK-amWv.
Ign™ c≠p-]-Xn-‰m-t≠m-f-ambn aI-c-hn-f°v Znhkw S∂p-h-cp∂ taf-{X-bw, hmZy-I-em-kzm-Z-I¿°v
Ahm-Ny-amb Ap-`q-Xnsb {]Zmw sNøp-∂p. AXnv Zriy-`w-Kn-tb-Ip-hm≥ k¿Δm-e-¶m-c-`q-jn-X-cmbn
]©-K-P-ho-c-∑mcpw! `K-hm≥ Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc {io [¿Ω-im-kvXm-hns‚ Cu Fgp-∂-≈n-∏p-Iƒ XnI®pw
cmP-Iobam-Wv. aI-c-hn-f°v mƒ am{Xw aq∂p-tcw S-°p∂ Fgp-∂-≈n-∏p-Ifpw ]©m-cn, ]m≠n-ta-f-
ßfpw, ]©-hm-Zyhpw tcn¬ Bkz-Zn-t°-≠-Xp-X-s∂.
Ign™ 12 h¿j-ß-fmbn {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p-h-cp∂ kvac-Wn-I-bn-eqsS AXn hn⁄m--
{]-Z-ambn hnhn[ hnj-b-ßsf {Kln-°p-hm≥ km[n®p F∂-Xn¬ Rßƒ°v Nmcn-Xm¿∞y-ap-≠v. Cu
h¿jw n›-bn-®n-cn-°p∂ hnjbw ""tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-Ie''bmWv. ImWp∂ Npa¿Nn-{X-Øns‚
A¿∞]q¿Æ-amb hni-Zo-I-c-W-ßƒsIm≠v kºp-jvS-amWv Cu h¿jsØ kvac-Wn-I. q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn
kwc-£n-°-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xpw, kwc-£n-°-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xp-amb A-h[n Aaq-ey-Nn-{X-I-em-k-ºØv
ΩpsS Cu tIc-f-Øn¬ D≠v. Imem-Im-e-ß-fm-bp≈ Nn{X-Im-c-∑m-cpsS `‡n-`m-h--Isf ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-
®n-cp∂ t£{X- Np-a-cp-Iƒ ap°v Aywh∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu Ah-k-c-ØnemWv aI-c-tPymXn,
"Npa¿Nn-{X-Ie' F∂ hnj-bsØ Bkv]-Z-am°n Hcp kvac-WnI {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ap≥h¿j-ß-
fnset]mse CXpw kmam-y-P--ßƒ°v A¿∞-h¿Øm-hp-sa∂v Bﬂm¿∞-ambn hniz-kn-°p-∂p.
Cu D’-h-Øns‚ S-Øn-∏nv th≠-Xmb klmb kl-I-c-W-ßƒ ¬In-h-cp∂ F√m
√-h-cmb `‡-P--ßƒ°pw A`yp-Z-b-Imw-£n-Iƒ°pw, Atlm-cm{Xw {]b-Xvn-°p∂ kanXn {]h¿Ø-
I¿°pw Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc {io [¿Ω-im-kvXm-hns‚bpw {io ]q¿Æ-{X-bo-i-s‚bpw Ap-{K-l-ßƒ D≠m-I-
s´-sb∂v {]m¿∞n-®p-sIm-≠v,
ic-W-tLm-j-tØm-sS,
Xma-cw-Ip-f-ßc Aø∏ tkhm kanXn {]h¿Ø-I¿°p-th≠n
lcn Fkv.
I¨ho-¿, aI-c-hn-f-°m-tLmjIΩn‰n

tIc-fob t£{X-ß-fnse Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ ˛ tUm. Fw. -Pn. iin-`q-j¨ 15
t£{X Npa¿Nn-{X-Øns‚ ]cn-Wmaw ˛ s{]m^. hnP-b-Ip-amc tatm≥ 23
Nn{X-I-ebv°v Hcp BapJw ˛ Sn.- hn. am[-h-hm-cn-b¿ 29
`mc-Xob Nn{X-I-em-]m-c-º-cyhpw tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-I-ebpw ˛ sI. bp. IrjvW-Ip-am¿ 35
tIc-f-Ønse Nph¿ Nn{X-˛-{]-Xn-a, Ah-X-cW inev]-ß-fpw, -hm-kvXphpw
ÿe-˛-X-em-hn-jvI-c-W-ß-fpsS Hcp Xmc-Xay ]Tw ˛ kn. -]n. ioXƒ 49
aΩn-bq¿ IrjvW≥Ip-´n-m-b¿ ˛ Npa¿Nn-{X-I-e-bpsS D]m-k-I≥ ˛ Fw. fn≥ _m_p 55
Ifn-tbmK kvac-W-bp-W¿Øpw IY-I-fn-®p-h¿®n-{X-ßƒ ˛ tUm. hnn. F. 63
Xmfn-tbme Nn{X-ßfpw Nn{X cmam-b-Whpw ˛ B¿. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥ 71
h¿Æ {]]-©-Øn¬ apßnb sIm®p-ssh-IpWvTw ˛ inh-Zmkv h¿Ω 81
ImbI¬]w Igns™Øp∂ Xpdhq¿ almt£{XØnse Npa¿Nn{Xßƒ ˛ kmPp XpcpØn¬ 87
Npa¿ Nn-{X-Ie ˛ sI.- B¿. _m_p 97
`mcX∏pgtbmcsØ Npa¿®n{Xßƒ ˛ Fkv. cmtPμp 107
apg-∏n-e-ßmSv Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ ˛ tUm. F. Sn. taml≥ cmPv 111
hc-th¬∏v ˛ sI. sI. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥ 117
tIc-fob Npa¿Nn{X h¿Æ-ßfpw h¿Æ k¶-ev]-ßfpw ˛ APn-X≥ ]pXp-a 119
D¨ao-ew ˛ Fkv. Hma--°p-´≥ 125
Nn{X-I-e-bpsS {KŸ-]p-cmWw ˛ sI.- bp. IrjvW-Ip-am¿ 133
tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-I-e-bpsS thm-∞mw ˛ ]{Xm-[n-]-k-anXn 137
Nn{Xhpw Nn{X-Im-cpw ˛ DÆokv Fw. aWn BNmcn 139
[ym-t«m-I-ßfpw Nn{X-ßfpw ˛ sI.- bp. IrjvW-Ip-am¿ 143
D≈-S°w
............................................................................................... ..........
13

tIc-fob t£{X-ß-fnse Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ
tUm. Fw. -Pn. iin-`q-j¨
Ahn-On-∂-amb Nn{X-I-em-]m-c-ºcyw Ah-Im-
i-s∏-Sm-hp∂ Npcp°w Nne mSp-I-fn-sem-∂mWv
tIc-fw. tZhm-e-b-ßƒ, sIm´m-c-ßƒ, {]`p-a-μn-c-
ßƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-se√mw ÿm]-Xy-I-e-bpsS `mK-
ambn `‡n-h¿≤-I-ß-fmb Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ hc-∏n-
®n-cp-∂p. ]mc-º-cy-ssi-en-bn-ep≈ Nph¿Nn-{X-ß-
tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb q‰-º-tXmfw t£{X-ß-sf-¶nepw tIc-
f-Øn¬ Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p-≠v. Xncp--μn-°c Kplm-
t£-{X-Øn¬ H≥]Xmw q‰m-≠n¬ hc® Nn{X-ß-
fn¬ n∂m-cw-`n-°p∂ ΩpsS Nph¿Nn-{X-]m-c-º-
cy-Ønv ]Øp q‰m-≠p-I-fpsS XpS¿®-bmb Ncn{Xw
Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bpw.
tIc-fob Nph¿Nn-{X-ßsf Ime-K-W-m-{I-a-
a-p-k-cn®v hn`-Pn-°m≥ klm-b-I-amb sXfn-hp-Iƒ
th≠{X e`n-®n-´n-√. Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ hc-bv°p∂
Iem-Im-c-∑m-cpsS t]cpw hc® Imehpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-
Øn-bn-´p≈ Nph¿Nn{X kt¶-X-ßƒ hfsc hfsc
Ipd-hm-sW-∂-XmWv CXnp Imc-Ww. Hcn°¬ hc®
Nn{X-ßƒ ambm≥ XpS-ßp-tºmƒ IpΩm-b-Øns‚
sXfn-]qin ho≠pw Nn{X-ßƒ hc-bv°p∂ k{º-
Zmbw ]cs° {]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-XmWv
as‰mcp Imc-Ww. Xncp--μn°c ssien°v H∂mwL-
´-Øns‚ {]mXn-n[yw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Smw.
]Xns´pw ]sØm-ºXpw q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ hc-
®n-´p≈ Nph¿Nn-{X-ß-fmWv s]mXpth tIc-f-Øn¬
ImWp-∂-Xv. ]Xn-mdpw ]Xn-tgpw q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬
hc® Nph¿Nn-{X-ßfpw A]q¿Δ-am-bn-´m-sW-
¶n¬t]mepw tIc-f-Øn¬ Ahn-S-hn-sS-bmbn
ImWmw. ]m›mXy I®-h-S-°-º-n-I-fpsS FÆn-bm-
sem-Sp-ßmØ IpX-{¥-ßfpw m´p-cm-Py-ß-fpsS
njv{In-b-Xzhpw krjvSn® Acm-P-I-XzsØ A]I-
S-ambn I≠ GXmpw {Im¥-Z¿in-I-fpsS tXrXz-
15
............................................................................................... ..........

Øn¬ Bcw-`n® a[y-Im-e-`‡n{]ÿm--Øns‚
Ime-ØmWv Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ kPo-h-am-b-Xv. hnez-
aw-K-e-Øn-s‚bpw Fgp-Ø-—-s‚bpw ta¬∏-Øq-cn-
s‚bpw ]q¥m--Øn-s‚bpw am-th-Z-s‚bpw ]Xn-
s-´-c-°-hn-I-fp-sSbpw a‰pw Imew Nph¿Nn-{X-
ßƒ°pw Zmcp-in-ev]-ßƒ°pw am{X-a√ IrjvW-
m-´-Ønpw IY-I-fn°pw Ap-Iq-e-am-bn.
hnIm-c-ßsf kwbaw sNbvXp {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-
hm-p≈ tIc-fo-b-cpsS Ignhv Ah-cpsS Iem-cq-]-
ß-fnepw {]I-S-am-Wv. Ip∂p-Ifpw Xmgvhc-Ifpw Ncn-
hp-Ifpw CS-I-e¿∂ tIc-f-Ønse `q{]-Ir-Xn-bpsS
kzm[ow tIc-fob Nn{X-I-e-bnepw Zmcp-in-ev]-I-
e-bnepw ]tcm-£-am-bn-´m-sW-¶nepw ImWp-hm≥ Ign-
bpw. h¿Øpf tcJ-Iƒ°mWv tIc-fob Nph¿Nn-
{X-ß-fn¬ {]m[myw. NmIym-cpsSbpw IY-Ifn S-
s‚bpw kvtXmZ-{]-I-S k{º-Zm-bhpw Nph¿Nn-{X-
I-em-Im-c-∑msc BI¿jn-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ IY-Ifn
ap{Z-Ifpw Nph¿Nn-{X-ß-fnse tZho-tZ-h-∑m-cpsS
AwK-hn-ymk{Ia-Ønpw ]c-kv]cw kmay-ap-s≠-
¶nepw BZy-tØ-Xns‚ tIh-em-p-I-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂n-
√. IY-I-fn-bnse ]pcp-j-th-j-ß-fpsS taep-Sp-∏npw
IhNw F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°m-dp≈ Nph¿Nn-{X-ß-
fnse taep-Sp-∏npw XΩn¬ {]I-S-amb kmay-ap-≠v.
tZh-∑m-scbpw a‰pw aoi C√m-sX-bmWv Nn{X-
ß-fn¬ hc-®n-cp-∂-Xv. kzm`m-hn-I-amb Hcev]w
kvss{XW `mhw Nph¿Nn-{X-ß-fnse ]pcpj cq]-
ßƒ°v h∂n-ńt√ F∂p kwibw tXm∂mw. a-
im-kv{X-⁄-∑m¿ ]d-bm-dp≈ ]pcp-j-nse
kvss{XWmw-ihpw kv{Xobnse ]pcp-jmw-ihpw
]≠sØ ΩpsS Nph¿Nn{X Iem-Im-c-∑m¿°pw
t_m[y-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]c-ip-cm-a≥, th´bv-s°mcp
aI≥, apn-am¿, `‡-∑m¿, cmPm-°-∑m¿ XpS-ßn-b-
hsc am{X-amWv XmSn-tbmSpw aoi-tbmSpw Nn{Xo-I-
cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. k¿hm-e-¶mc `qjn-X-cm-bmWv tZho-
tZ-h-∑msc Nph-cp-I-fn¬ Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. tIc-
fob cmPm-°-∑m-cm-Is´ hnoX thj-[m-cn-I-fpw.
ºq-Xn-cnbpw Aº-e-hm-kn-bpw ]c-tZ-i-{_m-
lvWpw mbcpw am{X-a-√- I-®-h-S-°m-cmb dmhp-
Øcpw Ic-Iu-ie hnZ-Kv[pw tIc-fob Nn{X-ß-
fn¬ Nne-t∏m-sg√mw Nn{Xo-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. ]pfn-
bn-e-°-c-ap≠v AX-s√-¶n¬ ]pfn-bn-e-°-c-tØm¿Øv
AXm-bn-cp∂p Aº-e-ß-fn¬ t]mbn-cp-∂-h-cpsS
km[m-cW thjw. tI-c-fob Iem-Im-c-∑m-cpsS
kuμcy k¶ev]w hywKy-ambn Nph¿Nn-{X-ß-fnepw
{]Xn-^-en-®n-cp-∂p. AwtKm-]mwK s]mcp-Ø-sØ-
bmWv kuμ-cy-ambn tIc-fob Iem-Im-c-∑mcpw
I≠n-cp-∂-Xv. imeo-w, D∑-Øw, F∂n-ßs kuμ-
cy-Øn-p≈ hn`n-∂-[m-c-I-sfbpw Iem-Im-c-∑m¿
AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p. o≠-ap-J-tØmSpw ZrV-i-co-c-
tØmSpw IqSn-b-h-cmWv ]fl-m-`-]pcw sIm´m-c-
Ønse `nØn Nn{X-ß-fn¬ ImWp∂ kv{Xo cq]-
ßƒ. h´-ap-J-tØm-S-Sp-∏-ap-≈-h-scbpw amwkf ico-
c-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h-scbpw a´m-t©-cn-bn¬ ImWmw.
sh´pI√p-sImt≠m Icn-¶-√p-sImt≠m sIń-
s∏m-°nb Nph-cn¬ ]cp-°≥ IpΩmbw I-Øn¬
]qin-b-Xn-p-tijw IpΩm-b-sØfn ho≠pw ]qin
AXn≥ta¬ Nn{X-ßƒ hc-bv°p∂ Hcp k{º-Zm-b-
amWv tIc-f-Øn¬ I≠p-h-cp-∂-Xv. NnØ-Æm-hm-k¬,
Im©o-]pcw XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fnepw ne-n-∂n-
cp∂ Cu k{º-Zm-b-Ønv "s{^kvtIm sks°m'
‘Fresco Seco’ F∂mWv Iem-hn-Z-Kv[≥am¿ hnti-
jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. km[m-cW hen-∏-ap≈ Hcp
Nph¿Nn{Xw hc-bv°p-∂-Xnv m¬∏Øn H∂v
Znhkw apX¬ Adp-]Xp Znhkw hsc FSp-Øn-cp-
∂p. a™-®mbw sIm≠v _mly-tc-J-Iƒ hc-®-
tijw nd-ßƒ Hmtcm∂pw {ItaW hny-kn-∏n-
°p-I-bmWv Nn{X-Im-c-∑m¿ sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv. Nn{Xw
]q¿Øn-bm-bn-°-gn-™m¬ Idp-Ø-h-c-Iƒ hc®v ]Sw
]q¿Æ-am-°p-∂p.
17
............................................................................................... ..........

Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ°p-th≠
Nmb-ßƒ A∏-t∏mƒ Xøm-dm-°p-I-
bmWv ]Xn-hv. ]ecpw sX‰n-≤-cn-®n-
´p-≈-Xp-t]mse ]g-®m-dp-
IƒsImt≠m ]®n-e-®m-dp-Iƒ
sImt≠m am{X-a√ Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ
hc-bv°p-∂-Xv. aÆn¬ n∂p Ipgn-
s®-Sp-°p∂ Nne-bnw aÏ-´-Ifpw
a-tbm-e, Nmbn-eyw, Fc-hn-°-d,
Xpcniv XpS-ßnb cmk-h-kvXp-°fpw
FÆ-°-cn, oeAa-cn-®mdv XpS-ßnb
{]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb Nmb-ßfpw Nn{X-
n¿Ωm-W-Ønv D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠v.
G‰hpw {][m h¿Æ-amb Nph∏v
tIc-f-Øn¬ kpe-`-ambn ImWp∂
sh´p-I-√p-I-fnse Hcn-Øn¬
n∂mWv Xøm¿ sNøp-∂-Xv. Nmb-
ß-tfm-sSm∏w Bdn-sem∂p apX¬
]Øn-sem∂p hsc th∏n≥]-ibpw tN¿Ø-tijw
hc-bv°p-I-bmWv coXn.
Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ hc-bv°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂
aq∂p-Xcw {_jp-I-sf-∏‰n ]Xn-mdmw q‰m-≠nse
"inev]-cXvw' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ n∂p a- n-em-
°mw. ssIX-thcv NX-®mWv ]c∂ {_jp-Iƒ Xøm-
dm-°p-∂-Xv. Iq¿∏n-s®-SpØ apfw X≠v D]-tbm-Kn-
®m-bn-cp∂p ap≥s]ms° Nn{X-Øn-p-th≠ _mly-
tc-J-Iƒ hc-®n-cp-∂-Xv. tImc-∏p-√p-Iƒ kwkvI-cn®v
Xøm-dm-°p∂ sNdnb {_jp-I-fmWv G‰hpw IqSp-
X¬ Bh-iy-ambn hcp-∂-Xv.
A©p nd-ßfpw Ah-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ CX-
c-n-d-ß-fp-amWv tIc-fob t£{X-ß-fnse Nph¿Nn-
{X-ß-fn¬ s]mXpth I≠p-h-cp-∂-Xv. Imhn-®p-h-∏v,
a™, Idp-∏v, sh≈, Ccp≠ oew F∂n-h-bmWv
Nph¿Nn-{X-ß-fnse Cu {][m h¿Æ-ßƒ. ]oX-
l-cn-Xw, lcn-X-o-ew, taL-iym-aw, kph¿Æw XpS-
ßnb nd-t`-Z-ßfpw Chn-SpsØ Iem-Im-c-∑m¿
]n¬°m-eØv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v. Nph¿Nn-{X-ßfnse
nd-ßƒ°v {]Xo-Im-flI kz`mhw Iev]n-®n-cp-∂p.
kzmXzn-Iw, cmP-kw, Xmakw F∂o {XnKp-W-ßsf
B[m-c-am-°n-bmWv tZho-tZ-h-∑msc Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cp-
∂-Xv. XnI™ kmXznI aq¿Øn-Isf IY-Ifnbnse-
∂-t]mse ]®-n-d-Øn-emWv Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-I.
ctPm-Kp-W-{]-[m-n-I-fmb tZh-∑msc Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-
tºmƒ Nph∂ nd-Øn-m-bn-cp∂p {]map-Jyw. Xtam-
Kp-W-aq¿Øn-Isf Idp-∏nv ]Icw sh≈-bn-emWv
Nph¿Nn-{X-I-em-Im-c≥am¿ Bhn-jvI-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
A·n-bpsS nd-tØmSp kmZr-iy-ap≈ Imhn-®p-h-
∏mWv tIc-fob Nph¿Nn-{X-ß-fn¬ nd™p n∂n-
cp∂ h¿Æw. lcn-Xm-`-amb tIc-f-{]-Ir-Xn-bpsS hncp-
≤-h¿Æw F∂ ne-bn¬ {]tXy-I-X-bp≈ Cu
Nph∏v Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ°v khn-ti-j-am-sbmcp
Kmwòcy ]cn-thjw ¬In-bn-cp-∂p.
]-b-∂m¿Imhv, G‰p-am-q¿, ]pWvU-co-I-]p-
cw, Xr{]-bm¿, ]≈n-a-Æ, sNΩ≥Xn-´, tIm´-°¬,
sXmSn-°-fw, temI-m¿Imhv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ I≠p-
h-cp∂ Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ°v kvac-W-`-‡n-bp≈ nan-
Ø-ß-sf∂ ne-bnepw Iem-kr-jvSn-I-sf∂ ne-
bnepw {]m[m-y-ap-≠v. ]fl-m-`-]p-cw, IrjvW-]p-
cw, a´m-t©cn F∂o sIm´m-c-ß-fnse Nn{X-ßfpw
tIc-fob Nn{X-I-e-bpsS anI® amXr-I-I-fm-Wv. apdp-
°n-sIń h®n-cn-°p∂ cp{Z-ho-W-t]mse Ne--Øn-
mbn ImØn-cn-°p-I-bm-sW∂v tXm∂pw G‰p-am-
qsc S-cmP Nn{Xw I≠m¬. ]-b-∂m¿Im-hnse
Nn{X-ß-fn¬ h®v atm-lcw cma-cm-h-W-bp-≤hpw
koXm-cm-a≥amcpsS ]px-k-am-K-a-hp-am-Wv. HmS-°p-
g¬ hmbn-°p∂ thWp-tKm-]m-e-Ir-jvW-mWv
]pWvU-co-I-]pcw Nn{X-ß-fn¬ sh®v apJyw. th´
S-Øp∂ imkvXm-hns‚ Nn{Xo-I-c-Whpw ]pWvU-
co-I-]p-csØ {]ikvX Nn{X-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv Incm-
X¿÷p-obw IY-bpsS Na¬Im-c-]q¿Æ-amb Bhn-
jvIm-c-amWv ]≈naÆbn-sebpw sNΩ≥Xn-´-bn-
sebpw {][m Nn{X-ßƒ. GIm-Zi cp{Z-∑mcpw
thWp-tKm-]m-e-Ir-jvWpw sXmSo-°fw t£{X-
Ønse Ahn-kva-c-Wob Nn{X-ß-fm-Wv. cp‹nWo
kzbw-h-chpw Chn-SpsØ A-izc Nn{X-]-c-º-c-I-
fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.
19
............................................................................................... ..........

