1. ELECTRONICS
L.C.TECHNOLOGY
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2. BASIC ELECTRONICS
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3. Basic Electronics
Things to be covered:
• What is electricity
• Voltage, Current, Resistance
• Ohm’s Law
• Capacitors, Inductors
• Semiconductors
• Mechanical Components
• Digital Electronics
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4. OUTLINE
• Basic Electronics and symbols
• Measuring Equipment
• Resistors
• Capacitors
• Diode
• IC
• Power Supply
• Circuits

5. What is Electricity
• Everything is made of atoms
• There are 118 elements, an atom is a single part of an
element
• Atom consists of electrons, protons, and neutrons
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6. • Electrons (- charge) are attracted to protons (+ charge), this holds
the atom together
• Some materials have strong attraction and refuse to loss electrons,
these are called insulators (air, glass, rubber, most plastics)
• Some materials have weak attractions and allow electrons to be lost,
these are called conductors (copper, silver, gold, aluminum)
• Electrons can be made to move from one atom to another, this is
called a current of electricity.
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7. • Surplus of electrons is called a
negative charge (-). A shortage of
electrons is called a positive
charge (+).
• A battery provides a surplus of
electrons by chemical reaction.
• By connecting a conductor from
the positive terminal to negative
terminal electrons will flow.
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8. Basic Symbols in Electronics
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9. Wires and Connections
Wire
Wires not joined
Wires joined
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10. Power Supplies
Cell Battery
AC supply
DC supply
Ground
Fuse
Transformer
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11. Electronic Components
Diode
Resistor Capacitor
Variable Resistor
Variable Capacitor Transistor
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12. Amplifier Ariel On/Off switch
Microphone 2-way switch
Earphone
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13. Measurement
Voltmeter Ohmmeter
Galvanometer
Ammeter
Oscilloscope
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14. Voltage
• A battery positive terminal (+) and a negative terminal (-). The
difference in charge between each terminal is the potential energy the
battery can provide. This is labeled in units of volts.
Water Analogy
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15. Voltage Sources:
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16. • Voltage is like differential pressure,
always measure between two points.
• Measure voltage between two points
or across a component in a circuit.
• When measuring DC voltage make
sure polarity of meter is correct,
positive (+) red, negative (-) black.
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17. Ground
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18. Exercise
• Measure DC voltage from power supply using multimeter
• Measure DC voltage from power supply using oscilloscope
• Measure DC voltage from battery using multimeter
• Measure AC voltage from wall outlet using a multimeter
• Measure AC voltage from wall outlet using an oscilloscope
Effective or Root Mean Square Voltage
(Measured with multimeter)
ERMS=0.707xEA
E
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19. Current
• Uniform flow of electrons thru a circuit is called current.
WILL USE CONVENTIONAL FLOW NOTATION ON ALL
SCHEMATICS
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20. • To measure current, must break circuit and install meter in line.
• Measurement is imperfect because of voltage drop created by meter.
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21. Connecting Meters
Voltmeter
Ammeter
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22. Resistance
• All materials have a resistance that is dependent on cross-
sectional area, material type and temperature.
• A resistor dissipates power in the form of heat
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23. Various resistors types
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24. When measuring resistance, remove
component from the circuit.
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25. Resistor Color Code
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26. Exercise
• Determine the resistance of various resistors of unknown value
using the resistor color code
• Using the multimeter, compare the specified resistance and
measured resistance
• Using the multimeter to examine the characteristics of various
potentiometers
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27. Ohm’s Law
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28. Prototyping Board
Example of how components are
Inserted in the protoboard
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29. Exercise
• Calculate the total current and voltage drop across each resistor shown in Figure 1
• Build the circuit in Figure 1 on the prototype board
• Measure the total circuit current and voltage drops across each resistor and compare
the calculated and measured values
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30. Capacitance
A capacitor is used to store charge for a short amount of time
Capacitor
Battery
Unit = Farad
Pico Farad - pF = 10-12F
Micro Farad - uF = 10-6F
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32. Capacitor Charging
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33. Capacitor Discharge
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34. Inductance
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36. Gates
• NOT Gate
• AND Gate
• OR Gate
• XOR Gate
• NAND Gate
• NOR Gate
• XNOR Gate

37. NOT Gate
A B
A B
1 0
0 1

38. AND Gate
A B Q
A 0 0 0
Q
1 0 0
B
0 1 0
1 1 1

39. OR Gate
A B Q
A Q
0 0 0
B
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 1

40. XOR Gate
A B Q
0 0 0
A Q 1 0 1
B
0 1 1
1 1 0

41. NAND Gate
A B Q
A
Q 0 0 1
B
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0

42. NOR Gate
A B Q
0 0 1
A Q
1 0 0
B
0 1 0
1 1 0

43. XNOR Gate
A B Q
0 0 1
A Q
1 0 0
B
0 1 0
1 1 1

44. 44