h¿Æ-em-h-Wy-Øn¬ AP-¥bnse Nn{X-ßƒ
Fß-s-bmtWm ap¥n-n¬°p-∂Xv AXp-t]m-se-
bmWv tcJm-Nm-cp-X-bn¬ tIc-fob Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ.
Nn{X-I-e-bpsS Bflmhv tcJ-I-fn-em-sW∂ kXy-
Z¿iw tIc-fob Nn{X-Im-cs AKm-[-ambn kzm[o-
n-®n-cp-∂p. XSn-®-h-c-sIm≠v kmao-]yhpw t¿Ø
hc-sIm-≠v Zqchpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-°mpw HgpIp∂ hc-
IƒsIm≠v Ahn-On-”-amb {à-W-{]-XoXnbpw
krjvSn-°mpw tIc-fob Iem-Im-c-∑m¿ F∂pw
{i≤n-®n-cp-∂p. ZrjvSn-tIm-Wp-I-fn-eqsS kΩn-Xnbpw
a‰p Nne-bn-S-ß-fn¬ hncp≤ KXnbpw t_m[-]q¿Δw
Bhn-jv°-cn-°mpw Ah¿°-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p.
hn{Kl imkv{X-Øn-s‚bpw [ym-a-{¥-ß-fp-
sSbpw ]cn-[n-°p-≈n¬ n∂v hf-sc-sbm∂pw ]pd-
tØ°v IS-°m≥ Ign-™n-s√-∂-XmWv tIc-f-
Ønse t£{X-Nn-{X-ß-fpsS yq-X-I-fnsem∂v.
IYm-Jym Nn{X-ß-fn¬ Cu ]cn-an-Xnsb adn-I-S-
°m-p≈ [oc-]-cn-{i-a-ßƒ ImWm-p-≠v. h¿Æ-an-
{i-ßƒ ]co-£n-°m-Xn-cp-∂Xv t]mcm-bva-bmbn
Nne¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-
∂Xv icn-b-√. Aeu-In-I-
amb Hcp ]cn-th-j-amWv
Nph¿Nn-{X-ß-fpsS [y-X-
I-fn¬ {][m-w. Ccpfpw
shfn-®hpw F∂-t]mse
emkyhpw cu{Zhpw
AhnsS amdn amdn ImWmw.
mSy-h¿Ωn-bpsS XnIhv
Fs¥-∂-dn-b-W-sa-¶n¬
A`n--b-hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ
Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ {i≤n®p
]Tn-®m¬ aXn.
chn-h¿Ω ssien-
bpsS {]Nm-chpw `qn-b-a-
Øn¬ h∂ am‰-ßfpw
Nph¿ Nn{X-te-J--Øn-
ep≈ Xmev]cyw GXm≠v
XpS-®p-o-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bn-
cp-∂p. F∂m¬ bi:ico-
c-mb aΩn-bq¿ IrjvW≥Ip-ń-m-b-sc-t∏m-se-bp≈
Iem-Im-c-∑mcpsSbpw a‰pw tXr-Xz-Øn¬ Nph¿Nn-
{X-I-ebv°v Hcp ]p-cp-≤m-cWw Ign™ Ipd®v
h¿j-ß-fmbn D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. Iem-n-cq-]-I≥ F∂
ne-bnepw Kth-j-I≥ F∂ ne-bnepw Cu ]p-
cp-≤m-c-W-Øn¬ kPo-h ]¶m-fn-bm-Im≥ Ign-™-
Xn¬ Cu teJ-Ipw AXn-bmb Nmcn-Xm¿∞yw
D≠v.
GsX-¶nepw Hcº-e-Øn¬t]mbn ]g-sbmcp
Nn{X-Øns‚ kvsIs®-SpØv sIm≠p-h∂v IS-em-
n¬ ]I¿Øn Nph-ń¬ kz¥w t]sc-gp-Xp∂ Hcp
Zpjv{]-h-WX ASp-Ø-Im-e-Ømbn I≠p-h-cp-∂p.
X©m-hq¿ Nn{X-ß-fpsS bm{¥n-Im-p-I-c-W-ßƒ
bYm¿∞ X©m-hq¿ ssien°v D≠m-°n-b-Xp-t]m-
se-bp≈ A]-I¿jw tIc-fob Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ°pw
Cu {]h-WX krjvSn-°pw. AXv kw`-hn-°m-Xn-cn-
°m≥, ]´p-qepw hmg-mcpw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ ΩpsS
Iem-kzm-Z-I≥∑m¿°v Ign-tb-≠-Xm-Wv.
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
Fw. Pn. iin-`q-j¨: Ncn-{X-K-th-j-Ipw A≤ym-]-I-pw. ap∂q-tdmfw t£{X-ß-fnse
Nph¿Nn-{X-ß-sfbpw inev]-ß-sfbpw Ipdn®pw tIc-f-Ønse k¿∏-°-f-ßƒ, If-sa-gp-
Øp-]m-´p-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®pw ]Tw S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. tIcf km£-cXm anj≥,
sshtem-∏n≈ kwkvIr-Xn-`-h≥ F∂n-h-bpsS Ub-d-IvS-dm-bn-cp-∂p.
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
21
............................................................................................... ..........

23
............................................................................................... ..........
t£{X Npa¿Nn-{X-Øns‚ ]cn-Wmaw
s{]m^. hnP-b-Ip-amc tatm≥
apjy kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ BZy-ap-{Z-Iƒ D]-
I-c-W-ß-fpsS n¿Ωm-W-sa∂ ne-bn-emWv ImW-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]n∂oSv Kpl-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ Nn{X-ß-
fmWv apjy kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS hf¿®-bpsS Hcp
kp{]-[m L´w t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. `mc-X-Ønepw
tIc-f-Ønepw CØcw Kplm-`nØn Nn{X-ß-fp-≠v.
]n∂oSv kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ]cn-Wm-a-Øn¬ Bcm-[-
m-{I-a-ßƒ hcm≥ XpS-ßp-Ibpw Bcm-[-m-e-b-ß-
fpsS n¿ΩmWw Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
AtXmsS B hmkvXp-`n-Øn-bpsS Ae-¶mcw Bh-
iy-am-bn-h-∂p. ap-jy≥ ]md Xpc∂v Kpl-bp-≠m°n
AXns‚ `nØn-Iƒ πmÃ¿ sNbvXv AXn-t∑¬
Nn{Xw hc-°m≥ XpS-ßnb kwkvIm-c-Øns‚
G‰hpw √ DZm-l-cWw AP¥m Kplm-Nn-{X-ß-
fm-Wv. PmXI IY-I-fpsS ]e-Xn-s‚bpw Nn{Xo-I-
cWw khn-ti-j-amb coXn-bn¬ sNbvX Kpl-I-
fmWv AP-¥-bn-te-Xv. ]n∂oSv `mc-X-Ønepw `mc-X-
Ønp ]pdØpw Nn{X-Ie AP-¥-bn¬ n∂p
hym]n-®p. _p≤-aXm-p-bm-bn-I-fmWv AP-¥m-Kplm
n¿Ωm-Whpw AXnse Ae-¶m-chpw t{]m’m-ln-
∏n-®-Xv. tIhew `nØn-b-e-¶mcw am{X-am-bn-cpt∂m
AXns‚ Dt±iyw? _p≤-`n-£p-°-fpsS ssNXyhpw
hnlm-c-hp-a-S-ßp∂ Kpl-I-fn¬ _p≤-I-Y-Ifpw
PmXI IY-Ifpw hc-®-t∏m-ƒ Kplm-¥¿`mKw _p≤m-
¥-co£w tSn. _p≤-]-cn-th-jw-sIm≠p ]qcn-X-amb
Hch-ÿ-bn¬ n∂p-sIm-≠mWv _p≤-`n-£p-°ƒ°v
AXp-ambn ebn-°m≥ Ign-™-Xv. ]n∂oSv ]Sp-Øp-
b¿Ønb t£{X-ß-fp-≠m-b-t∏mƒ t£{X-`n-Øn-
Iƒ inev]-ßƒsIm≠pw Nn{X-ßƒsIm≠pw Ae-
¶-cn-°p∂ kwkvIm-chpw hf¿∂p.
Bcm-[-m-e-b-ßƒ n¿Ωn-°p-tºmƒ AXns‚
hmkvXp-cq-]-Øn-p-X-s∂ ]e khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw
¬I-Ww. ap-jym-e-b-Øn-p≈ hmkvXp-h√ tZhm-
e-b-Øn-p-th-≠Xv. hmkvXp-cq]w Xs∂ ssZh-Nn-
¥, Z¿i--ßƒ F∂nh t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn-
°-Ww. {InkvXy≥ ]≈nbpw C…mw ]≈nbpw _p≤-
ssP-m-cm-[-m-e-b-ßfpw knJv lnμp-t£-{X-ß-fp-
sa√mw AØcw Hmtcm ho£-W-Øns‚ n¿Ωn-Xn-
I-fm-Wv. a≤y-`m-c-Ønse t£{X-ß-fn¬ inev]-
ßƒsIm-≠-e-¶-cn-®-h-bmWv `nØn-Iƒ. tIc-f-Øn¬
Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ°v {]m[myw ¬Ip-∂p.
F.-Un. 8˛mw q‰m-t≠msS Bcw-`n®p F∂p
Icp-Xmhp∂ tIc-fob ]mc-ºcy Npa¿Nn{Xw ]e
]cn-jvIm-c-ßfpw kzoI-cn®v 16-˛17 q‰m-≠p-I-tfmsS
Hcp kpÿn-c-ssien B¿Pn-®p. tIc-f-Øns‚
t£{X hmkvXp-`n-Øn-Iƒ {i≤n-®m¬ Ah Nn{X-c-
N-°v Dt±-in-®n-´p≈ ÿe-ß-fm-sW∂p ]d-bm≥

25
............................................................................................... ..........
{]bm-k-am-Wv. bmsXm-c-e-¶m-c-hp-an-√mØ `nØn-I-
fp≈ t£{X-ß-fp-≠p-Xm-pw. t£{X-`n-Øn-bn¬
Nn{X-c-N sNøp-tºmƒ HmtcmbnSØpw ¬tI≠
cq]-ßƒ AXn-{]-[m--am-Wv. nc-h[n [ym-t«m-I-
ßƒ Hmtcm aq¿Øn-°p-ap-≠v. [ym-t«m-I-ß-fn-
se√mw tZh-X-bpsS ndw, `mhw, ssIap-{Z-Iƒ, Bbp-
[-ßƒ, hml--ßƒ F∂n-ßs Nn{X-]-c-amb hnh-
c-W-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. a- n¬ I≠ cq]sØ Imhy-
`m-j-bn-em-°n-b-XmWv [ym-t«m-I-ßƒ.
tIc-f-Øns‚ t£{X-ß-fnse Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ
C∂pw lnμp-°-f-√m-Ø-h¿°v ImWm≥ Ign-bn-√.
Ah¿°p-Xs∂ ]e hkv{X-[m-cW hne-°p-Iƒ
D≈-Xn-m¬ lnμp-°-sf-Øs∂ t£{X-
Øn¬n∂pw AI‰n n¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂
Ahÿ 21-˛mw q‰m-≠mbn´pw ne-sIm-≈p-Ibpw
sNøp-∂p. AXn-m¬ Ipd®pt]¿ am{Xw I≠n-cp∂
(C∂pw ImWp-∂) Cu Nn{X-ßƒ Hcn°epw P-
k-a-£-Øn¬ Imcy-amb kzm[ow sNep-Øn-bn-√.
1989-˛¬ Kpcp-hm-bq¿ tZhkzw Npa¿Nn{X ]T--tI{μw
Bcw-`n-®-tXmsS AhnsS ]Tn-®n-d-ßnb hnZym¿∞n-
I-fmWv Cu ssien ]pdw-tem-IsØØn®-Xv.
sIm≠p--S-°m-hp∂ coXn-bn¬ Npa¿Nn{X ssien-
bn¬ Nn{X-ßƒ hc®v Kyme-dn-I-fn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-
°m≥ t]mepw Xøm-dm-btXmsS tIc-f-Øns‚ khn-
tij Nn{X-ssien ]pdw-tem-I-a-dn-™p.
Aan-X-amb ssieo-I-c-Ww, Ae-¶m-c-®m¿Øv,
]©-h¿Æ-ß-fpsS BI¿j-Wo-b-X, IqSn-bm-´w,
IrjvW-m-´w, IY-I-fn-t]m-ep≈ cwK Ie-I-fn¬
ImWp∂ coXnsb Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p∂ apJ-`m-hw,
ssieo-IrX ico-c-n-e, ssieo-IrX ssIap-{Z-Iƒ
F∂nh BI¿j-W-amb coXn-bn-emWv tIc-fob
t£{X-ß-fn¬ hc-®n-cp∂Xv. an°-hmdpw {iotIm-
hn-enp Np‰p-amWv Nn{X-ßƒ hc-°p-∂-Xv. {]Z-
£nWw sNøp∂bmfpsS Hcp hiw apgp-h≥ tZho-
tZ-h-∑m-cpsS h¿tÆm-Pz-e-{]-`mhw `‡v kpc-tem-
Im-¥-co£w ¬Ipw. Hcp sNdnb ÿewt]mepw
iqy-am-°n-bn-SmsX Npa¿ apgp-h≥ Nn{X-ßƒ
sIm≠p-n-d-°p∂ tIc-f-Øns‚ ssien a‰p `mc-
Xob Nn{X-ssi-en-I-fn¬n∂pw {]I-S-amb
hyXymkw ImWn-°p-∂p. {InkvXy≥ ]≈n-I-fnepw
Npa¿Nn-{X-ß-fp-≠v. AhnsS {InkvXp-hn-sbpw
ss__n-fn-sbpw B[m-c-am-°nb IY-I-fm-Wp-≠m-
hp-I. ssien-bm-I-s´, ]m›m-Xy-hpw. t£{X-ß-fn¬
an°-hmdpw Npa-cp-I-fn¬ am{X-amWv Nn{X-ß-fp-≠m-
hp-I. ]≈n-I-fn¬ hnXm--Ønepw (ceiling) Nn{X-
ßƒ ¬Im-dp-≠v. t£{X Npa¿Nn-{X-ß-fn¬ tZho-
tZ-h-∑m-tcmsSm∏w A]q¿Δ-ambn km[m-cW P-
ß-sfbpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp∂ kμ¿`-ßƒ ImWmw.
KW-]-Xn°v Imbv°p-ebpw N°bpw a‰pw sIm≠p-
h-cp∂ Bƒ°m-cmbn km[m-cW P-ßsf Ah-
X-cn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v.

27
............................................................................................... ..........
tIc-f-Ønse a´m-t©cn sIm´m-cw, IrjvW-
]pcw sIm´m-cw, ]fl-m-`-]pcw sIm´mcw F∂n-hn-
S-ß-fnepw t£{X-Nn-{X-ssi-en-bn-ep≈ Nn{X-ßƒ
ImWmw. a´m-t©cn sIm´m-c-Ønse cmam-bW
Nn{Xw cmam-bW IY kºq¿Æ-ambn Zriym-Jymw
S-Øp-∂p. `mc-X-Øn¬ {ZmhnU Ie-bpsS G‰hpw
√ DZm-l-c-W-ambn B-μ-Ip-am-c-kzman I≠Xv
G‰p-am-q¿ inh-t£-{X-Ønse {]tZm-j-rØw (-
S-cm-P≥) BWv. t£{X-Øn¬ n∂p ]pdØp IS∂
Cu ssien 21-˛mw q‰m-≠n¬ ]e s]mXp sIń-S-
ß-fpsS `nØn-I-fnepw bph-I-em-Im-c-∑m¿ D]-tbm-
Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. Bh-iy-{]-Imcw ssZhnI hnj-b-ß-
f-√m-Øh CØcw `nØn-I-fn¬ hc-°m≥ XpS-ßn-
b-tXmsS Cu ssien°v A¤pX]q¿Δ-amb hf¿®-
bp-≠m-bn. `nØn-bn¬ Xq°n-bn-Sm-hp∂ Nn{X-ambn
CXv ]ecpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ CXnse ]e tamń-
^p-Ifpw hkv{Xw, ]m{Xw F∂n-h-I-fn¬ Bte-Jw
sNbvXpw ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. 25 h¿jw aps∂ hsc
t£{X-Øns‚ XS-hn-em-bn-cp∂ Cu ssien ]pd-
Øp-h-∂-tXmsS hf-sc-b-[nIw ]cn-W-an-°p-Ibpw hf-
cp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Npa¿ Nn{X-Øns‚ kuμ-cy-imkv{Xw
`nØn-bn¬ Xq°p∂ Nn{Xhpw `nØn-bn¬
hc® Nn{Xhpw XΩn¬ hyXym-k-ap-≠v. BZy-tØXv
sIm≠v S-°m-hp∂ (Portable)-Xm-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠p-
Xs∂ AXnv ]e-bn-SØpw sNs∂-Øm-p≈
km≤y-X-bp-≠v. F∂m¬ Npa-cn¬ hc® Nn{Xw AΔn-
[-Øn-ep-≈-X-√. AXv HcnSØv ÿnc-ambn ne-sIm-
≈p-∂p. ÿncw-˛-A-ÿncw F∂ Ahÿ Ie-I-fn¬
hnhn[ emh-Wy-X-e-ß-sf (aesthetic levels) t{ImUo-
I-cn-°p-∂p. G‰hpw Aÿn-c-amb Nn{X-ßƒ [qfo-
Nn-{X-ßfpw apJ-sØ-gp-Øv, sasø-gp-Øv, ]mf-sb-
gpØv (]-S-b-Wn-t°m-e-ßƒ) XpS-ßn-b-h-bm-Wv.
AsX√mw Hcp {]tXyI ÿeØv Ipd-®p-Imew ne-
n-∂v, Bhiyw Ign-™m¬ If-tb-≠-h-bm-Wv.
AXns‚ Cu Aÿn-c-X-bm-W-Xns‚ kzXzhpw emh-
Wy-hpw. F∂m¬ ÿnc-X-bmWv Npa¿Nn-{X-Øns‚
emh-Wyw.
t£{X Npa-cn¬ {]tXy-In®pw ({iotIm-hn-en-
s‚) AtIw Nn{X-ß-fp-≠m-Ipw. AXv HcnS-Øp-
n∂p am{Xw ImWm-m-hn-√. n›-e-ambn Npa-cn¬
ne-sIm-≈p-∂ AØcw Nn{X-irw-Je ImW-W-sa-
¶n¬ ImgvN-°m-cs‚ (`-‡s‚/`‡-bp-sS) icocw
Hmtcm Nn{Xhpw I≠p-I≠p oßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°-Ww.
t£{X-Øn¬ {iotIm-hn-enp Np‰p-ap≈ Nn{X-ßƒ
ImWp∂ ImgvN-°m-c≥ (`-‡≥/`‡) {]Z-£nWw
sNøp∂ hy‡nbmWv. {]Z-£nWw F∂ imco-cnI
{Inb-bn¬ Zriy-sa∂ LS-Ihpw tN¿∂-Xm-Wv
Npa¿Nn-{X-Øn¬ A¥¿eo--am-bn-cn-°p∂ kuμ-cyw.
Hcn°¬ I≠ Nn{X-ßƒ ]Xn-hmbn ImWp-
tºmƒ {]Z-£n-W-ho-Yn-bn-eqsS S-°p∂ icocw
B Nn{X-ß-fpsS Hcp kpÿn-c-ap{Z kz`m-hn-I-ambpw
Z¿in-°p-∂p. AXv At_m[ a- n¬ F∂pw ne-
sIm-≈pw. `‡nbpw at‰-sXmcp `mhhpw GI-am--a-
√. F√m-Ønpw ]e am-ß-fp-≠v. Nn{X-ßfnep≈
Hmtcm `mhhpw Hmtcm tZho-tZ-hs‚ I¿Ω aWvU-
e-sØ-bmWv t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu ImgvN
tIhew Ae-¶mcw F∂ H∂√m-Xm-bn-Øo-cp-∂X-
t∏m-gm-Wv. {iotIm-hn-ens‚ ]pdw-`m-KØpw {ioXzw
¬Ip-∂Xv H∂pw ]Xn-°mØ Npa-cp-I-f-√. Nn{X-
ßfpw inev]-ßfpw ]Xn-∏n® Npa-cp-I-fm-Wv. {iotIm-
hn-ens‚ A¥¿a-WvU-e-Øn¬ (K¿`-Kr-lw) {][m
{]Xn-jvT-bp-≈-t∏mƒ AXns‚ Np‰p-`n-Øn-bnse cq]-
ßƒ {iotIm-hn-ens `mhw-sIm≠pw cq]w-sIm≠pw
DZm-Ø-am-°p-∂p.
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
s{]m^. hnP-b-Ip-amc tatm≥ : Nn{X-N-cn-{X-Im-c≥, ncq-]-I≥, teJ-I≥, Nn¥-I≥,
Iem-kw-c-£-I≥ F∂o hnhn[ Xe-ß-fn¬ {]i-kvX≥. ae-bmfw k¿Δ-Iemime-bnse
kmwkvIm-cnI ss]XrI ]T hn`mKw t_m¿Uv AwKw.
.........................................................................................................................................................................................

29
............................................................................................... ..........
Nn{X-I-ebv°v Hcp BapJw
Sn.- hn. am[-h-hm-cn-b¿
Nn{X-I-e-sb-°p-dn®v {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ nc-h[n
{KŸ-ßƒ kwkvIr-X- `m-j-bn¬ D≠v. G‰hpw {][m-
-s∏-´h {ioIp-am-c≥ cNn® inev]-c-Xvw, ]pcm-W-
ß-fn¬ Ay-X-hp-amb hnjvWp-[¿tΩm-Ø-c-]p-cm-
Ww, Imiy-]o-bw, Nmeq-Iy-hw-i-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp∂
tkma-tZ-h≥ cNn® A`n-e-jn-Xm¿∞ Nn¥m-a-Wn,
_rl-’w-lnX F∂n-h-bm-Wv. `qtZ-h-a-√≥ cNn®
am-tkm-√mkw F∂ Hcp {KŸw [qfo-Nn-{X-sØ-
°p-dn®v {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xm-bn´v Ds≠∂v A`n-e-jn-
Xm¿∞ Nn¥m-a-Wn-bn¬ kqN--bp-≠v. hn≤-km-e-
`-RvPn-I, DØ-ahXm-em-e-¶m-cm-P-Xm-c-kq-{Xw,
kºq¿Æ-Nn-{X-e-£Ww F∂o {KŸ-ß-fpsS t]cpw
]d-™p-tIƒ°p-∂p. Nn{X-tØmSv G‰hpw ASpØ
Ie-bmb rØ-im-kv{X-{]-Xn-]m-Z-I-amb `c-X-ap-n-
bpsS mSy-im-kv{Xhpw Nn{X-I-em-k-º-Øn-te°v
shfn®w hoip-∂-Xm-Wv. IqSmsX X{¥-k-ap-®-b-Øn
se inev]-`m-Khpw Nn{X-im-kv{X-X-Xz-ßƒ Dƒs°m-
≈p-∂p. mSy-im-kv{X-Øn¬ kwkvIr-X-Ønepw ae-
bm-f-Ønepw hymJym--ßƒ D≠v. X{¥-k-ap-®-b-
Ønv ae-bm-f-Øn-epw. a‰p {KŸ-ßƒ°v hymJym-
-ßƒ H∂pw {]Nm-c-Øn-en-√. kmt¶-XnI ]Z-ßfpw
{]ta-b-ßfpw nc-h-[n-bp≈ {]kvXpX {KŸ-ß-
fpsS A¿∞w a- n-em-°pI {ia-I-c-am-Wv. ]c-º-
cm-K-X-amb kn≤m-¥-ßfpw {]tbm-K-ß-fpsS ssien-
Ifpw BWv tIc-fob Nn{X-I-em-Im-c-∑m¿ ]n≥Xp-
S¿∂p-t]m-cp-∂-Xv.
Nn{X-I-em-Im-c-∑m-cn¬ kwkvIr-X-`m-jm-]-
WvUn-X-∑m¿ Ipd-hm-Wv, kwkvIr-X-`mjm ]WvUn-
X-∑m-cn¬ Nn{X-I-e-bn¬ B`n-ap-Jy-ap-≈-hcpw hnc-
f-am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v Nn{X-I-e-bpsS kuμ-cy-
imkv{Xw AkvX-{]-Nm-c-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Kpcp-
hm-bq¿ Npa¿Nn-{X-]-T--tI-{μ-Øn¬ {io. aΩnbq¿

{ion-hm-k≥ amÃ-dpsS n¿_-‘-{]-Imcw inev]-
c-Xvw, Nn{X-kq{Xw F∂o {KŸ-ßƒ Cu teJ-
Iv ]Tn-∏n-t°-≠n-h-∂p. Nn{X-I-em-Nm-cy-mb At±-
l-hp-ambn nc-¥cw N¿® sNbvXv {]kvXpX {KŸ-
ß-fnse nKq-Vm¿∞w A]-{K-Yn-s®-Sp-°p-hmpw
Gsd-°psd ka-RvP-k-amb Bibw a- n-em-
°mpw Ign-™p. apI-fn¬ ]d™ Nn{X-K-Ÿ-ß-
sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Adnhpw At±-l-Øn¬n-∂p-X-s∂-
bmWv Inń-b-Xv. kne-_-kn¬ s]Sm-Ø-h-bm-sW-
¶nepw Ahsb Atz-jn®v Is≠-Ømpw {io.
]Wn-°¿ amÃ-dpsS D]-tZ-i-ß-fmepw hnh-c-W-ß-
fmepw Xr]vXn-I-c-amb nK-a--Øn-se-Ømpw Ign-
™p. At±-l-Øns‚ ImcpWy e£vao ntbm-K-
Øm¬ Iem-Im-c-∑m¿°pw Bkzm-Z-I¿°pw lnX-I-
c-ambn GXmpw hcn-Iƒ Ipdn-°p-∂p.
Ie, Nn{Xw, inev]w F∂o ]Z-ß-fpsS
ncp‡w apX¬ XpS-ßmw. IwemXn = kpJw
Xcp-∂Xv, F∂mWv Ie F∂ ]Z-Øn-¿∞w.
ChnsS kpJw F∂-Xnv Bμw F∂¿∞w.
B¿°v F∂ tNmZy-Ønv, t`m‡m-hnv, F∂p-sh-
®m¬ C{μo-b-a-tm-bp-‡-amb Bflm-hnv F∂pw.
A¿∞-kn≤w AXm-bXv C{μo-b-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw a-
n-eq-sSbpw Ap-`qXn hnj-b-ambn B-μ-kz-cq-]-
mb Bflm-hnv Bμw sImSp-°p-∂-XmWv Ie
F∂¿∞w.
Ie-I-fn¬ Ay--a-amWv Nn{Xw. NntX-cmXn
= NnØnv sImSp-°p-∂Xv F∂v buKn-Im¿∞w
Ap-k-cn®v NnØnv Bμw sImSp-°p-∂-Xv. B-
μ-kz-cq-]-amb NnØnv as‰m∂pw sImSp-Øn´v Imcy-
an-√-t√m. ê-Øn¬ NnZm--μ-k-μm-bIw Nn{Xw.
ine-DtQ (D-t]-£n-°pI F∂ A¿∞-
Øn¬ inev F∂ [mXp) F∂ [mXp-hn¬ n∂v
Dt]-£n-°-s∏-´Xv F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ inev F∂
]Zw njv]-∂am-hp-∂p. AXns c£n-°p-∂Xv
F∂p sh®m¬ {]tbm-P--an-√m-bvI-bm¬ ap-jy¿
km[m-c-W-bmbn {i≤n-°mØ ]md, acw, aÆv apX-
em-b-hsb ap-jy¿°v D]-tbm-K-{]-Z-am-°n-Øo¿°p-
∂Xv inev]w. AXpw B-μ-Zm-b-Iw-X-s∂. ae-bm-
f-Øn¬ Ωƒ km[m-cW a- n-em-°p-∂-Xnepw
hfsc hnim-e-amb A¿∞-amWv Cu ]Z-ßƒ°v
bYm¿∞-Øn¬ D≈-Xv.
Nn{Xw F∂-Xns inev]-c-Xv-Im-c≥ Xmsg
]dbpw {]Imcw n¿Δ-Nn-°p-∂p. Z¿i--am-{X-bn¬
Xs∂ irwKm-cmZn `mh-ßƒ t{]£-I-n¬ Df-hm-
°p-∂Xpw IÆm-Sn-bn¬ {]Xn-_nw_w F∂-t]mse
kmZriyw D≈-Xp-amb n¿Ωn-Xnsb Nn{Xw F∂p
]d-bp-∂p. shdpw cq]-km-Zriyw t]mc- `m-hhpw A`n-
hy-‡-am-hWw F∂v FSp-Øp-]-d-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
aq∂p temI-ß-fnepw ÿmh-c-ßfpw PwK-a-ß-fp-amb
F√m-‰n-s‚bpw Xn-a-bm¿∂ cq]-Ønepw `mh-
31
............................................................................................... ..........

33
............................................................................................... ..........
Ønepw D≈ Ic-W-amWv
Nn{Xw F∂mWv Nn{X-
Ønv At±lw ]d-bp∂
e£-Ww.
Nn{X-ßsf
{][m--ambn aq∂p
hn[-ambn Xncn-°p-
∂p.1. kw]q¿Æ
Zriy-I-c-W-ap-≈-h.
F∂p sh®m¬
{Xnam--X-e-Øn-
ep≈ {]Xn-a, hn{K-
lw, A¿®m-_nw_w
apX-em-b-h. 2. A¿[-
Nn-{Xw. AXm-bXv
`nØn, kvXw`w apX-em-
b-h-bn¬ ]Xn-™n-cn-
°p∂ hn[-ap-≈-Xv. 3.
Nn{Xm-`m-kw. AXm-
bXv F√m {]Im-c-Ønepw
Nn{Xw-t]m-se-Øs∂ Xnf-ßp-
∂-Xv. ZznX-eta D≈q F¶nepw {XnXe n¿Ωn-Xn-
t]mse t{]£-Iv Ap-`-h-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xv. CXnv
BteJyw F∂pw ]d-bmw. If-sa-gp-Øv, Xp∂¬]-
Wn, tXm¬∏mh n¿ΩmWw apX-em-b-hbpw Nn{Xm-
`mkw F∂ hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏Sp-∂p.
Nnt{X kmZr-iy-I-cWw {][mw ]cn-Io¿ØnXw
F∂p Nn{X-kq-{X-Im-c≥ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂ Ie-I-
fn¬ G‰hpw anI-®-Xpw, [¿Ω-Im-am¿∞ tam£
{]Zhpw G‰hpw awK-f-hp-amWv Nn{Xw F∂n-ßs
Hcp Nn{XsØ ]pI-gvØp-∂p At±lw. Nn{XsØ
kXyw, sshWn-Iw, mK-cw, an{Xw F∂p mep-hn-
[-ambn Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. hnjvWp ]pcm-W-Øn¬
Nn{X-kq{Xw F∂p-t]-cn-´n-´p≈ 35 apX¬ 43 IqSn-
bp≈ 9 A[ym-b-ß-fn¬ Bte-JysØ ]‰n-bmWv
hnh-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂-Xp-sIm≠v Cu {]t`Zw {]Xn-
am-Zn-Isf Dt±-in-®p-≈-X-√. Ah-sb-°p-dn®v
XpS¿∂p≈ A[ym-b-ß-fn¬ hni-Z-ambn hnh-cn-°p-
∂p-≠p-Xm-pw. F∂m¬ 35-˛mw A[ym-b-Øns‚
XpS°w Nn{Xm-K-a-tØm-sS-bm-Wv.
Xs∂ {]tem-`n-∏n-°p-hm≥ h∂v A]vk-c- p-
I-fpsS kuμ-cy-aZw in-∏n-°m≥ mcm-bW apn
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
kwkvIrX ]WvUn-X≥ bi»-co-c-mb tXm∂-√q¿ Sn. hn. am[-h-hm-cn-b¿ 2000 am¿®v amk-Øn¬ Fgp-Xnb teJw
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
aÆp-sIm≠v kv{Xo {]Xn-a-bp-≠m-°n. k¿Δ-e-£W
kºq¿Æ-amb {]kvXpX {]Xn-a°v Poh≥ h®p Ah-
fpsS Ag-Ip-I≠v A]vkc kv{XoIƒ e÷n-®p-t]m-
bn. ]n∂oSv B {]Xn-abpw D¿Δin F∂p t]cmb
A]vk-c- m-bn. Xm≥ Bhn-jv°-cn® {]Xn-am-
n¿ΩmWw ka-{K-ambn hniz-I¿Ωm-hnv D]-tZ-in®p
F∂pw At±-l-Øns‚ ]c-º-c-bn-eqsS Nn{X
n¿ΩmWw cq]-s∏-´p-sh-∂p-amWv hnjvWp-[¿tΩm-
Øc ]pcm-W-Ønse D]m-Jym-w. (b-⁄-tΔZ
{]mXniwkyØn¬ knam--im-kv{X-Im-c-mbn Ap-
kva-cn-°p∂ mcm-bW apnbpw Ct±-lhpw Hcmƒ
Xs∂ F∂v A`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v.)
inev]-c-Xv-Ønepw Nn{X-kq-{X-Ønepw Bte-
Jy-sØ-°p-dn-®mWv {][m--ambpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-
Xv. `nØn-kw-kvI-c-Ww, Nmb-°q-´p-Iƒ D≠m-°¬,
Xme-amw AwKp-e-am-w, kq{X-hn-ym-k-kn-[n,
kwap-Jm-[n-ÿm--t`-Z-ßƒ, Xqen-I, ]i, kz¿Æm-
Zn-te-]--kn-≤n-Iƒ, {]Ir-Xn-Zr-iy-ßƒ hc-bp-tºmƒ
{]tXyIw {i≤n-t°≠ hnj-b-ßƒ, aqe-h¿Æ-
ßƒ, h¿W-kw-tbm-P--Øm¬ D≠m-Ip∂ an{i-
h¿Æ-ßƒ, Nn{X-c-N--bn¬ {]tXyIw {i≤n-t°≠
Imcy-ßƒ, `mh-c-km-Zn-I-fpsS {]m[myw F∂nh
khn-kvXcw {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v.
F√m Ie-Ifpw B-μm-p-`q-Xn-bp-≠m-°p-∂-
h-bm-Wv. Nn{X-I-e -hn-ti-jn®pw. B Ap-`q-Xn-tbm-
sSm∏w Ie-Iƒ kmwkv°m-cn-I-amb ]cn-h¿Ø-
hpw D≠m-°p-∂p-≠v. B ]cn-h¿Øw kaq-l-
Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xnbv°pw [m¿Ωn-I-amb DtØ-P--
Ønpw klm-b-I-am-h-Ww. kzmK-am-p-tcm-[n-I-fmb
Nn{X-ßƒ am{Xta hc-bmhq F∂v inev]-cvX--Im-
c-pw, [¿Ω-Im-am¿∞ kn≤n-Z-am-hWw Nn{X-c-N
F∂v Nn{X-kq-{X-Im-cpw Du∂n ]d-bp-∂Xv
{]tXyI {i≤-b¿ln-°p-∂p. Nn{X-Im-cp am{X-a√
Nn{Xm-kzm-Z-Ipw Bhiyw Adn-™n-cn-t°≠
A¿L-ß-fmb Bi-b-ßƒ, km-X--aq-ey-ßƒ
Ah-K-Wn®v `uXn-I-kp-J-Øn-p-th≠n ]c°w
]mbp∂ Znim-t_m[w jvS-s∏´ C∂sØ P-
Xbv°v k≥am¿§ Z¿i-I-ß-fm-Wv. jvS-{]m-b-am-bn-
s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ ss]Xr-IsØ kwc-£n-°mpw
kmwkvIm-cnI cwKsØ kwip-≤-am-°mpw Nn{X-
I-e-bpsS D≤m-cWw Ap-t]-£-Wo-b-am-Wv.

35
............................................................................................... ..........
`mc-Xob Nn{X-I-em-]m-c-º-cyhpw
tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-I-ebpw
sI. bp. IrjvW-Ip-am¿
temI-Øns‚ ]e-`m-KØpw C∂v ImW-s∏-
Sp∂ Npa¿Nn-{X-I-e-bpsS Ncn{Xw Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv
AXn-{]m-No--ß-fmb Kplm-Nn-{X-ß-fn¬ n∂p-am-
Wv. Ae-™p--S∂v th´-bm-Snbpw Iq´w-Iq-Snbpw Pohn-
®n-cp∂ ]pcm-X-- a-p-jy-cnse Iem-Im-c-∑m-cpsS
kw`m-h--bm-Wv Cu Kplm-Nn-{X-ßƒ. rØ-k-am-
-amb ap-jy-cq-]-ßƒ, mbm-´p-cw-K-ßƒ, Aºpw
hn√pw G¥nb ap-jy¿, arK-cq-]-ßƒ, {]tXy-In®pw
B, am≥, Im´p-t]mØv XpS-ßn-b-h, kqN-I-Nn-”-
ßƒ F∂n-h-bmWv Kplm-Np-a-cp-I-fn¬ hc® Nn{X-
ßƒ. AXn-i-‡hpw ZrV-hp-amb tcJ-Ifpw emfn-
Xy-am¿∂ cNm coXnbpw ssieo-h¬°-c-Whpw
Kplm-Nn-{X-ß-fpsS {][m {]tXy-I-X-bmbn Icp-
Xp-∂p. mbm-´p-k-a-bØv `b-t∂m-Sp∂ arK-ß-fpsS
thKhpw ssZy-Xbpw, Atº‰v hogp-Ibpw NØp-
In-S-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ arK-ß-fpsS thZ-bpw
AXoh efn-X-amb coXn-bn¬ Ch¿ Bhn-jv°-cn-
®n-cn-°p-∂p. arK-s°m-gp-∏p-Ifpw c‡-hpw, ac-∏-ibpw,
Icnbpw, Ce-®mdpw D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv Ch¿ Nn{X-c-
N n¿Δ-ln-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. temI-Øns‚ hnhn[
`mK-ß-fnepw `mc-X-Ønepw Is≠-Ønb Cu Kplm-
Nn-{X-ß-fn¬ n∂p-amWv ΩpsS Iem-N-cn{Xw Bcw-
`n-°p-∂-Xv. AtXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ in¬]-k-am--amb
coXn-bn¬ hnhn-[-X-c-Øn-ep≈ Bbp-[-ßfpw

37
............................................................................................... ..........
I√p-fn-Ifpw ]md-s°-´p-I-fpsS cq]-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Ifpw
Ah-cpsS in¬]-I-em-]m-Shw sΩ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-
Øp-∂p.
a[y-{]-tZ-inse t`m]m-env kao-]-ap≈
òw`SvI Kpl-Iƒ, DØ¿{]-tZ-inse an¿km-]q¿,
_m{μ, knwK≥]q¿, DØ-cm-©-ense A¬tam-
dbv°p kao-]-ap≈ Kpl-Iƒ XpS-ßn DØ-tc-¥y≥
{]tZ-i-ß-fnse AtIw Kplm-k-t¶-X-ß-fnepw
Xan-gvm-ńse tImb-º-Øq-cn-pw, ahm-sUbv°pw
kao-]-Øp-n∂pw tIc-f-Ønse ad-bq¿ (C-Sp-°n)
{]tZ-isØ Fgp-Ømsse Kpl-Iƒ, hb-m-ńse
FS-°¬ Kpl-Iƒ, søm-‰n≥Icbv°SpØ ]mWvU-
h≥]md, Im-k¿tIms´ G‰p-I-Sp° F∂n-hn-S-ß-
fn¬ ]pcm-X apjy¿ hc® Kplm-Nn-{X-ßƒ
Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. XpS¿∂p-cq-]w-sIm≠ kn‘p
Zo-XS kwkv°mc Ime-L-´-Øns‚ kw`m-h--bmb
[mcmfw ap{Z-I-fn¬ n∂pw sSdm-t°m´ in¬]-ß-
fn¬ n∂pw IqSp-X¬ IrXy-X-bm¿∂Xpw kmt¶-
Xn-I-Øn-I-thm-sSbpw Iem-{]m-[myw Gdp∂ Xc-
Ønepw AXn-a-tm-l-c-ambn ssieo-h¬°-cn-®-Xp-
amb [mcmfw Nn{X-in¬] cq]-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-hm≥
Ign-™n-´p-≠v.
Kp]vX-hm-Im-S-IcpsS Ime-L-´-Øn¬, GI-
tZiw _n.-kn. 200pw F.-Un. 600-˛700pw CSbv°v
n¿Ωn-°-s∏´ AP¥m Ft√md Kplm-Np-a-cp-Ifn¬
hc® Npa¿Nn-{X-ß-fn¬n∂pamWv ΩpsS Npa¿Nn-
{X-]m-cºcyw Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv. ae-bpsS ]md-®p-a-cp-
Iƒ sImØn-Øp-c∂v AXn-a-tm-l-c-ambn in¬]-
`w-Kn-tbmsS n¿Ωn® ap∏-Xn¬ A[nIw hcp∂
ssNXy-ß-fnepw hnlm-c-ß-fn-ep-am-bmWv Nn{X-ßƒ
hc-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. {]mNo Kplm-t£-{X-ßsf At]-
£n®v {]tXyIw Xøm-dm-°nb {]X-e-Øn¬
imkv{Xo-b-amb coXn-bn¬ `nØnXøm-dm°n, Iw-
Ip-d™ Hcp ]cp-°≥ {]X-ehpw AXnp apI-fn-¬
anp-Ø-{]-X-ehpw Xøm-dm°n {]tXyIw Xøm-dm-
°n-sb-Sp-°p∂ {]IrXn h¿Æ-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv
Nn{X-c-N n¿Δ-ln-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. alm-bm--˛-lo--
bm Ime-L-´-Øns‚ Aaqey kw`m-h--bmb Cu
Nn{X-ßƒ°v hnj-b-am-bXv _p≤s‚ Pw apX¬
]cn-n¿ΔmWw hsc-bp≈ hnhn[ IYm-k-μ¿`-ß-
fmWv. AtXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ PmX-I-I-Y-Ifpw Nn{Xo-
I-cW hnj-b-ß-fm-Wv. ]pjv]-e-Xm-Zn-I-fp-sSbpw
]£n-arKmZn-I-fp-sSbpw Nn{X-ßƒ Kplm-Np-a-cp-I-
fn¬ AXn-a-tm-l-c-ambn hc-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Kplm-Np-
a-cp-I-fnepw apIƒ `mKØpw AXn-a-tm-l-c-ß-fmb
Unssk-p-Iƒ hc-®n-cn-°p-∂p. hnj-bm-hn-jv°-cW
coXn-IƒsIm≠pw, kuμ-cy-h¬°-cWw sIm≠pw
Chn-SpsØ Nn{X-ßƒ temI-{]-i-kvX-ß-fm-Wv.
ssIap-{Z-Iƒ sIm≠pw t{X Ne--
ßƒsIm≠pw `mh-hn-Nm-c-ßƒ krjvSn-°pI F∂
`mc-Xob Nn{X-I-em-Z¿iw ]q¿Æambpw Dƒs°m-
≠-h-bmWv AP-¥-bnse Nn{X-ßƒ. tcJ-I-fpsS
{]m[m-yw, Bflo-b-kz-`m-hw, hnim-e-X, ssieo-
h¬°-c-Ww, kmt¶-Xn-I-ta-∑, emfn-Xyw, cN-m-]m-
S-hw, Ae-¶-cW kz`mhw F∂n-h-sb-√mw-Xs∂
AP¥m-Nn-{X-ß-fp-sSbpw s]mXpsh `mc-Xob Nn{X-
I-e-bp-sSbpw s]mXp-kz-`m-hhpw {]tXy-I-X-bp-ambn
Icp-Xn-h-cp-∂p. Kplm-Nn-{X-ß-fn¬ n∂pw hyXy-ÿ-
ambn Nn{X-c-N--bv°m-h-iy-amb {]tXyI {]X-e-
ßƒ Xøm-dm-°phmpw AXn-p-th-≠p∂ kmt¶-
XnI coXn-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°mpw Nn{Xo-I-c-W hnj-
b-ßƒ Nn´-tbmsS {Iao-I-cn-°p-hmpw hc® Nn{X-
FS-bv°¬ Kplm Nn{Xw òw`SvI Kplm Nn{Xw

Xm-a-cw-Ip-f-ßc {io[¿Ω-im-kvXm-hnv
A-¥-tImSn {]Wmaw

39
............................................................................................... ..........
ßƒ q‰m-≠p-I-tfmfw ne-n¬°-Ø° coXn-bn¬
Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-hmpw, AP-¥-bn-tebpw Ft√m-d-
bn-tebpw Nn{X-Im-c∑m¿°v km[n-®p. AP¥m Kpl-
I-fn¬ n∂pw hyXy-kvX-ambn Ft√md Kpl-bn¬
_p≤-hn-j-b-ßƒ°p-]p-dsa ssP-˛-ssl-μh hnj-
b-ßfpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. q‰m-≠p-Isf AXn-
Po-hn®v Ch-sb√mw C∂pw ne-n-∂p-h-cp-∂p. al-
Ømb Cu Nn{X-]m-c-ºcy kwkvImcw XpS¿∂v
{ioe-¶, ssN, Xmbvem‚ v, P∏m≥, _¿Ω, Ct¥m-
t-jy, t∏mƒ XpS-ßnb cmPy-ß-fn-te°v hym]n-
°p-Ibpw hyXy-ÿ-am¿∂ ssien-I-fmepw hnj-bm-
hn-jv°-c-W-Ømepw AXo-h-k-º-∂-amb Npa¿Nn{X
k{º-Zm-b-ßƒ AhnsS {]N-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
AP¥m Nn{X-ssi-en-bpsS Bhn¿`m-h-Øn-
p-tijw Npa¿Nn-{X-c-Nm k{º-Zmbw `mc-X-Øns‚
hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fn-te°v AXn-Kw-`o-c-amb coXn-
bn¬ {]N-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. cmP-ÿm≥, Hdo , tIc-
fw, Imivao¿, B{‘, Xan-gvm-Sv, I¿Æm-S-I, kn°nw,
lnam-N¬, alm-cm-jv{S, KpP-dm-Øv XpS-ßnb
kwÿm--ß-fn-se√mw Npa¿Nn-{X-c-N-m-co-Xnbpw
k{º-Zm-bhpw hyXy-ÿ-X-bm¿∂ ssien-bnepw
cNm coXn-I-fnepw hnj-b-ß-fnepw cq]w {]m]n-
°p-Ibpw Gsd {]N-cn-°p-Ibpw P-Io-b-am-hp-I-bp-
ap-≠m-bn.
7, 8 q‰m-≠p-I-fn-embn ]√h cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS
ImeØv n¿Ωn® Im©o-]p-csØ ssIem-k-mY
t£{X-Øn¬ AXn-a-tm-l-c-amb in¬∏-ßfn¬
{]Ir-Xn-h¿Æ-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v Ae-¶-cn-®-Xns‚
Ah-ti-jn-∏p-Iƒ C∂pw ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. AtXm-
sSm∏w Xs∂ Npa-cp-I-fnse Hgn™ `mK-ß-fn¬
Nn{X-ßƒ hc®v Ae-¶-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.
Nn{X-∏-Wn-I-fmepw hmkvXp-in¬]-`w-Kn-bmepw
ssIem-k-mY t£{Xw Gsd {]i-kvX-am-Wv. cmP-
cm-P-tNm-fs‚ `c-W-Im-eØv 10, 11 q‰m-≠p-I-fn-embn
n¿Ωn® X©m-hqcnse _rltZ-izc t£{X-
Ønse Npa¿Nn-{X-ßfpw hnj-bm-hn-jv°mcwsIm≠v
Gsd {]i-kvX-am-Wv. tNmf-`-c-W-Ønv Ah-kmw
Ipdn-®p-sIm≠v ]n∂oSp mSp-`-cn® mbIv cmP-hw-
i-Ønse cmPm-°-∑mcpw Nn{X in¬]-I-e-Iƒ°v
Gsd t{]m’m-lw ¬In-bn-cp-∂p. B{‘,
I¿Æm-SI {]tZ-i-ßƒ `cn-®n-cp∂ hnP-b--Kc
cmPm-°-∑mcpw Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse Nn{X-in¬]-I-e-
bpsS hf¿®bv°v Gsd kw`m-h--Iƒ ¬In-b-h-
cm-bn-cp-∂p. B{‘-{]-tZ-inse te]m-£n, I¿Æm-S-
I-bnse _m`m-an, lw]n XpS-ßnb tI{μ-ßƒ Ie-
bpsS hf¿®-bn¬ Gsd kw`m-h--Iƒ ¬Inb
{]tZ-i-ß-fm-Wv. am{X-a√ t£{Xw F∂-Xn-p-]p-dta
Ch-sb√mw kmwkv°m-cnI tI{μ-ß-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
temI-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ n∂pw [mcmfw
k©m-cn-Iƒ Chn-sS-sb√mw kμ¿in-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXn-cp-∂p.
cmP-ÿm≥, tIc-fw, kn°nw, Hdo , ]©m_v
XpS-ßnb {]tZ-i-ß-fn-se√mw Npa¿Nn{X cN-m-
AP¥bnse Kplm Nn{Xw

41
............................................................................................... ..........
coXn Gsd kº-∂-amb coXn-bn¬ {]N-cn-°p-Ibpw
hnImkw {]m]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. {]tXy-In®pw
cmP-ÿm-nepw tIc-f-Ønepw. Iem-t{]m¬km-l-
-Ønv Gsd {]m[myw ¬Inb cmPv]pXv cmPm-
°-∑m¿ sIm´m-c-ß-fnepw t£{X-ß-fnepw s]mXp-
a-μn-c-ß-fnepw Nn{X-ßƒ hc-∏n-°p-Ibpw {]N-cn-∏n-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. cmP-ÿm-nse Pbv]q¿, DZ-bv]q¿,
siJm-h-Xn, _n°m-o¿ _p≠n, APvao¿, tPmYv]q¿,
tIm´ XpS-ßnb {]tZ-i-ß-sf√mw Npa¿Nn{X tI{μ-
ßƒ F∂ ne-bn¬ Gsd {]i-kvX-am-Wv. ]pcm-
W-ßsf ASn-ÿm--am°n Nn{X-c-N n¿Δ-ln-
°p∂Xntm-sSm∏w Xs∂ [mcmfw bp≤-cw-K-ßfpw
BtLmj Nn{X-ßfpw cm[m-IrjvW {]Wb Nn{X-
ßfpw Ch¿ [mcm-f-ambn hc-®p.
tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-Ie
tIc-f-Øn¬ Npa¿Nn{XcNm ]mc-º-cy-Ønv
XpS-°w-Ip-dn-°p-∂Xv Ct∏mƒ Iym-Ip-amcn Pn√-bn¬
ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Xncp--μn-°c Kplm-t£-{X-Øn¬
n∂p-am-Wv. Kplm-t£-{X-Øns‚ Npa-cn¬ hc®
Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ C∂v ]q¿Æ-ambpw in-®p-t]mb
Ah-ÿ-bn-emWv. Npa¿Nn-{X-c-N--bpsS XpS°w 8,
9 q‰m-≠p-I-fn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw Gsd kº-∂-
am-bXpw {]N-cn-∏n-®Xpw tIc-fob hmkvXp-in¬]-
I-em-coXn hf¿∂p-hn-I-kn® 14 apX¬ 18 hsc-bp≈
q‰m-≠p-I-fn-em-bn-cp∂p. tNc-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cpsS
`cWImeØv hnImkw {]m]n® hmkvXp-in¬]
coXn-Ifpw, t£{X-n¿Ωm-W-ßfpw Npa¿Nn-{X-I-e-
bpsS hf¿®bv°pw Imc-W-am-bn. cN-m-co-Xn-I-fpsS
{]tXy-I-X-Iƒ°p-]p-dsa `mhm-hn-jv°m-c-Ønepw
ssIap-{Z-I-fpsS kz`m-h-ß-fmepw ico-c-h-Sn-hp-I-fpsS
{]tXy-I-X-bmepw Ne--ß-fmepw tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-
{X-ßƒ Gsd hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. IqSp-X¬ Ne-m-fl-
I-kz-`m-hhpw Bflob Z¿i--ßfpw tIc-fob
Npa¿Nn-{X-ß-fn¬ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Npa¿ Nn{X-tI-{μ-ßƒ
tIc-f-Øn¬ GI-tZiw 150-˛¬ A[nIw
t£{X-ß-fnepw aq∂v sIm´m-c-ß-fnepw 15-˛-Hmfw
{InkvXy≥ ]≈n-I-fnepw ]pcm-X Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ
I≠p-h-cp-∂p. Xncp-h--¥-]pcw {io ]fl-m-`-kzman
t£{Xw, G‰p-am-q¿ t£{Xw, ]pWvU-co-I-]pcw
t£{Xw, Ipam-c-s-√q¿ t£{Xw, ]mWvUhw
t£{Xw, B¿∏q-°c t£{Xw, (tIm-´bw Pn√)

43
............................................................................................... ..........
Xriq¿ hS-°pw-mY t£{Xw, Xr{]-bm¿ {iocma
t£{Xw, sNΩ≥Xn´ t£{Xw, Kpcp-hm-bq¿
t£{Xw, ]≈n-aÆ t£{Xw, ]m™mƒ Aø∏
t£{Xw (Xr-iq¿ Pn√), aq°p-Xe t£{Xw, tIm´-
°¬ inh-t£-{Xw, Xr{]-tßmSv t£{Xw, Be-Øn-
bq¿ t£{Xw (ae-∏pdw Pn√), Xfn-t£-{Xw, temI-
m¿°m-hv, Iogq¿ t£{Xw, Ifn-bmw-]≈n t£{Xw
(tIm-gn-t°mSv Pn√), sXmSo-°fw t£{Xw, tNtdmSv
t£{Xw, apg-∏n-e-ßmSv Nodp-º-°mhv (I-Æq¿ Pn√),
Xr°-Socn t£{Xw, Np´-hm-e-Øq¿ t£{Xw, (]m-e-
°mSv Pn√) Ipºf t£{Xw (Im-k¿tImUv Pn√),
Xncp-an-‰-t°mSv t£{Xw, tNμ-aw-Kew t£{Xw,
Ff¶p-∂-∏pg t£{Xw (F-d-Wm-Ipfw Pn√) XpS-
ßnb t£{X-ß-fn¬ ]pcm-X Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ
ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
a´m-t©cn sIm´mcw (sIm-®n) {io]vX-a-m-`-
]pcw sIm´mcw (X-°-e) Imbw-Ipfw IrjvW-]pcw
sIm´mcw F∂o sIm´m-c-ß-fn-emWv AXn-a-tm-l-
c-ß-fmb {]mNo Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ ImWp-∂-Xv.
Nn{Xo-I-cW hnj-b-ßƒ
aXm-ﬂ-I-amb hnj-b-ß-fmWv tIc-fob Nn{X-
ß-fn¬ IqSp-X-embpw hc-®p-Im-Wp-∂-Xv. ]pcm-W-I-
Y-Ifpw tZho-tZ-h-∑m-cpsS cq]-ß-fp-amWv Nn{Xo-I-c-
W-Øn-mbn Xnc-s™-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. cmam-b-Ww,
alm-`m-c-Xw, `mK-h-Xw, tZho-]p-cm-Ww, inh-]p-cmWw
XpS-ßnb ]pcm-W-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ n∂p-amWv hnj-b-
ßfpw kμ¿`-ßfpw Nn{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Is≠-Øn-b-Xv.
ssih-˛-ssh-jvWh kw_-‘-amb Nn{X-ßƒ
tIc-f-Ønse t£{X {iotIm-hn-ep-I-fn¬ ImWm-
hp-∂-Xm-Wv. AtX-t]m-se-Xs∂ a‰p kwÿm--
°m¿°v ]cn-Nn-X-a-√mØ imkvXmhv F∂
k¶¬∏hpw tht´-°-c≥ k¶¬∏hpw ΩpsS
{iotIm-hn-ep-I-fn¬ ImWmw. IpXn-c-∏p-d-Øn-cp∂v ]cn-
hm-c-k-taXw mbm-´p--S-Øp∂ imkvXm-hns‚
Nn{Xw AtIw t£{X-ß-fn¬ hc-®n-´p-≠v.
ssih-kw-_-‘n-bmb Nn{X-ß-fn¬ {io]-c-
ta-iz-cs‚ {]tZm-j-rØw (B--μ-Xm-WvU-hw)
Nn{X-Øn-mWv {]m[m-yw. 16 ssII-tfm-Sp-IqSn
rØw sNøp∂ Cu inh-cq]w Z£n-tW-¥y-bn¬
{]Nmcw kn≤n® S-cmP k¶¬∏-Øn¬n∂pw
hyXy-kvX-amWv tIc-fob Nn{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Xß-fp-tS-
Xmb kuμ-cy-t_m-[hpw ssien-bpw-sIm≠v krjvSn-
s®-SpØ S-cm-P-Nn{Xw temI-{i-≤-bm-I¿jn®
H∂pIq-Sn-bmWv G‰p-am-q¿ t£{Xw, hS-°pw-mY
t£{Xw F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse S-cm-P-Nn{Xw CXn-p-
Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv.
]m¿ΔXn KW-]Xn kp{_-“-Wy≥ F∂n-h-
tcm-Sp-IqSn ssIem-k-Øn¬ hmgp∂ inhs‚ "i‡n-
]-©m-£cn', inhs‚ ⁄m-kz-cq-]-amb "Z£n-Wm-
aq¿Øn', AtLm-c-i-nh≥, kv{Xo]p-cpj _‘-
Øns‚ DØ-a-am-Xr-I-bmb A¿≤-m-co-izc Nn{Xw,
Incm-X-in-h≥, A¿Pp--˛-In-cm-X-bp-≤w, kZm-in-h≥,
Imekwlm-c-aq¿Øn, inh-]m¿Δ-Xo-kz-bw-h-cw,
arXyp-RvP-b≥ F∂n-h-sb√mw ssih-hn-j-b-ß-fp-
ambn _‘-s∏´v tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-I-e-bn¬ ImW-
s∏-Sp∂ hnj-b-ß-fm-Wv.
sshjvWh Nn{X-ßƒ
Zim-h-Xm-cw, Ah-Xm-c-I-Y-Iƒ, thWp-tKm-]m-
ew, `qao-tZhn e£vao-tZhn kta-X-mbn AtIw
tZh-∑mcmepw Ejn-am-cmepw Bcm-[y-mbn ]mem-
gn-bn¬ A-¥-imbnbmbn InS-°p∂ {io]-ﬂ-m-
`s‚ Nn{X-amb A-¥-i-b-w, k¥m--tKm-]m-e-
aq¿Øn, alm-hn-jvWp, Kpcp-hm-bq-c-∏≥, KtP-{μ-
tam£w XpS-ßnb sshjvWh Nn{X-ßƒ Nn{X-
Im-c-∑m¿°v {]nb-s∏´ hnj-b-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.
`mK-hXw IY-Isf ASn-ÿm--am°n hc®
{ioIr-jvWs‚ _me-eo-e-Iƒ {]tXyIw {i≤-bm-
I¿jn-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. tXmgn-am-tcm-sSm-Øv, hrμm-h-
-Øn¬ HmS-°p-g¬ DuXn ckn-°p∂ {ioIr-jvW≥,
hkv{Xm-]-l-c-Ww, ]qX-m-tam-£w, aZ--tKm-]m-ew,
NXp-c-£co tKm]mew, IrjvW-˛-_-e-cm-a≥am¿,
Imfn-b-a¿±-w, tKmh¿≤-tm-±m-c-Ww, f-Iq-]p-c-tam-
£w, _Im-kp-c-h-[w, cm[m-am-[hw, Iwk-h-[w,
cp‹nWo kzbw-h-cw, ]m¿∞-km-cYn XpS-ßnb

45
............................................................................................... ..........
Nn{X-ßƒ [mcmfw t£{X-®p-h-cp-I-fn¬ ImWm-hp-
∂-Xm-Wv. sXmSo-°fw (I-Æq¿) ]-b-∂m¿°m-hv,
]pWvU-co-I-]p-cw, Xr{]-bm¿, ]fl-m-`-]pcw sIm´m-
cw, ]pØ≥Nn-d, a´m-t©cn sIm´m-cw XpS-ßnb
ÿe-ß-fn¬ hc® {ioIrjvW kw_-‘n-bmb
Nn{X-ßƒ AXn-a-tm-l-c-ß-fm-Wv.
{iocm-as‚ Pw apX¬ ]´m-`n-tjIw hsc-
bp≈ hnhn[ cwK-ßƒ tIc-fob Nn{X-Im-c-∑m¿
cN--bv°mbn Xnc-s™-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. hoc-cm-a≥,
{iocm-a-]-´m-`n-tj-Iw, cma-cm-h-W-bp-≤w, {iocm-a-kp-
{Ko-h-k-Jyw, koXm-kz-bw-h-cw, h-bm{X XpS-ßnb
Nn{X-ßƒ tIc-fo-b¿°v kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-Wv. a´m-
t©cn sIm´m-c-®p-a-cn¬ AXn-a-tm-l-c-ambn Nn{Xo-
I-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ {iocm-as‚ Pw apX¬ ]´m-`n-
tjIw hsc-bp≈ cwK-ßƒ temI-{]-i-kvX-am-Wv.
sXmSo-°fw t£{X-Øn-tebpw ]-b-∂m¿°mhn-
tebpw cmam-bW Nn{X-ßfpw Gsd atm-l-c-ß-
fm-Wv. P-w, h-hm-kw, Zi-c-Ys‚ ]p{X-Im-ta-
jvSn-bm-Kw, cm⁄n-am¿, kp{Ko-h-k-Jyw, _men-h-
[w, kpc-k-e-¶m-e-£van, lp-am≥, koXm-k-ta-X-
mb {iocm-a≥, lp-am≥ C{μ-PnØv h[w,
IpwÌ¿Æ≥, i_-co-tam-£w, Kpl≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-
sb√mw a´m-t©cn Nn{X-Øn¬ kap-∂-X-amb
ÿmw ssIh-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.
[ym-t«m-I-ßsf ASn-ÿm--am°n hc®
AtIw hnj-b-ßƒ Npa¿Nn-{X-ß-fn¬ k¿Δ-km-
[m-c-W-am-Wv. KW-]-Xn-bpsS hnhn[ k¶¬∏-ßƒ,
tZho-cq-]-ßƒ Zp¿§, cmP-cm-tP-iz-cn, alm-e-£van,
{Xn]p-c-kp-μ-cn, `{Z-Im-fn, k]vX-am-Xr-°ƒ, A∂-
]q¿tW-iz-cn, kc-kz-Xn, Zp¿§ XpS-ßnb Nn{X-ß-
fpw, aln-jm-kp-c-p-ambn t]mcp--SØn hnP-bn-bmbn
thXm-f-Ønv ]pd-Øn-cn-°p∂ Zp¿§bpw Npa¿Nn-
{X-ß-fn¬ k¿Δ-km-[m-c-W-am-Wv.- ]--b-∂m¿°mhv
]pWvU-co-I-]p-cw, sNΩ≥Xn´ F∂o t£{X-ß-
fnse aln-jm-kp-c-a¿±n-n-bmb Zp¿§-bpsS Nn{X-
ßƒ {]i-kvX-ß-fm-Wv. {_“m-hv, kc-kz-Xn,
hnjvWp-am-b, mc-Z≥, lp-am≥, k]vX¿jn-Iƒ,
h-{K-l-ßƒ, òjva-cpsS ici-ø, {Xnhn-{I-a≥ XpS-
ßn-b-h-sb√mw Npa¿Nn{X cN--b°v {]ta-b-am-bn-
´p-≠v. kv{Xoku-μ-cy-Øns‚ DØ-a-am-Xr-I-bmbn ]-

47
............................................................................................... ..........
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
sI. bp. Ir-jvW-Ip-am¿ : Kpcp-hm-bq¿ tZh-kz-Øns‚ Iogn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Npa¿Nn-
{X-Iem ]T--tI-{μ-Ønse BZy _m®v hnZym¿∞n. Ct∏mƒ {]kvXpX tI{μ-Ønse
{]n≥kn-∏mƒ. nc-h[n t£{X-ß-fn¬ Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ hc-®n-´p-≠v. nc-h[n teJ--
ßfpw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
bpsS Nph-ń¬ n¬°p∂ kpμ-c-b£n F∂
k¶¬∏w tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-Im-c-∑m-cpsS kuμ-
cy-t_m-[sØ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ H∂mWv. ]pWvU-
co-I-]p-c-tØbpw ]-b-∂m¿°m-hn-tebpw b£n
Nn{X-ßƒ Gsd {]kn-≤-am-bXpw CXp-sIm-≠m-Wv.
tIc-fob Nn{X-Im-c-∑m¿ {]Xn-]m-Zy-am-°nb
as‰mcp {][m--I-Ybpw hnj-b-hp-amWv Incm-Xm¿Pp-
o-bw. tIc-f-Øn-e-tßm-f-an-tßmfw Cu hnjbw
ÿmw-]n-Sn-®n-´p-≠v. A¿Pp-s‚ X] p apX¬ ]cm-
Pn-X-mb A¿÷p-s Biz-kn-∏n®v ]m¿Δ-Xo-k-
ta-X-mbn ]mip-]-Xmkv{Xw ¬In Ap-{K-ln-
°p∂ inhs‚ Nn{Xw- hsc hfsc atm-l-c-am-bmWv
tIc-fob Nn{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hn-
b-Øn-s‚bpw emfn-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw cu{Z-X-bp-sSbpw
Kmwò-cy-Øn-s‚bpw I¿Øn-aXv cq]-ß-fmb Cu
A¿Pp inh-bp≤w tIc-fob Nn{X-Im-c-∑m¿ hyXy-
ÿ-ß-fmb ssien-Iƒ {]tbm-Kn-®v AXn-Kw-ò-c-
am°nbncn-°p-∂p.
ctPm-Kp-Ww, Xtam-Kp-Ww, kmXzn-I-KpWw
F∂o {XnKp-W-ßsf B[m-c-am°n ]©-h¿Æ
{]tbm-K-Øm¬ cN n¿Δ-ln® tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-
{X-ßƒ AXns‚ tcJm-hn-ym-kw-sIm≠pw `mh-
Xo-{h-X-sIm≠pw AXn-a-tm-l-c-amb h¿Æ-{]-
tbmKw AXn-Kw-ò-chpw atm-l-c-hp-am-Wv. AP-¥-
bn¬ n∂pw Bcw-`n® kuμ-cy-k-¶¬∏w H´pw
jvS-s∏-Sp-ØmsX AXns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn {]N-cn®
tIc-f-Øn¬ tcJ-I-fpsS {]m[m-yhpw `mhm-hn-
jv°m-chpw Bflo-b-kz-`m-hhpw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I-bm-
sW-¶n¬ `mc-X-Øn¬Xs∂ {]Ya ÿmØv ]cn-
K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-bmWv tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ.
tIc-f-Øn¬ Gsd Po-I-b-am-bn-cp∂ hnhn[
If-sa-gpØp k{º-Zm-b-ßfpw {]i-kvXn-bm¿÷n-®n-
cp∂ Zmcp-in¬] Iem-co-Xn-Ifpw Npa¿Nn{X cN--
bpsS hf¿®-bn¬ Gsd ]¶p-h-ln-®n-´p-≠v. {]tXy-
In®pw Ah-bpsS `wK{]tXy-I-X-Iƒ. tIc-fo-b,
Btbm-[--I-e-bmb If-cn-∏-b-‰ns‚ Nph-Sp-I-fpw Ne-
-ßfpw, tIc-fob rØ-cq-]-ß-fpsS ssIap-{Z-Ifpw
t{X-N-e--ßfpw Nn{X-Im-c-∑msc Gsd kzm[o-n-
®n-´p-≠v F∂v a- n-em-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

49
............................................................................................... ..........
tIc-f-Ønse Nph¿ Nn{X-˛-{]-Xn-a,
Ah-X-cW inev]-ß-fpw, -hm-kvXphpw
ÿe-˛-X-em-hn-jvI-c-W-ß-fpsS Hcp Xmc-Xay ]Tw
kn. -]n. ioXƒ
Ncn-{Xm-XoX Imew- sXm´v ap-jy≥ kpK-a-
amb PohnX kml-N-cy-ßƒ°p-th≠n Nn¥n-°p-
Ibpw {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xns‚ ^e-ß-
fmWv apjy n¿Ωn-Xn-I-fmb hmkvXp inev]-ßƒ.
amp-jnI Ignhpw _p≤n-bpw- sIm≠v hnI-kn-∏n-
s®-SpØ krjvSn-I-fmbn CXv Iem-N-cn-{X-Øns‚
`mK-ambn ne-sIm-≈p-∂p. oßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂
Ime-Øn¬ ne-n¬°m≥, ÿew Bh-iy-am-bn.
{]Ir-Xn-ZØ Kpl-Iƒ hn{i-a-Ønp kwc-£nX
ÿe-ß-fmbn I≠ BZna ap-jy≥ Nn¥Ifpw ]T-
-ßfpw krjvSn-Ifpw Kplm `nØn-I-fn¬ tImdn-bn-
´p. Ah Nph-cnse Nn{X-ß-fm-bn. sImØp-]-Wn-Ifpw
Ifn-a-Æp-sIm-≠p-≠m-°nb cq]-ßfpw {]Xn-am-in-ev]-
ß-fm-bn. apjy ico-chpw i_vZ-hpw-sIm-≠p≈
A`ym-k-ßfpw `mj-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn. CØ-c-Øn¬
Iem-h-I-t`-Z-ßƒ At-I-am-hp-Ibpw Bhn-jvImc
Ah-X-c-W-ßƒ°v ÿew Hcp AXy-¥m-t]-£nX
LS-I-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Nn{X-inev] hmkvXp Ie-I-fnse ÿe-Im-
esØ°pdn®v Iem-N-cn-{X-Im-c≥ hnPbIpam-c-ta-
tm≥ S-Ønb ]T--ß-fn¬ Zriy Iebv°v ÿe
Ie F∂mWv DNn-X-sa∂v hnh-£n-°p-∂p-≠v. ÿe-
Øns‚ i‡n-bpw kzm[o-hp-ap-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Ie.
hmkvXp ÿew, Nn{X ÿew, inev] ÿew F∂n-

51
............................................................................................... ..........
ßs th¿Xn-cnhpw {Iao-I-c-Whpw BZy-Imew
apX¬t° ImWmw. AXn-tm-S-p-_-‘n-®p≈ `q{]-
IrXn IqSn hne-bn-cp-Øn-bmte ÿe-˛-X-em-hn-jvI-
cW ]Tw ]q¿Øn-bm-Iq.
tIc-f-Øns‚ Ncn{X kvac-W-I-fmbn C∂pw
ne-n¬°p∂ Xcw _rlØmb hmkvXp-inev]
n¿Ωn-Xn-I-fpsS XpS°w A D 8˛mw q‰m-≠n-em-sW-
∂mWv F®v k¿°m¿ XpSßnb hmkvXp-Iem
Ncn{X hnZzm≥am-cpsS nK-a-w. GI-tZiw AD 15˛mw
q‰m≠v apX¬ AD 17˛mw hsc-bmWv CØcw n¿Ωn-
Xn-I-fp-sSbpw Nn{X-ß-fp-sSbpw kph¿Æ Ime-L-
´w. Ah-bn¬ t£{X-ßfpw sIm´m-c-ßfpw ]≈n-I-
fp-amWv A[n-I-hpw. Cu hmkvXp n¿Ωn-Xn-Iƒ Hcp
D∂-X-hn-`mKw kmwkv°m-cnI ka-z-b-ambmWv
h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. CØcw ÿqe n¿Ωn-Xn-bpsS
`mK-am-bn-´mWv Nn{X-˛-{]-Xn-a-I-fpw, Ah-X-cW Ie-
Iƒ°mbn IqØº-e-hpw, hmkvXp-hn-tm-S-p-_-
‘n®v `q{]-Ir-Xnbpw a‰pw {Iao-I-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. a[y-
Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ Fgp-X-s∏´ inev]-imkv{X {]Im-c-
amWv Cu n¿Ωn-Xn-Iƒ D≠m-°nbn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ IrXy-amb IW-°-Sn-ÿm--
Ønepw coXn-I-fn-ep-am-W-h. Cu teJ--Øn¬ {][m-
-ambn Ah-ew-_n-°p∂ ÿew-˛-n¿W-bn-°p-∂-
Xnpw {Iao-I-c-W-Ønpw {]tXyIw am-ß-fp-s≠-
∂Xv FSp-Øp-]-d-b-Ø° H∂mWv. F∂m¬ ka-
Im-enI Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ CØcw Adn-hns‚ ]cn-anXn
in¬]-ßsf £Wn-I-ß-fm-°p-∂p-≠v.
hmkvXp inev]w Hcp imizX B¿´v Kme-dn-˛-ÿew
Iem-in¬]-ß-fpsS ÿnc-X, kwc-£Ww XpS-
ßnb kmamy k¶¬]-ßƒ Ime-l-c-W-s∏-´p-sIm-
≠n-cn-°p∂ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ Cu Bi-b-Øns‚
{]k‡n Xncn-®-dn-b-s∏-tS-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. {]ikvX
]m›mXy B[p-nI Nn{X-Im-c≥ t]m¢n-bpsS A`n-
{]m-b-Øn¬ 20-˛mw q‰m-≠nse ÿe Ime Bi-b-
Ønv ÿe-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Ie, Ime-hp-ambn
_‘-s∏´ Ie, F∂n-ß-s-bp≈ hn`-Pw D]-tbm-
K-Øn-en√m-Xm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]Icw Hcpan®v n¬°p-
∂p. F∂m¬ Cu teJ--Øn-eqsS ]pXp-a-bn¬ am{X-
a√ ]g-a-bnepw Cu ]mc-kv]cyw ne-n¬°p-s∂∂v
]d-bm-m-{K-ln-°p-∂p. Fs¥-∂m¬, AXp-sIm-≠m-
Wt√m ÿeØv Dcp-Øn-cn-™n-´p≈ Ie hne-bn-
cpØn Ime-n¿Æbw S-Øp-∂-Xv. ÿew-˛-ÿn-cX,
Imew-˛--izcw F∂ Nn¥ amdn GX-h-ÿbpw
{]m]yhpw {]kvI-X-hp-amWv Bi-b-{]-[m-y-ap≈
Ie-bn¬ F∂-Xm-Imw.
D]-hn-`mK io¿j-I-Øn-te°v Xncn®phcp-∂p.
tIc-f-Ønse {][m hmkvXp-in¬]-ß-fpsS
{]tXyIw ÿe Xe-ß-fn-emWv Hmtcm Iem in¬]-
ß-fp-sSbpw ÿmw. Hcp ÿncw Kmedn ÿew
Xs∂. Chsb ImgvN-°m¿ D≠m-°p∂ taJ-e-Iƒ-
˛-AXpw GXv coXn-bn-ep≈ ImgvN-°m¿ F∂-X-p-
k-cn-®v, Ah-X-cW in¬]-ß-ƒ°m-bp≈ ÿew,
ne-sØ-gp-Øn-p≈ ÿew, hmkvXp-hns‚ Dd-
∏npw bYm-k-abw tamUn-°p-am-bp≈ ÿew F∂n-
ßs th¿Xn-cn-°mw. Cu th¿Xn-cn-hn¬ hmkvXp-
hns‚ am[y-a-ßƒ°-p-k-cn-®mWv Iem am[y-a-ß-
fp-sSbpw ÿe-{I-ao-I-c-Ww.
h¿W-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v Nn{X-sa-gp-Xp-I-bmWv
hmkvXp-hnse Npa¿ `nØn-bn-ep-Nn-Xw. F∂m¬ Zmcp-
sIm-≠p≈ ta¬∏pc `mK-ß-fn¬ sImØp-]-Wn-
IfmWv √-Xv. IqØº-e-ß-fn¬ Ah-X-cW in¬]-
ßƒ°mbn Xd `mKw BWp-≈-Xv. CØ-c-Øn¬
ÿnc kwc-£nX B¿´v Kmedn ÿe-ß-fmbn Ch
ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. C∂v `mc-X-Ønepw tIc-f-Øn-ep-ambn
ImWp∂ ]e ayqkn-b-ßfpw, ]g-a-bpsS A[n-Imc
Nn”-ß-fmb sIm´m-c-ßfpw t£{X-ß-fp-am-Wv. Xncp-
h--¥-]pcw, Xr∏q-Wn-Øp-d, Xr»q¿ XpSßnb ayqkn-
b-ßƒ DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. aXw, `‡n, A[n-Im-
cw, kºØv, D∂-X-Ipew XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS
kmwkvIm-cnI ka-z-b-ambpw Chsb Z¿in-°mw.
AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ ChnsS Dcp-Øn-cn™ Iem
Bte-Jy-ß-fpw C∏-d™ hnjb kw_-‘-am-Wv.
tIc-f-Øns‚ t£{X hmkvXp kwkvIm-c-Øn¬
s]mXpth ImWp∂ in¬] ÿe {Iao-I-cWw
t£{X cq]-tcJ
hmkvXp in¬]-Ønse Hmtcm ÿehpw Iem-
Im-cv D]-bp-‡-am°n hmkvXp-hnv Ae¶m-c-am-°n-

53
............................................................................................... ..........
s°m≠v Bkzm-Z-Is‚ a- nv Cºhpw ndhpw
]I-cp-∂p. tIc-f-Øn¬ Xs∂ tcnb sshhn-≤y-
am¿∂ ssien-I-ƒ Nph¿ Nn{X-ß-fn¬ ne-n¬°p-
∂p-s≠-¶nepw X-Xmb ]©-h¿Wm-[n-jvTn-X-ß-
fmWv Nph¿`n-Øn-bn-te-Xv. A[n-Ihpw Np‰º-e-Øn-
sebpw meº-e-Øn-sebpw {iotIm-hn-en-s‚bpw
Nph¿`n-Øn-I-fmWv Nn{X in¬] {]Z¿i ÿe-
ßƒ. {][m--ambpw _en-°¬]p-c-bn-tebpw a-
kvImc aWvU-]-Øn-tebpw IqØº-e-Øn-tebpw
a‰v ÿe-ß-fn-tebpw ta¬`m-K-ØmWv (a-®v) Zmcp-
in¬]-ßƒ sImØn-h-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. IqSmsX Zmcp
D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hmkvXp-`m-K-ß-fm-bn-´p≈ apJ-∏v,
Igp-t°m¬, Xmßp-`m-K-ßƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnepw Zmcp-
in¬]-ßƒ ImWp-∂p. Icn¶¬ ]Wn-bm-sW-¶n¬
Icn-¶¬ in¬]-ß-fm-Ip-∂p. ]ns∂ Ah-X-c-W-
ßfpw BNm-c-ßfpw CXns‚ `mK-am-Ip-∂p.
ImgvNm-X-e-ßƒ
tsc tm°p-tºmƒ ZrjvSn°v nc-∏mb
ÿe-X-e-amWv h¿Æs∏m-en-a-bm¿∂ Nph¿Nn-{X-
Im-gvN-bv°v. AhnSw shfn-®hpw D≈-Xp-sIm≠v
bYm¿∞ ImgvN km≤y-am-Ip-∂p. Zmcp-in¬]-ß-
fpsS Imcy-am-sW-¶n¬ apI-fn-te°v ItÆm-Sn-°-Ww.
hmkvXp-in¬] Nmcp-Xbpw Zmcp-in¬] Nmcp-Xbpw
HØnWßn n¬°p-∂p. Ifw-]m´v t]mep≈ BNm-
c-ß-fpsS `mK-amb ne-sØ-gpØv Xmtg°v tm°n
Bkz-Zn-°p-∂p. Ah-X-c-W-in¬]-ß-fm-sW-¶n¬
tsc-bp≈ Ne-m-ﬂ-Ihpw i_vZ Xmfm-ﬂ-I-hp-
amb N£p-{i-hW ImgvN-bm-sW-∂Xv hntij
ImgvN-bm-Wv.
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
kn. ]n. ioXƒ: Ncn{X Kth-j-I, Iemncq-]I, {io i¶-cm-Nmcy kwkvIrX k¿Δ-I-
em-ime A≤ym-]n-I. tIcf Iem-a-WvU-ew Iev]nX k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-bnse Kth-jI
hnZym¿∞n.
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
kwc-£Ww
agbpw shbnepw G¬°m-Øn-S-ß-fn-emWv
Nn{X˛Zm-cp-in¬]-ß-fpsS ÿew. kwc-£-Whpw
ÿnc-Xbpw ap≥n¿Øn-Ø-s∂-bm-Wv am≤y-a-ßfpw
nd-°q-´p-Ifpw kt¶-X-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-
Xv. t£{X ]cn-k-chpw `q{]-Ir-Xnbpw IqSn Ap-
tbm-Py-am-°n-bp≈ n¿Ωn-Xn-I-fmWv A[n-I-hpw.
t£{X-Np-‰p-]m-Sn-ep≈ h≥ hr£-X-W-ep-Iƒ Cu
Nn{X-ßƒ°v kwc-£-W-ta-Ip-∂p. C∂v ipNo-I-c-
W-Øn-s‚bpw tIm{Io-‰nw-Kn-s‚bpw t]cn-¬ hr£-
ßƒ in-∏n-°pI hgn XW¬ jvS-s∏´v Nn{X-
in¬]-ßƒ CuSp-n¬°msX hcp-∂p-≠v. kmt¶-
XnI hi-ß-fnse Adn-hp- tISpw CuSp-Ip-d-bv°m≥
Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p-≠v.
]mc-kv]cyw
Iem-in¬] Bte-Jy-ß-fnse hnjb ]c-
Xbpw ssienbpw BJym-hpw mS-Io-b-Xbpw ]mc-
kv]cy kz`m-h-ß-fm-Wv. tZho tZh-∑m¿, cmam-b-
Ww, alm-`m-c-Xw, ]pcm-W-ßƒ, a‰v lnμp antØm-
f-Pn-bnse `mK-ßƒ XpS-ßnb IYmw-i-ßƒ `mhm-
`n-b anI-thmsS Xs∂ Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. IqSmsX
IqSn-bm-´hpw IqØp-sa√mw CtX hnjb kw_-‘n-
bn¬ Ah-X-c-W-hp-ap-≠m-Ipw. IYm kμ¿`- BJym-
-ßƒ kw£n]vX cq]-am-bn-´mWv Nn{X, {]Xn-a,
Ah-X-cW in¬]-ß-fn-se√mw ImWp-∂-Xv.

55
............................................................................................... ..........
aΩn-bq¿ IrjvW≥Ip-ń-m-b¿
Npa¿Nn-{X-I-e-bpsS D]m-k-I≥
Fw. fn≥ _m_p
ks‚ n¿t±-i-{]-Imcw tZhkzw ]T--tI{μw Bcw-
`n-®-t∏mƒ AXns‚ Aa-c-°m-c-m-bXpw
IrjvW≥Ipń mb-cm-bn-cp-∂p.
imco-cn-Im-kzm-ÿy-ßfpw {]mb-Øns‚
sshj-ay-ßfpw ad-∂p-sIm≠v IrjvW≥Ip-ń-m-b¿
Hcp ntbm-Kw-t]mse BZysØ _m®npw c≠m-
asØ _m®npw Npa¿Nn-{X-I-e-bpsS kmt¶-XnI
n¿ΩmW coXn-Ifpw h¿Æ {]tbm-Khpw cq]-tc-J-
Ifpw F√mw Xs∂ ]I¿∂p ¬In. tIc-fob
t£{X {iotIm-hn-ep-I-fnepw -sIm´m-c-`n-Øn-I-fnepw
am{Xw HXpßn n∂n-cp∂ Npa¿Nn-{X-I-esb P-
Io-b-am-°m≥ IrjvW≥Ip-ń-m-b-cpsS I¿tΩm-’p-
I-amb tXr-]m-S-h-Ønv km[n®p F∂v Ime-ßƒ
Ign-™-t∏mƒ t_m[y-am-bn. C∂v tIc-f-Øn¬
tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-I-e-bpsS Bflm-hns
sXm´-dn™ IemNm-cy≥ aΩn-bq¿ IrjvW≥Ipń
mb¿ Iem temIw hn´p-]n-cn-™n´v 2014 Pqembv 19-
˛v 20 h¿jw XnI™p. ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ De-bn¬
am{Xw DuXn sXfn™ Cu tZh-I-esb Hcp Iq´w
Iem-Im-c-∑m-cpsS ssII-fn-te°v ]I¿∂p ¬Im-
p≈ a v IrjvW≥Ipń mb¿°v D≠m-b-XmWv
At±-l-Øns‚ aln-a. Ayw n∂p-t]m-Ip-am-bn-cp∂
tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-I-ebv°v thm-∞m--Øns‚
h-ssN-Xyw 1989-˛¬ Kpcp-hm-bq¿ tZhkzw
Npa¿Nn{X ]T tI{μ-Øns‚ Bcw-`-tØm-Sp-IqSn
km£m-XvIr-X-am-Ip-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. A∂sØ
tZhkzw `c-W-k-anXn AwKhpw Iem-kmw-kvIm-cnI
{]h¿Ø-Ipw Fgp-Øp-Im-c-p-amb sI.-F. N{μ-lm-

57
............................................................................................... ..........
Npa¿Nn-{X-I-e-bv°p-≠mb hf¿®bv°v apJy-]¶pw
IrjvW≥Ip-ń-m-b¿°pw tZhkzw Npa¿Nn-{X-]-T-
-tI-{μ-Ønpw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Xt∂m-
sSm∏w {]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂ a‰p Iem-Im-c-∑m-sc√mw
Nn{X-I-e-bpsS hnhn[ taJ-e-Ifpw kmº-ØnI `{Z-
Xbpw tXSnt∏mb-t∏mgpw Xs‚ PohnXw tIc-fob
Npa¿Nn-{X-I-e-bv°p-th≠n am{X-am-sW∂ n›-b-Øn-
em-bn-cp∂p B Iem-Im-c≥.
aΩn-bq¿ hmI-bn¬ h≈p-I-∏p≈n Pm-In-b-
Ω-bp-sSbpw cma-Ir-jvW≥ F{ºm-¥n-cn-bp-
sSbpw aI-mbn 1927˛¬ Pn®
IrjvW≥Ipń mb¿ Icp-amw-]-d-ºØv
A®p-X≥ mb-cn¬ n∂mWv Kpcp-Ipe
k{º-Zm-b-Øn¬ hfsc sNdp-∏-
Ønse Nn{X-Ie A`y-kn-®-Xv. Kpcp-
hm-bq¿ ssien Npa¿Nn-{X-I-e-bpsS
D]-⁄m-Xm-hmb ]pem-°m´v cma≥m-
b-cmWv Icp-am-]-d-ºØv A®p-X≥m-
b-cpsS Kpcp. tZho-tZ-h-∑msc amp-
jn-I-amb Ae-¶m-c-ß-fn¬ AXy-
[nIw Na-b-ß-fn-√msX hc-°p∂
k{º-Zm-b-amWv ]n¬°m-eØv Kpcp-
hm-bq¿ ssien-bmbn ]cn-W-an-®-
Xv. a‰p Npa¿Nn{X Iem kmt¶-X-
ß-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ ]›mØe
hnym-k-Ønv Kpcp-hm-bq¿ ssien-bn¬ {]m[myw
Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂p. chn-h¿Ω Ime-L-´-Øn¬ cq]m-
¥cw {]m]n® Cu ssien°v chn-h¿Ω Nn{X-ß-fp-
ambn sNdnb kam--X-Iƒ I¬∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
1942-˛¬ Kpcp-m-Y-tm-sSm∏w ae-∏pdw Pn√-bnse
AßmSn∏pdw Xncp-am-‘mw-Ip∂v `K-h-Xn-t£-{X-
Øn¬ Nn{Xw hc-®p-sIm-≠mWv IrjvW≥Ipń
mb¿ Iem-k-]-cy°v XpS°w Ipdn-®-Xv. 1995-˛v
tijw B Nn{X-ßƒ ]n∂oSv as‰mcp Npa¿Nn{X
Iem-Im-c≥ ]pXp°n hc-®p. C∂v B Nn{X-ßƒ
At±-l-Øns‚ Nn{X-ß-fm-bm-bmWv Iem-
temIØn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. CXv Ie-bnse hntcm-
[m-`m-kw!
Kpcp-hm-bq¿ t£{X-{io-tIm-hn-ense ]Sn-
™msd Npa-cn-ep≈ Nn{X-ß-fpsS cN-bn-Xmhpw
IrjvW≥Ip-ń-m-b-cm-bn-cp-∂p. òjva-cpsS ic-i-ø,
lp-am≥, A∂]q¿tW-iz-cn, Kcp-U≥, IrjvWs‚
_meyw XpS-ßnb Nn{X-ßƒ AXn¬ Gsd
{]m[myw A¿ln-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. ]me-°mSv Pn√-
bnse Xncp-an-‰-t°mSv A©p-aq¿Øn t£{X-Ønepw
IrjvW≥Ip-ń-m-b¿ Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ°v `mhp-IXzw
¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Xncp-an-‰-t°mSv t£{X-Øn¬ Kpcp-
m-Y-mb A®p-X≥m-bcpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Kpcp-hm-
bq¿ t£{X-Ønepw IrjvW≥Ip-ń-m-b-tcm-sSm∏w
Nn{Xw hc-°m≥ At±-l-Øn-s‚ ka-io¿j-m-bn-
cp∂ ]´mºn IrjvW-hm-cycpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. nc-
h[n t£{X-ß-fn¬ Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ hc-®n-´p≈ ]´m-
ºn IrjvW-hm-cy¿ s√mcp t^mt´m {Km^-dpw-IqSn
Bbn-cp-∂p. GXmpw amk-ßƒ°p apºv tIc-fob

59
............................................................................................... ..........
Ncn-{X-]p-cp-j-tbpw hc-°m-sa-∂-Xns‚ ZrjvSm-¥-
am-Wv. C∂sØ Iem-Im-c-∑m¿ ]pc-kvIm-c-ßƒ°v
]pdsI t]mIp-tºmgpw kzbw IemNm-cy-∑m-cmbn
Ah-tcm-[n-°p-tºmgpw IrjvW≥Ip-ń-m-b¿ Hcp
_lp-a-Xn-bp-sSbpw ]pdsI t]mIm≥ Xøm-dm-bn-cp-
∂n-√. 1991-˛¬ Kpcp-hm-bq¿ tZhkzw {io Kpcp-hm-bq-
c-∏≥ ]pc-kvImcw ¬In At±-lsØ BZ-cn-®p.
1981-˛¬ tI{μ-kmw-kvIm-cnI hIp-∏ns‚ s^t√m-jn∏v
tSnb IrjvW≥Ipń mb¿ Bd-∑p-f-bnse
hn⁄m Iem-th-Zn-bpsS D]-tZ-i-I-k-anXn AwK-
am-bn-cp-∂p. hmZy-ta-f-ßƒ Gsd CjvS-s∏-Sp∂ Cu
Iem-Im-c≥ s√mcp ]pkvXI kvtln-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
A¥-cn® kmln-Xy-Im-c≥ {io. kn.-hn. {iocm-a≥
kplrØpw Ab¬hm-knbpw Bbn-cp-∂p. kmlnXy
ncq-]I tUm. Fw.-eo-em-hXn IrjvW≥Ip-ń-m-b-
cpsS kl-]mTn Bbn-cp-∂p. Kpcp-hm-bq¿ t£{X-
Øn¬ Nn{Xw hc-°p-tºmƒ hSt° Npa-cnse Nn{X-
ßƒ hc-®n-cp-∂-Xv {io. Fw.-sI. {ion-hm-k≥ amÃ-
dm-bn-cp∂p. Kpcp-hm-bq¿ tZh-kz-Ønv {io Kpcp-hm-
bq-c-∏s‚ Nn{Xw hc-®p-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xn-eqsS Aa-cXzw
tSnb {ion-hm-k≥ amÃ¿ aΩn-bq-cnptijw Kpcp-
hm-bq¿ tZhkzw Npa¿Nn-{X-]-T tI{μ-Øns‚ apJy-
Np-a-X-e-°m-c-m-bn-cp-∂p. Ie-tbbpw kulr-Z-ß-
tfbpw Hcpt]mse kvtln-°p∂ {ion-hm-k≥
amÃ¿ 1999 Pp-hcn 20-˛v Ime-b-h-n-Ibv°p≈n¬
ad-™p.
1992-˛¬ Kpcp-hm-bq¿ k{Xw HmUn-t‰m-dn-b-
Øn¬ sh®v BZymbn S∂ Z£n-tW-¥y≥ Npa¿Nn-
{X-I-em-Iym-ºn¬ IrjvW≥Ipń mb¿ hc® tIc-
fmw_ F∂ Nn{Xw Iymºne anI® Nn{X-ß-fn-sem-
∂m-bn-cp-∂p. tamln-n-bm-´-Øns‚ emky-X-bn¬
n¬°p∂ tIc-fmw-_-bpsS Nn{X-Øn¬ tIc-fob
Im¿jnI D¬∏-∂-ß-fmb Cf-o¿, s¬I-Xn¿, a‰p
tIc-fob Ie-I-fnse Na-b-ßƒ F√mw Dƒs∏-SpØn
Nn{XsØ [y-am-°m≥ IrjvW≥Ipń mb-cnse
Iem-Im-cv km[n-®p. {]ikvX Z£n-tW-¥y≥ Nn{X-
Im-c-∑m-cmb {ion-hm-k-ep, N{μ-ti-J-c≥, sImSp-
ß-√q¿ am[-h-ta-tm≥, (kn.-sI.-cm), Fw.-hn. tZh≥
{]ivkX kmlnXy ncq-]-I≥ tUm. Fkv.
Kp]vX≥m-b¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-tcm-sS√mw IrjvW≥Ip-
ń-m-b¿ A°m-e-ß-fn¬ kulrZw ]pe¿Øn-bn-
cp-∂p. {]ikvX Iem-K-th-j-Ipw Kpcp-hm-bq¿
tZhkzw Npa¿Nn{X ]T--tI-{μ-Øns‚ BZy-Ime
D]-tZ-i-I-k-anXn AwK-hp-amb tUm. Fw.-Pn. iin-
Npa¿Nn-{X-I-e-bpsS Pohn-®n-cn°p∂ BNm-cy-t{i-
jvT-mb ]´mºn IrjvW-hm-cycpw Iem-temIw hn´p-
]n-cn-™p. Npa-cn¬ tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-I-em-ssi-
en°v as‰mcp am[yaw Is≠-Øn-bXpw IrjvW≥Ip-
ń-m-b-cm-bn-cp-∂p. {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb nd-ß-fn¬
Bkv_kv-t‰mkv jo‰p-I-fn¬ Npa¿Nn-{X-ssi-en-
bp≈ Nn{X-sa-gp-Xm-sa∂v sXfn-bn-®Xpw Cu
almmb Iem-Im-cs‚ Ignhv H∂pam-{X-am-Wv.
{io ]fl-m-`-kzman t£{Xw, sNss∂-bnse
alm-enw-K-]pcw Aø-∏≥tIm-hn¬, temI-m¿°mhv
XpS-ßnb t£{X-ß-fn-se√mw IrjvW≥Ip-ń-m-b¿
Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ hc-®n-´p-≠v. s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬
Npa¿Nn-{X-ßƒ hcm-°m-sa∂pw Cu ssien-bn¬
GXv ]pcm-W-hn-j-b-ßfpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-°m-sa-∂p-ap≈
Bi-b-amWv CS-∏≈n Fw.-F≥.-F-^v. B¿´v Kme-
dn-bnse A`n-⁄m imIp-¥-f-Ønse h¿Æ--Isf
B[m-c-am°n hc® Nn{Xw sIm√w mtbgvkv
tlmkv]n-‰-ense Npa-cn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zy-am-°n-bXv
Aiz-n-tZ-h-Iƒ°v sshtZym-]-tZiw ¬Ip∂ [z-
¥-cn-bpsS cq]-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-h--¥-]p-csØ
ayqkn-b-Øn¬ {ioNn{Xm F≥t¢-hvkn¬ NnØn-c-
Xn-cp-m-fns‚ h-cm-{Xn-a-WvU-]-Øn-te-°p≈ Fgp-
∂-≈-Øv hc-®p-Xo¿ØXv Cu ssien-bn¬ GXp

61
............................................................................................... ..........
`q-j-Wns‚ Iem-K-th-j-W-ßƒ°v IrjvW≥Ipń
mb-cp-am-bp≈ Bfl-_‘w Gsd klm-b-I-am-bn-
´p-≠v.
aΩn-bq¿ -t£-{X-Øn¬ alm-tZ-hs‚ {iotIm-
hn-enp ]pd-Ip-h-iØv nc-h[n h¿j°mew `‡¿
sXmgpXv Bfl-km-bqPyw tSnb Hcp Nn{X-am-bn-cp-
∂p -h-c-W-am-ey-hp-ambn n¬°p∂ ]m¿Δ-Xn-tZ-hn-
bpsS Nn{Xw. o≠ aq°pw o≠ IÆp-Ifpw
hnS¿∂ ]p©n-cn-bp-ambn n¬°p∂ ]m¿Δ-Xn-bpsS
Nn{Xw IrjvW≥Ipń mb-cpsS Iem-k-ºØv Gsd
{]I-S-am-°n-bn-cp-∂ Hcp Nn{X-am-bn-cp∂p. hfsc
h¿j-ßƒ ]g-°-ap≈ Cu Nn{Xw GXmpw h¿j-
ßƒ°p apºv AhnsS n∂pwamdn tIc-fob Xna
A¬∏wt]mepw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-m-hmØ as‰mcp
Nn{X-Im-cs‚ Nn{Xw ÿm]n-®Xv Iem-cw-KØv Gsd
hnhm-Zhpw H®∏m-Sp-ap-≠m-°n-bn-cp-∂p. 1990-˛Ifn¬
aΩn-bq¿ t£{X-Øns‚ Imcy-ÿ-®p-a-Xe hln-®n-
cp∂ ka-b-ØmWv aΩn-bq¿ alm-t£-{X-Ønse
inhs‚ {iotIm-hn-enepw hnjvWp-hns‚
{iotImhnenepw IrjvW≥Ip-ń-m-bcpw At±-l-
Øns‚ injy-∑mcpw Nn{X-ßƒ hc-°p∂Xv.
hnjvWp {iotImhn-ense Zim-h-Xm-c-Nn-{X-ßƒ°v
cq]-tcJ Xøm-dm-°p∂ ka-b-ØmWv 1994 Pqembv
19-˛v IrjvW≥Ip-ń-m-b-cpsS hntbm-Kw. a’yw
XpSßn I¬°n hsc-bp≈ Zim-h-Xmc Nn{X-ß-
fn¬ hymk-ap-n-tbbpw ipI-`-{Z-a-tbpw kμ¿t`m-
Nn-X-ambn IrjvW≥Ipń-m-b¿ hc-®p-tN¿ØXv
Gsd {i≤ ]nSn-®p-]-‰n-bn-cp-∂p. Cu Ime-Øp-Xs∂
Xncp-h--¥-]pcw {io ]fl-m-`-kzman t£{Xw, a{Zm-
knse alm-enw-K-]pcw t£{Xw, F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬
injy-tcm-sSm∏w Nn{X-c-N--bn¬ G¿s∏-ń-cp∂p {io
aΩn-bq¿. tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-I-ebv°v CØ-c-samcp
hf¿® D≠m-Ip-sa∂v kz]v-Øn¬t∏mepw
IrjvW≥Ip-ń-m-b-cm-im≥ hnNm-cn®p ImWn-√.
C∂sØ Iem-temIw Npa¿Nn-{X-I-esb temIw
apgp-h≥ AwKo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ GtXm AZr-iy-amb
km∂n-≤y-ambn aΩn-bq-cm-im≥ AXp-I≠v B-μn-
°p-∂p-≠m-Ipw. tZho-tZ-h-∑msc hc-°p-∂-h¿°v
tZh≥ Xs∂ XpW-bm-Ip-sa∂ B]vX-hmIyw
Az¿∞-am-Ip-∂-Xp-t]mse tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-Ie
hf¿®-bpsS t´-ßƒ sImbvsX-Sp-°p-I-bm-Wv,
Hs∂m∂m-bn.....
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
Fw. fn≥ _m_p: Kpcp-hm-bq¿ tZhkzw Npa¿Nn{X ]T--tI-{μ-Ønse c≠mw _m®v
hnZym¿∞n. Ct∏mƒ ]T tI{μ-Ønse No^v C≥kv{S-IvS¿. aΩn-bq-cm-ims‚ in£-W-
Øn¬ Npa¿ Nn{X-Ie A`y-kn-®p.
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
-{]-ikvX kmln-Xy-Imcn s]]nXm tkXn-tm-sSm∏w aΩn-bq-cm-im≥
aΩn-bq-¿ IrjvW≥Ip-ń- m-b¿ hc® AXn{]i-kvX-amb
hc-W-am-ey-hp-ambn n¬°p∂ ]m¿ΔXn tZhn-bpsS tcJmNn{Xw

Nadukkurissu, Muttukad-Periakanal Road Chinnakkanal P.O, Idukki,
Kerala., Munnar 685 618, India
Email: booking@spicetreemunnar.com
Phone: 04868 249 444
SpiceTree
Nestled amidst the pristine Kannan Devan Hills and Bison Valley Hills, SpiceTree is a perfect mountain retreat.
Being a boutique resort, SpiceTree offers its guests the best-of-it's-kind personal care and attention. The resort
has 14 luxurious suites and 2 individual pool-villas to accommodate the guests. The pool-villas are the latest
additions to the resort for the convenience of people who are looking for a little more luxury and space. The
scenic locale, the mountains, forest and valley, can be enjoyed equally from each and every suite of SpiceTree.
There are many activities that the guests can indulge themselves in during their stay at SpiceTree. The rejuvena-
tion sessions at the spa at SpiceTree ('The Bliss') is one of the favourites. Other activities include Yoga and
Meditation sessions, Tea Tasting, Ethic Cooking classes, Treks, Soft Treks, Book Bar, Plantation Walks, Swim-
ming Pool, Bison Valley Village Tour, Nature Expeditions, Photography Expeditions, Dolmen Visit, and Tea and
Cardamom Field Visits. The wonderful team of chefs are ready to amaze each and every guest with their culinary
skills by preparing a variety of dishes belonging to varied cuisine styles. Responsible Tourism is the norm that
SpiceTree always follow. SpiceTree strongly believes that nature has given us a lot and we need to return the
favour too. Through all the activities, service, and luxury provided, SpiceTree becomes the perfect destination
for relaxation, inspiration, and rejuvenation.

63
............................................................................................... ..........
Ifn-tbmK kvac-W-bp-W¿Øpw
IY-I-fn-®p-h¿®n-{X-ßƒ
tUm. hnn. F.
tIc-fob Ie-bpsS kph¿Æ-bp-K-am-bn-cp∂
Ccp-]Xmw q‰m-≠ns‚ BZysØ c≠p Zi-I-ß-
fn¬ Ie-I-sf, {]tXy-In®pw IY-I-fnsb hf¿Øn-
s°m-≠p-h-cn-Ibpw kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp- t]m-
∂n-cp-∂Xv P∑n-amcpw mSp-hm-gn-Ifpw AS-ßp∂ kº-
∂-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fm-Wv. ]e¿°pw kz¥-ambn Ifn-tbm-
K-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. H‰s∏´ Iptd-t]-cpsS c£m-
[n-Im-c-Øn-emWv A∂v Ie-Iƒ ne-n-∂n-cp-∂Xv.
mSy-I-esb t]mjn-∏n-°p-hmpw ]ptcm-K-an-∏n-°p-
hmpw IY-I-fnsb hntizm-Ø-c-amb Hcp Ie-bm-
°p-hmpw tIc-f-Ønv am{Xta km[n-®n-´p-≈q.
tIc-f-Øn¬ Cw•ojv hnZym-`ym-k-Ønv
]sØm-ºXmw q‰m-≠ns‚ a≤y-L-´-Øn-ep-≠mb
{]Nm-c-W-tØmsS mń¬ ]e hn[-Øn-ep≈ ]cn-
h¿Ø--ßfpw D≠m-bn. ]m›mXy mK-cn-I-Xz-
Øn¬ {àn-°-bm¬ ]g-b-Im-eØv ]ca nZ¿i--
ß-fmbn hnNm-cn-°-s∏-ń-cp∂ ]eXpw ]e¿°pw
cpNn-°m-Xm-bn. Ah-cn¬ an°-h¿°pw IY-I-
fnsbt]mep≈ Ie-Isf ]p—-am-bn-cp-∂p. chn-h¿Ω
Nn{X-ß-fnepw N¥p-ta-tms‚ Cμp-te-J-bnepw
A∂sØ {_nójv `c-Ww, Cw•ojv hnZym-`ym-kw,
cmjv{Sob am‰-ßƒ ^yqU-en-k-tØm-Sp≈ hntcm-
[-`m-hw, acp-a-°-Øm-b-Øns‚ XI¿® apX-emb
kmap-Zm-bnI kmwkv°m-cnI am‰-ßƒ {]I-S-am-Wv.
Cμp-te-J°v {`m¥p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂v hcp-Øm≥
N¥p-ta-tm≥ F{X-am{Xw njvI¿jn-®p. Cw•ojv
`c-W-tØm-Sp-IqSn k{º-Zm-b-ßfpw Nn¥m-K-Xn-Ifpw
amdp-hm≥ XpS-ßnb A°m-eØv IY-Ifn S-∑mcpw

65
............................................................................................... ..........
Ifn-tbm-K-ßfpw ]q¿Δm-[nIw D≠m-bXpw hnP-b-
]q¿Δw {]h¿Øn-®Xpw Hm¿°p-tºmƒ A∂p-≠m-
bn-cp∂ P-{]nbw A¤p-Xm-h-l-am-Wv.
mSy-I-em-t£-{X-Ønse kPoh {]Xn-jvTbpw
hS°≥thj-°m-cn¬ {]Y-a-K-W-o-b-p-am-bn-cp∂
Ip©p-I¿Øm-hns‚ ImeØv ne-n-∂n-cp∂ c≠v
Ifn-tbm-K-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p ae-∏pdw Pn√-bnse ]p√qcv
Ip‰m-n-°m´v a Ifn-tbm-Khpw tImgn-t°mSv Pn√-
bnse s]mgmbn Awi-Øn-ep≈ (am-¶m-hv) aÆn-
te-SØv Ifn-tbm-K-hpw.
sNdnb ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sp-am-bn-cp-∂p. I√-Sn-t°m-S≥
k{º-Zmbw IqSp-X¬ Bkzm-Zy-am-°n-bXpw ]me-°mSv
Xmeq-°n¬ IpØ-∂q-cn¬ F∂-t]mse h≈p-h-mSv
Xmeq-°n¬ sh≈n-tgn Hcp IY-Ifn tI{μ-am-°n-
bXpw Ah-cpsS ]cn-{i-a-^-e-ß-fmWv. I√-Sn-t°m-
S≥ ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ {][m tI{μ-amb ]me-°mSv
Cu®-c-ta-tm-s-t∏m-se-bp≈ tIƒhn-s∏´ S-∑m¿
D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv C°m-e-Øm-Wv.
aÆn-te-SØv Ifn-tbmKw
tImgn-t°mSv Xmeq-°nse s]mgmbn Awi-
Øv Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ aÆn-te-SØv mb¿, kmaq-Xn-
cn-bpsS Hcp tkm-n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ahn-SsØ Imc-
W-h¿°v Aøm-bn-c-{]`p I¿Ømhv F∂ ÿm-
t∏-cp-≠v. B IpSpw-_-Øn¬ Imc-W-h-cm-bn-cp∂
sIm√-h¿jw 1067-˛¬ A¥-cn® C´n-cm-c-∏pÆn mb-
cmWv Ifn-tbmKw SØnbn-cp-∂-Xv. sIm√-h¿jw
1050˛am≠v XpS-ßnb aÆn-te-SØv Ifn-tbmKw
At±lw acn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc ne-n-∂p. Cu®-c-ta-
tm≥ Cu Ifn-tbm-K-Øn¬ A©m-dp-sIm√w
A`ymkw S-Øp-Ibpw Ip©p-I¿Ømhv Ipd-®p-
Ip©p-I¿Øm-hns‚ ImeØv hSt° ae-_m-
dn¬ Ifn-°m¿ Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw sX°p-n-
∂p≈ {]tXy-In®v ]me-°m´v Ifn-bm-im-∑m-cpsS Ifn-
tbm-K-ßƒ at©-cn, tImgn-t°m-Sv, Ipdp-{º-m-Sv, tIm´-
bw, Nnd-°¬, Imk¿tImSv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ k©-
cn-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°v Ahn-sS-bp≈ m´p-Im-cpsS
t{]m’m-lw e`n®p hcn-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.
tIc-f-Øn¬ A∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂ mSp-hm-gn-I-fn¬
an°-hcpw Iem-c-kn-I-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cn¬ sh®v
{]Y-a-K-W-o-b-∑m¿ Hf∏-aÆ henb ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Spw,
]p√qcv Ip‰m-n-°m´p a Nph¿ Nn{Xw. lp-am≥
]p√qcv Ip‰m-n-°m´p a e¶m-e-£van. IS-∏mSv. atmPv

67
............................................................................................... ..........
Imew AXn¬ BZym-h-km--am-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXn-´p-≠v. 1066-˛¬ aÆn-te-SØv mb-cpsS
£Ww kzoI-cn®v Cu®-c-ta-tm≥ s]mgm-bn¬sh®v
A`y-kw Bcw-`n-®p. 1066-˛hsc Cu®-c-ta-tm≥
aÆn-te-SØv Ifn-tbm-K-Øn¬ Bim-m-bn-cp-∂p.
Ip©p-I¿Ømhpw GXmpw Imew ÿnc-ambn
n∂Xv aÆn-te-SØv am{X-am-Wv. Cń-cm-c-∏p-Æn-m-
b¿ Ip©p-I¿Øm-hns‚ tbmKy-Xbpw kz`m-hhpw
{Kln®v At±-lsØ th≠-t]mse BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw
kt¥m-jn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂-XmWv AXn-p-
Im-c-Ww. aÆn-te-SØv Ifn-tbm-K-Ønv tImgn-t°m-
Snv ]pdsa Gd-m-Sv, s]m∂mn Xmeq-°p-I-fnepw
{]Nm-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
]p√q¿ Ip‰m-n-°m´v a Ifn-tbmKw
Gd-mSv Xmeq°v Ff-¶q¿ Awi-Øn-emWv
]p√q¿ Ip‰m-n-°m´v a ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-Xv. sNdm-
¶p∂v F∂q-IqSn t]cp≈ Cu P∑n Krlw at©-cn-
bn¬ n∂pw mev In.-ao. Ing-°m-Wv. sIm√-h¿jw
1105-˛¬ Znhw-K-X-mb hmkp-tZ-h≥ ºq-XncnbpsS
ImeØv At±-l-Øns‚ Ap-P-mb am[-h≥ ºq-
Xn-cn-bpsS {]m]vXn-sIm≠v ]p√qcv a s√mcp
ÿnXn-bn-em-bn. Nn{X-sa-gp-Øp-Im-cpw Iem-]-WvUn-
X-p-amb am[-h≥ ºq-Xn-cn-bmWv a-hI Imcy-
ßfpw Ifn-tbm-Khpw tm°n S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Cu
Ifn-tbm-K-Øn¬ thjw, ]m´v, sIm´v, Npń Ch-bvs°-
∂√ Xnc-»o-e°p IqSn {]tXyIw Bfp-Isf A`y-
kn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. C√sØ Ifn-tbm-K-Øn¬ A`y-kn-
®-h¿ ]e-cp-ap-s≠-¶nepw t]sc-Sp-Ø-h¿ sNdp-]m-d-
bv°¬ IrjvW≥m-bcpw hS-t°-Xn¬ i¶-c≥m-
b-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Icn-°m´v {Kma-Ønse ]c-tZ-h-X-
bmb kp{_-“-Wy-kzm-ansb kvXpXn-°p∂ Hcp hμ-
-t«m-Ihpw Ch¿°v kz¥-am-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
""htμhμn-X-hm-k-hm-Zn-hn-_p-[-
t{i-Wn-In-co-tSm-Pze∂mm-
c-Xv-hn-cm-Pn-Xmw-{Ln-I-aew
ImcWy cXvm-Icw
BcpVw inXn IWvT IWvT
auLw jm◊m-Xpcw kpμcw
n¿±p-Xm-Jn-e-ssh-cn-kwL
"akn-Xm-tcWy'izcw `mkpcw''
CXm-bn-cp∂p B t«mIw. 1071 hsc Ifn-tbmKw
icn°v S-∂p. IrjvW-]-Wn-°-cm-bn-cp∂p Bim≥.
hS-°≥ thj-°m-cn¬ {][m-n-bm-bn-cp∂
Ip©p-I¿Øm-hns‚ ImesØ Cu c≠p Krl-ß-
fp-sSbpw Ct∏m-gsØ khn-ti-jX A∂sØ Ifn-
tbmK ImeØv hc-°-s∏´ c≠v Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ
Ccp-a--I-fp-sSbpw c≠mw ne-I-fn¬ Z¿in-°m-sa-
∂-Xm-Wv.
Nn{X-ß-fpsS ]g°w Ip©p-I¿Øm-hns‚
Ime-am-Wv. Ip©p-I¿Ømhv kz¥-ambn Ifn-tbmKw
S-Øp-I-tbm, {]`p-°-∑m-cpsS Ifn-tbm-K-ß-fn¬
ÿnc-ambn n¬°p-I-tbm, Hcp If-cn-bn¬ am{Xw
Bim-mbn A`y-kw S-Øp-Itbm D≠m-bn-ń√
F¶nepw 1058-˛1066 ImeØv CS-bv°n-S-bv°mbn aÆn-
te-SØv Ifn-tbm-K-Ønepw ]p√q¿ a Ifn-tbm-K-
Ønepw Ct±-l-Øns‚ km∂n≤yw ne-n-∂n-cp-∂p.
Cu Ifn-tbm-K-Im-e-ßƒ°n-S-bn-em-bn-cn-°Ww Cu
c≠p P∑n-Kr-l-ß-fn-tebpw Nph¿Nn{X cN S-
Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv F∂-p-am-n-°mw.
C∂p-Im-Wp∂ am¶mhv tImhn-eIw F∂-dn-
b-s∏-Sp∂ "hmbn-°p∂ amfnI'bpw tImhn-e-Iw
t£{Xhpw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ mb¿ Xd-hmSv
C∂sØ am¶mhv tImhn-e-IsØ Ah-Im-in-Iƒ
hmßn-bn´v GI-tZiw H∂c q‰m-≠n-e-[n-I-am-bn.
tImhn-e-I-Øn-s‚bpw tImhn-eIw t£{X-Øn-
s‚bpw ]g°w GI-tZiw ap∂qdv h¿j-am-Wv. {ioh-
f-b-mSv `K-h-Xn-bpsS ktlm-Zcn F∂ k¶-ev]-
Øns‚ h-Zp¿§-bmWv Cu t£{X-Ønse {]Xn-
jvT. am¶mhv tImhn-e-I-Øn¬ "hmbn-°p∂ amfnI'
F∂mWv IY-Ifn Nph¿Nn-{X-ap≈ sIńSw Adn-b-
am¶mhv tImhn-eIw hmbn-°p∂ amfn-I-bnse Nph¿Nn{Xw
IS-∏mSv. lcn am¶mhv
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. IY-Ifn Nph¿Nn-{X-Ønp ]pdsa Cu
amfn-I-bn¬ sshIp-WvT-m-Y-mb hnjvWp, lp-
am≥, KtP-{μ-tam-£w, Z£n-Wm-aq¿Øn, {ioN{Iw
F∂o Nn{X-ß-fp-ap-≠v.
Nn{X-{]m-[myw
ZriycwK-ßƒ BI¿j-I-ß-fmb cmam-bW
IY-bnse tXmc-W-bp-≤-amWv Nph¿Nn-{X-Øns‚
hnj-bw. IY-I-fn-bpsS Bkzm-ZyX Ap-`-hn®v Nnc-
ÿm-bn-bmb as‰mcp am[y-a-Øn¬ {]Ir-Xn-P-y-Nm-
b-ßfm¬ Bte-Jw sNbvX Cu Nn{Xw hc-®Xv
Ifn-tbm-K-Øn-se-Øs∂ GsX-¶nepw Stm Nn{X-

anX-amb ]Wn-°q-en.
anI® hnev]-m--¥c tkh-w.
kwip-≤-amb BIS 916 lmƒam¿°vUv kz¿Æm-`-c-W-ßƒ!!
®

69
............................................................................................... ..........
Im-ctm Bbn-cn-°-Ww. c≠n-S-sØbpw Nn{X-
ßƒ°v me-Sn-tbmfw ofhpw Db-chpw c≠-c-b-Sn-
tbmfw hoXn-bp-ap-≠v.
IY-Ifn S-∑m-cn¬ BZy-ambn t]sc-SpØ
sh´-Øp-m-´p-Im-c-mb (F.-Un. 1793) i¶-c≥m-b-
cp-sSbpw i¶-c-∏-Wn-°-cp-sSbpw ImeØv IY-
IfnbpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn-°p-≠mb Hcp t´-am-Wv, lp-
ams‚ thj-Øn-p-≠mb {]m[m-yw. IY-I-fn-bn¬
sh≈-Øm-Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p At±lw Be-Øn-bq¿
kztZ-inbpw tZi-°m-cpsS ]c-tZ-h-X-bmb s]cpwXr-
t°m-hn¬ lp-ams D]mk sNbvXn-cp∂ Hcp
hnin-jvSp-am-bn-cp∂p. GXm≠v C∂sØ BIr-
Xn-bn-ep≈ h´-ap-Snbpw sh≈-Øm-Snbpw sh≈-tcm-
a-°p-∏m-bhpw lp-am≥ thj-°m¿ [cn-®n-cp-∂p.
lp-am≥ thj-Ønv {]m[myw h∂-tXm-Sp-IqSn
thj-°m-cs‚ hy‡n-Xz-Øn¬ P-ßƒ°v Hcp
IuXp-I-ap-f-hm-bn. sIm´m-c-ß-fnepw t£{Xm-¶-W-
ß-fnepw IY-I-fn°p {]I-S kzmX{¥yw
e`n®tXmsS B`n-Pm-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw ssZho-I-X-bp-
sSbpw ]cn-thjw Cu Iebv°v Ap-`-h-s∏-´p. ∑-
bpsS hnP-bhpw Xn∑-bpsS ]X-hpw DZvtLm-jn-
°p∂ tXmc-W-bp-≤-Ønse lp-am-s‚bpw e¶m-
e-£van-bp-sSbpw bp≤-cwKw GsXmcp IY-I-fn
Bkzm-Z-I-s‚bpw a- n¬ Xßn-n¬°p∂
H∂mWv.
IY-I-fn-bn¬ thj-°m-cs‚ {]I-S-sØ ncq-
]Ww sNøm≥ hfsc hnj-a-am-Wv. rØ-Øns‚
bYm¿∞ kz`mhw a- n-em-°p-hm-pw, AXv
Ays t_m[n-∏n-°p-hmpw sRcp-°-am-Wv. Ihn-
Xbpw kwKo-Xhpw Ime-Ønepw, Bte-Jyhpw {]Xn-
am-in-ev]hpw ÿe-Øn-ep-amWv ne-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv
F¶n¬ rXyw ÿe-Im-e-ßsf Hcpt]mse B{i-
bn®p n¬°p-∂p. ]t£, CXn¬ Iem-Im-cpw
Iem-kr-jvSnbpw hn`n-∂-a-√. ÿmbn-bmb Ign-hp-I-
fpsS Ne-m-ﬂ-I-cq]w hyXy-kvX-ambn Z¿in-°-s∏-
Sp∂p F∂p am{Xw. rØ-Ønv kmln-Xy-tØm-
tSm, XZ-¥¿K-X-amb ]Zy-I-e-tbmtSm D≈-Xn-e-[nIw
_‘w kwKo-X-tØmSpw Nn{X-c-N--tbm-Sp-am-Wv.
Aßs hnin-jvS-mb Hcp B´-°m-cs‚ thjw
I≠ ka¿∞-mb A⁄m-X≥ Xn°v Ap-`-h-
s∏´ B-μ-Øns‚ kvacW ne-n¿Øm≥ Xßsf
A¤p-Xm-[o-cm-°nb mSy-cq-]-ßsf h¿Æm
NmXp-cyw-sIm≠v ]p-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°m-p≈ {iaw S-
Øn-b-Xns‚ DØa nZ¿i--ß-fmWv am¶mhv hmbn-
°p∂ amfn-I-bn-tebpw ]p√qcv Ip‰m-n-°m´v a-bn-
tebpw tXmc-W-bp≤w Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ.
{]apJ kmlnXy IrXn-Iƒ ne-n¬°p-∂-
Xp-t]mse Nn{X inev] Ie-Iƒ ne-n¿Øm-Ø-
Xn-mepw AXns‚ I¿Ømhv, Imew F∂nh shfn-
s∏-Sp-Øm-Ø-Xn-mepw ]e Nn{X-ßfpw hnkvar-Xn-
bn¬ ebn-®p-t]m-bn. F∂n-cp-∂mepw IY-I-fn-bnse
B›-cy-I-chpw Ap-{I-a-hp-amb ]ptcm-KXn
Ht∂Im¬ q‰m-≠n-e-[nIw ]g-°-ap≈ Cu
Nph¿Nn-{X-ß-fn-eqsS ap°v Z¿in-°mw. IY-I-fn-
tbmSv kmay-ap≈ Nn{X-ßƒ Xr°-Socn aq∂v aq¿Øn
t£{X-Ønepw hS-°m-t©cn ]≈n-aÆ t£{X-
Ønepw ImWp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw IrXy-ambn hc® ÿe-
ßƒ tIc-f-Øn¬ s]mXpsh Ipd-hm-Wv.
tIcf kwkv°m-c-Øns‚ Xna apgp-h≥
Bhm-ln®v ]cn-e-kn-°p∂ ΩpsS Iem-]m-c-º-cy-
ßƒ ]eXpw jvSs∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.
C∂pw tIc-f-Ønse s]mXp-P--k-º¿°-an-√mØ
]e t£{X-ß-fnepw tImhn-e-I-ß-fnepw CØcw
Iem-ti-jn-∏p-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. F∂m¬ ]cn-
jv°m-c-Øns‚ aq¿≤-ym-h-ÿ-bn¬ ]gb Ime-L-
´sØ ad-°p-Ibpw ambv°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ C∂sØ
Xe-ap-d°v kmwkv°m-cnImh-t_m[w ]I¿∂p sImSp-
°m≥ CØcw Ie-I-fpsS kwc-£-W-Øn-eqsS Cu
c≠p IpSpw-_mw-K-ßfpw sNøp∂ tkhw amXr-
Im-]-c-am-Wv. IY-I-fn-bpsS cq]w bYm-¿∞yambn In´-
Ø-°-hn-[-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-SpØn sh®n-cn-°p∂ Nn{X-
ß-fmbn thWw Chsb ]cn-K-Wn-°m≥. ad-™p-
t]mb IY-Ifn Blmcyw ]cn-jv°-cn-°-s∏´v
C∂sØ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ FØn-b-t∏mƒ ]gb Ifn-
tbm-K-Im-e-Øns‚ Hm¿Ω-Iƒ Nph-cp-I-fn¬ C∂pw
A∂sØ bmYm¿∞yw ImWn-°p-∂p. APvRm-X-
mb Nn{X-Im-c≥ hc® Cu cN--bn-eqsS a¨a-d-
™p-t]mb Cu t{ijvT A`n-t-Xm-°-fpsS
ssNXyw Ap-`-h-tbm-Ky-am-hp-∂p.
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
tUm. hnn. F. : Iem Kth-j-I, nc-h[n ]pkvX-I-ßƒ cNn-®n-´p-≠v. tIcf Iem
aWvU-e-Øn¬ n∂pw tUmIvS-td‰v tSn-bn-´p-≠v.
.........................................................................................................................................................................................

71
............................................................................................... ..........
temI-sØ-hn-sSbpw ap-jys‚ BZna k¿§
Bhnjv°-cW am[y-a-am-bn-cp-∂p-h-t√m, Kplm-Nn-{X-
ßƒ. Kplm-Nn-{X-ß-fpsS ssZ¿Ly-ta-dnb ]mc-º-
cy-k-c-Wn-bn¬ ]e-hn-[-Øn-ep≈ hyXn-bm ]cn-
Wm-a-ßƒ°v hnt[-b-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. F¶nepw {]Ya
am[yaw F∂ ]cn-K-W--bn¬ Chbv°v F√m P-
k-aq-l-Ønepw Htc ÿm-am-Wp-≈-Xv. BZn-Ime
kaq-l-Øns‚ ssk¿§n-I-amb Hcp sshb-‡nI
Bhn-jv°m-c-ß-fpsS Xe-Øn¬ n∂v hf¿∂v Kplm-
Nn-{X-ß-fpw inev]ßfpw aX-Øn-s‚bpw a‰pw hn]p-
e-amb {]Nm-cW e£y-ßƒ°p-th≠n ]cn-Wmaw
{]m]n-°p-∂p-≠v. Cßs cmPm-°-∑m¿ ap≥ssI
FSpØv AtIw Nn{X-Im-c-∑m-scbpw inev]n-I-
sfbpw AWn-n-cØn n¿Ωn® ]n¬°me Kplm-
Nn-{X-˛-in-ev]-ß-fpsS Imcyw Ch-bn¬ n∂v hyXy-
kvX-am-Ip-∂p.
Nn{X-IebpsS ]cn-Wm-a-Z-ibn¬ c≠mw-L-´-
Øn¬ hnI-kn-°p-∂Xv Npa¿Nn-{X-ß-fm-Wv. hnhn[
tZi-ß-fn¬ hnI-kn® Npa¿ Nn{X-]m-c-º-cy-ßƒ°v
Du¿÷w ]I¿∂Xv kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw AXXv
mńse ùXnI Imem-h-ÿbpw kmwkv°m-cnI
t{kmX pw Xs∂ BWv. AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ cN-
m-k-t¶-X-Ønepw ssien-bnepw tZi-t`-Z-ßƒ°v
Ap-k-cWambn XnI®pw hyXy-kvXX ImWp-∂p.
AXn-m¬ temI-Øns‚ hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬
ne-n-∂n-cp∂ Npa¿Nn-{X-ssi-en-Iƒ am{X-a-√,
C¥y-bnse Xs∂ hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ne-n-
∂n-cp∂ Nph¿ Nn{X-ssi-en-Iƒt]mepw XnI®pw
hyXy-kvX-ß-fm-bn-Øo¿∂p.
"Nn{XW Ie' Xmfn-tbme {KŸ-ßfn¬
ta¬ kqNn-∏n® c≠v Nn{XW am[y-a-ß-fpsS
XpS¿®-bmbn hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ne-hn¬ h∂
Bhn-jv°mc kt¶-X-amWv Xmfn-tbme {KŸ-ß-
fnse Nn{X-ßƒ. B[p-nI A®Sn am[y-a-Ønse
Nn{XW ]≤-Xn-I-tfmSv Xmc-Xayw sNøm-hp∂ AX-
s√-¶n¬ aqe-cq]w F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp∂
kt¶Xw Xs∂-bmWv CXv. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw C°m-
eØv cNn-°-s∏´ As√-¶n¬ ]I¿Ø-s∏´ Xmfn-
tbme {KŸ-ßƒ `qcn-`m-Khpw aX-]-c-am-bhtbm
]pcm-Wm-Jym--ßtfm Bbn-cp-∂p. `mc-Øn¬ Xs∂
Fgp-X-s∏´/]I¿Ø-s∏´ Xmfn-tbme {KŸ-ß-fn¬
hnhn[ ssien-I-fn-ep≈ anI® Nn{X-ß-fpsS amXr-
I-Iƒ Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Nn{X-ßƒ hc®v Ae-¶-
cn®v tamSn-]n-Sn-∏n® Cu {KŸ-ß-fnse ]mT-`m-K-ß-
sf-°mƒ {]m[myw ]e-t∏mgpw Cu Nn{X-ßƒ
ssIb-S-°p-∂-Xmbpw ImWmw. Imem-¥-c-Øn¬
Ffp∏w in-°p∂ Hcp am[yaw F∂ n-e-bn¬
Xmfn-tbm-e-bnse Nn{X-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ hf-sc-sbm∂pw
hos≠-Sp-°p-hm≥ ap°v Ign-™n-ń-s√∂v am{Xw.
DØ-tc-¥y≥ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ {KŸ-c-Nbv°v
"Zp¿P-]{Xw' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ ac-sØm-enbpw Z£n-
tW-¥y-bn¬ ]-tbm-e-I-fp-amWv hym]-I-ambn D]-
tbm-Kn®p h∂n-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ CXn¬ n∂v hyXy-
Xmfn-tbme Nn{X-ßfpw Nn{X cmam-b-Whpw
B¿. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥

73
............................................................................................... ..........
kvX-ambn DØ-tc-¥y-bnepw ]-tbm-e-bn¬ {KŸ-
ßƒ cNn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xnv DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ D≠v.
ssN-bn-emWv BZy-ambn IS-emkv n¿Ωn-°-s∏-
´-Xv. ]t£, AXv tcn´v C¥y-bn-se-Øn-bn-√.
apKƒL-´-Øn¬ t]¿jy-bn¬ n∂v "IS-emkv'
C¥y-bn¬ FØpw-hsc {KŸ-c-N-bv°pw Nn{X-W-
Ønpw am[y-a-ambn h¿Øn-®Xv Ch-bm-Wv. (A-
Iv_¿ N{I-h¿Øn-bmWv C¥y-bnse BZysØ IS-
emkv n¿Ωm-W-ime ÿm]n-®-Xv.)
C∂sØ _olm-dn-sebpw _wKm-fn-sebpw
{]tZ-i-ßƒ Dƒs∏-SpØn `cWw S-Øn-bn-cp∂
(9,10 q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬) ]me-cm-P-hw-i-P-cmb `c-Wm-
[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS ImeØv _p≤-a-X-kw-_-‘-amb
Nn{X-ßƒ hln-°p∂ Xmfn-tbme Nn{X-ßƒ Pn-
®p. Ch-cn¬ aln-]me cmPm-hns‚ Ime-ØmWv
G‰hpw {]kn-≤-amb "{]⁄m ]mc-anXm' (prajna
paramitha) F∂ Xmfn-tbme Nn{X-ßƒ cNn-°-
s∏-´-Xv. AXoh kº-∂-amb h¿Æ-{]-tbmK
coXnbmWv Ch-bn¬ Ah-ew-_n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kam-
-amb Hcp ssP Xmfn-tbme Nn{X ]mc-º-cyhpw
KpP-dmØv {]tZ-iØv D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CXns
XpS¿∂v D≈ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ hc-bv°-s∏´
K‘hyql (Gandhavyuha) XpS-ßnb Xmfn-tbme
{KŸ-]-I¿∏p-I-fnse Nn{X-ßfpw {]kn-≤-ß-fm-Wv.
1475 Nn{X-ß-tfmsS cNn-°-s∏´ "Iev]-kq{X' `mc-
Xob Xmfn-tbme {KŸ-ß-fnse Hcp mgn-I-°-√m-
Wv. tIc-fob Npa¿Nn-{X-ß-fpsS hnIm-k-]-cn-W-a-
L-´-Øns‚ Ime-K-W-bv°v kam-¥-c-amb Hcp Ncn-
{X-amWv CXpw F∂v {it≤-b-am-Wv. DØ-tc-¥y-bn¬
t∏mƒ hsc hym]n-®p-In-S-°p∂ `mc-Xob kwkvIr-
Xn-bpsS Dd-h-I-fn¬ n∂v Nnd-Ip-hn-cn-®p-]-d∂
"kNn{X Xmfn-tbme' ]mc-ºcyw n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬
th≠{X Iem-N-cn-{X-]-c-amb ]T ]cn-K-W e`n-
®n-s√∂v Hcp bmYm¿∞y-am-Wv.
DØ-tc-¥y-bn-se-∂-t]mse Z£n-tW-¥y-
bnepw Xmfn-tbme Nn{X-W-coXn Gsd hf¿® tSn-
bn-cp-∂p. U°m¨ {]tZ-iØv mSp-hm-Wn-cp∂
tlmbvkme cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS Imew Z£n-tW-¥y≥
inevI-em-cw-KsØ kph¿Æ-L´w F∂v hnti-jn-
∏n-°m-dp-≠v. F∂m¬ Cu L´w Xmfn-tbme Nn{X-
ßƒ°pw kar-≤n-bp-≠mb Ime-am-Wv. ssakq-cnv
kao-]-ap≈ "aqZ_nZvcn' F∂ {]tZ-i-Øp-n∂v
Is≠-Øn-bXpw AXn-a-tm-l-c-ambXpamb Xmfn-
tbm-e-{KŸw CXnv anI® DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.
tlmbvkme cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂ hoc-tk--s-°p-dn®v
G.-Un. 1113-˛¬ hnc-Nn-X-amb {KŸ-am-Wn-Xv.
AXn-i-‡hpw atm-l-c-hp-amb Xmfn-tbme
Nn{X-c-N-m-]m-Shw Fs∂∂pw ne-n¿Øn-h-cp∂
Hcp {]tZ-i-amWv IenwK tZiw (Hdo- ). mtSmSn
Nn{X-c-N ]mc-º-cy-Ønse {]kn-≤-amb IÆn-
bmbn Icp-Xm-hp∂ "]S-Nn{X'ßfp-ambn ssieo-]-
c-amb kmayw ]pe¿Øp-∂-h-bmWv Ch. IenwK
Nph¿Nn-{X-ssi-en-tbmSpw Ch ZrV-_‘w ne-
n¿Øp-∂p. cmam-b-Ww, alm-`m-cXw, Zim-h-Xm-c-I-
Y-Iƒ, {ioIr-jvW-eo-e-Iƒ, ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-˛-{]-Ir-Xn-
°m-gvN-Iƒ, Ima-kq{Xw XpS-ßn-b-h-bm-Wv Ch-cpsS
Xmfn-tbme Nn{X-W-Ønv hnj-b-ambn hcp-∂-Xv.
tcJm-Nn-{X-ß-fmbpw _lp-h¿Æ Nn{X-ß-fm-bp-
ap≈ Xmfn-tbme cN--Iƒ Chn-sS-bp-≠v.
Nn{X cmam-bWw
mtSmSn ]n≥Xp-S¿®bpw htcWy ]WvUnX
]mc-º-cyhpw XΩn¬ Aen™v H∂mIp∂ Hcp
ImgvN-bmWv cma-I-Y-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ ap°v Ap-
`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. C¥ybpw _¿Ωbpw Ct¥m-t-jybpw
F√mw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ D]-`q-J-WvU-Ønse t^mIv]-c-
º-cm-KX IYm-Jym--Øns‚ hym]ØneqsS
hf¿∂v `mc-Xob CXn-lm-k-Ønv hnj-b-am-bn-
Øo¿∂ cma-I-Y-bpsS hy]--hym-]vXn-sb-°p-dn®v
Imap-h¬ _ps°-sb-t∏m-ep≈ ]m›mXy ]WvUn-
X¿ hsc hn]peamb ]Tw S-Øn-°-gn-™-XmWv.

75
............................................................................................... ..........
¶nepw IqSp-X-embn hnh-c-W˛ kw`m-jW {][m--
ß-fp-am-Wv. "Nn{X-cm-am-bW'amIs´ {]mY-an-I-ambpw
Nn{X-W-Øn-eqsS Xs∂ IY Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂
H∂mWv; Ahn-sS-hnsS Nne ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ Ds≠-
∂p-am-{Xw. samØw 114 Nn{X-ßƒs° ASn-°p-dn-∏p-
Iƒt]mepw D≈q; samØw Nn{Xm-h-en-bpsS aq∂n-
sem∂v `mK-Øp-am{Xw! CXns‚ cN-m-Im-eØv tIc-
fo-b-cn¬ cma-IY A{X-tbsd Bg-Øn¬ ]Xn™p
Ign-™n-cn-°-W-sa-∂p-thWw Ap-am-n-°p-hm≥.
kzbw IY ]d-bp-hm≥ tijn-bp≈ Cu Nn{X-ßsf
Aan-X-amb ASn-°p-dn-∏p-I-fn-eqsS If-¶-s∏-Sp-tØ≠
F∂v {KŸ-Im-c≥ Icp-Xn-b-Xn¬ sX‰n-√. IYm-K-
Xn-bpsS kpK-a-amb Hgp°nv Ap-tbm-Py-amb Npcp-
°w-Nne hm°p-Iƒ Ahn-S-hnsS tN¿∂n-´p≠v F∂p
am{Xw.
Xmfn-tbme kwkv°-cWw
ImesØ AXn-Po-hn-°p-hm-mbn ]c-º-cm-KX
coXn-bn¬ kwkv°-cn® ]-tbm-e-I-fn-emWv "Nn{X-
cm-am-bWw' hc-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Xfn¿]--tbme ]pfn,
]m¬, sh≈w F∂n-h-bpsS an{in-X-Øn¬ `wKn-
bmbn ]pgp-ßn-b-Xn-p-tijw XW-en¬ DW-ßm≥
Ap-h-Zn-°p-∂p. Hmebv°v √ a™-n-dhpw hg-
°hpw e`n°pw hsc Cu coXn Bh¿Øn-°p∂p.
34 sk.-ao. ofhpw 5 sk.-ao. hoXn-bp-ap≈ Hme-I-
fpsS Ccp A‰-ß-fn¬ n∂pw 10 sk.-ao. D≈n-te°v
o°n-bmWv Nc-Sn´v _‘n-°p-hm-p≈ Zzmc-ßƒ.
{KŸØns‚ apI-fnepw Xmsgbpw km{º-Zm-bnI
coXn-bn¬ tX°pw XSn-sIm-≠p≈ ]pdw-N´(]-Sn-
Iƒ) D≠p-Xm-pw.
Ncn-{Xw, ssien
Be-∏pg Pn√-bnse {]kn-≤-amb Aº-e-∏pg
t£{X-Øn¬n∂v 14 In.-ao. Ing°v amdn "tImgn-
ap°v' F∂ ÿeØp BWv CXv cNn-°-s∏-´Xv
F∂p Icp-Xp-∂p. sNdp-h-≈n-°mhv Zp¿§m-tZhn
t£{X-Ønv kao-]-ap≈ Cu ÿew Hcp ImeØv
"tImhn¬ap°v' F∂m-Wt{X Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv.
CXns‚ tem]nX cq]-am-bn-cn-°Ww "tImgn-ap°v'.
Nn{X-cm-am-b-W-Øns‚ Nn{X-Im-c≥ ({K-Ÿ-Im-c≥)
Xs‚ t]cv hy‡-ambn ]d-bp-∂n-s√-¶nepw cN-m-
ÿew XpS-ßnb Imcy-ßƒ {KŸm-h-kmw ¬In-
bn-cn-°p∂ t«mI-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. mcmbw
sIm≠v hc™v Nn{Xo-I-cn® Nn{X-ß-fn¬ Xnf-°-
am¿∂ h¿Æ hkvXp-°ƒ hnXdn tX®v ]nSn-∏n®v
tIc-fob Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ°v F∂-t]mse tIc-f-
Øn¬ Is≠-Øn-b-h-bn¬ G‰hpw {]ap-J-amb Xmfn-
tbme Nn{X-W-{K-Ÿ-amb "Nn{X-cm-am-bW'Ønpw
hnj-b-am-bn-´p-≈Xv t]cp kqNn-∏n-°pw-t]mse Cu
cma-IY Xs∂-bm-Wv. CXn¬ Nn{XWw IYm-c-N-
bv°v Ae-¶m-c-sa∂ ne-bn-√. IYm-Jym--am-[yaw
Xs∂-bm-Wv. temIØv Is≠-Øn-bn-´p≈ G‰hpw
{]mNo--amb "Nn{X-IYm' {KŸw; Xmfn-tbm-e-bn-
ep≈ GI "Nn{X-IY'bpw. {]mNo Nn{X-IYm
BJym--Øn¬ Cu {KŸ-Ønv Gsd {]m[m-y-ap-≠v.
818 Nn{Xm-h-en-bn-eqsS cma-IY ]q¿Æ-ambn
Xmfn-tbm-e-bn¬ mcm-bw-sIm≠v hc™v Xøm-dm-
°nb Cu Aaqey {KŸ-Øns‚ cN 1453-˛¬ BWv
]q¿Øn-bm-°n-b-Xv. 34 sk.ao x 5 sk.-ao. hep-∏-
ap≈ 98 Hme-I-fpsS Hmtcm hi-Øp-am-{X-ambn
aqt∂m mtem cwK-ßƒ am{Xw Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-
∂p.1934-˛¬ CXv Xncp-h--¥-]pcw amp-kv{In]v‰v
sse{_-dn-bn¬ kwc-£n-°p-hm-t-s‰-Sp-Ø-Xp-
sIm≠pw 1997-˛¬ tIc-fm-k¿ΔI-em-ime ]pkvX-I-
cq-]-Øn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-hm≥ Xøm-dm-b-Xp-
sIm≠pw am{X-amWv ap°v hninjvS ]mc-º-cy-
Øns‚ Cu kvamc-I-ine Ap-`-hn-°mpw Bkzm-
Zn-°p-hmpw km≤y-am-b-Xv.
H≥]Xmw q‰m≠p apX¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ cma-
I-Y-bpsS kzm[ow Bg-Øn¬ thtcm-Sn-b-Xmbn
Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. A°mew apX-ep≈ kmln-Xy-
Ønepw Nph¿Nn-{X-ß-fn-epw, cwK-I-e-I-fnepw,
_nw_-k-¶-ev]-ß-fnepw (Iconography) F√mw CXv
sXfn™p ImWmw. cma-I-Ym-k-μ¿`-ßƒ ]e
Nn{Xo-I-c-W-ß-fnepw h∂n-´p-≠v F¶nepw kºq¿Æ-
amb Hcp cma-I-Ym-I-Yw "Nn{X-cm-am-bW'Øn¬
am{X-amWv D≈Xv; B hn[-Øn-emWv CXv A-y-
amb Hcp Xmfn-tbme Nn{X-W-{K-Ÿ-ambn amdp-∂-
Xv. CXn-tmSv Aev]-sa-¶nepw Xmc-Xayw sNøm-
hp∂ Nn{X-I-Y-Iƒ B[p-nI Ime-Øp-am-{X-amWv
hcp-∂Xv; CXm-h-s´, Nn{X-ß-fpsS AI-º-Sn-bp-s≠-

Makarajyothi 2015

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