1.water resources

THE EARTH’S
ENVELOPE OF WATER

• Class Expectations
– You can show respect by…
• Listening when the teacher or others are talking.
– One speaker at a time, please raise your hand.
• Please no cross-room conservations during work
time.
– You can be responsible by…
• Staying organized and avoiding distraction.
• Staying focused on task completion.
– You can make good choices by…
• Attending class regularly
• Doing your best and never giving up.
– Be Safe!
• First, last, and always.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

• Class Expectations
– You can show respect by…
• Listening when the teacher or others are talking.
– One speaker at a time, please raise your hand.
• Please no cross-room conversations during work
time.
– You can be responsible by…
• Staying organized and avoiding distraction.
• Staying focused on task completion.
– You can make good choices by…
• Attending class regularly
• Doing your best and never giving up.
– Be Safe!
• First, last, and always.


• Remember!
– Working hard and earning a strong education
will help you reach your hopes and dreams.


9.1 The earth’s water supply.
9.2 Water in the ground.
9.3 Rivers.
9.4 Oceans.
9.5Waves,Tides and Currents.
9.6 The depth of the sea.
9.7 Deep-sea exploration.

Global Environment Awareness

Lectured by: Leonard Vincent credo
Presented by: Group 7

Table of Contents

1. Water – The Definition
2. Water Forms and Distribution
3. Types of Water Uses
4. Water Availability
5. Fresh Water Shortage
6. Water Use Problems and Conflicts
7. Increase Water Supply
8. Watershed Management
9. Multipurpose Water Resource Management
10. Conclusion and Recommendation

19

1. Water – The Definition

 Water is a marvelous substance which can be
beautiful, powerful and destructive.

20

1.1. Water Physical Attributes
Water is found in three states

Liquid

Solid Gas
21

1.2. Hydrologic Cycle

22


About 71% of the earth’s surface is covered
with water.

23


Source: Environmental Science – A Global Concern,
Water Use and Management
24

2.1. Oceans

 Is the largest area and volume of water.
 Contain more than 97% of the earth’s water.
 Contain an average of 35g salt per liter.
 Can be used after being desalinated.

25

2.2. Ice and Snow

 Contain almost 90% of freshwater.
 Is as much as 2km thick.
 Situate mostly in Antarctica (85%), Greenland
(10%), and other snow mountain (5%).

26

2.3. Groundwater

 Groundwater is water in the rock and soil layer
beneath Earth’s surface.
 Absorb excess runoff rain and snow on ground.
 Return to lakes, streams, rivers and/or marshes.
 Is readily available for use and drinking.

27

2.4. Lakes
 Lakes are created from variety of geological
events:
 Tectonic-basin lake
 Volcanic lake
 Glacial lake
 Groundwater-discharge lake
 Lakes generate water from:
 Collection of water in low areas
 Natural or man-made dam(s)
 Rivers and streams
 Groundwater

28

2.4. Lakes (cont.)
 Freshwater lakes
 Contribute 91,000km3 (about
0.007% of total Earth’s water)
 Provide water for agricultural
irrigation, industrial processes,
municipal uses and residential
water supplies.
 Major freshwater lakes: Caspian
Sea (Central Asia), Baikal Lake
(Russia), Tanganyika Lake
(Eastern Africa), Lake Superior
(U.S), and Malawi Lake (Eastern
Africa)

29

2.4. Lakes (cont.)
 Saline lakes
 Possess 85,000km3 (about
0.006% of total Earth’s water)

 Saline lakes’ water cannot be
used due to high salinity.
The Great Salt Lake

 Major saline lakes: Caspian Sea
(Central Asia), The Great Salt
Lake (U.S.), The Dead Sea
(between Jordan & Israel), and
Aral Sea (between Kazakhstan
and Uzbekistan). The Dead Sea

30

2.5. Rivers and Streams
 Rivers and streams are bodies of flowing surface
water driven by gravity.
 Rivers and Streams contain only 2,120km3 (about
0.6% of liquid fresh water surface and around
0.0002% of the Earth’s water.)

31

2.5. Rivers and Streams (cont.)
World’s Major Rivers (based on average annual discharge)

32

2.6. Wetlands and Soil Moisture
 Wetland are areas of land where water covers the
surface for at least part of the year.
 They are not as important as lakes and rivers for
water storage.
 However, they play vital roles in:
 Erosion protection
 Flood reduction
 Groundwater replenishment
 Trapping nutrient and sediment
 Water purification
 Providing fish and wildlife habitat

33

5.7. Atmosphere
 Atmosphere contains about 0.001% of total Earth’s
water.
 It is around 4% of air volume in the atmosphere.
 Movement of water through atmosphere provide
mechanism for distributing freshwater to
terrestrial reservoir (in form of rain, snow, hail…).

34

 Off-Stream Uses  In-Stream Uses
 Agriculture  Hydropower
 Thermoelectric  Navigation
 Industrial  Recreation
 Mining
 Ecosystem Support
 Domestic
 Commercial

35


 Basic Assumption (by UN Water)

World Water Use
Irrigation Industry Domestic

8%

22%

70%

Source: World Water Assessment Source: Food and Agriculture
Program (WWAP) Organization (FAO)
36

China 2008 Water Resource Report
Ecological
Residential 2%
12%

Source: China 2008 Water
Industry Resources Report
24% Agriculture
62%

Cambodia 2010 Water Use
Others
Industry 10%
4%

Domestic
Source: Cambodian Ministry
17% Agriculture of Environment
56%

Livestock
13%

37

3.1. Off-Stream Uses
 Agriculture
 Thermoelectric
 Industrial
 Mining
 Domestic
 Commercial

38

a. Agriculture

 Irrigation
 Crop irrigation consume 2/3 of water withdrawal.
 Evaporation and seepage from unlined irrigation
systems are the principal water losses.
 There are three types of irrigation systems:

Flood Irrigation Sprinkler Irrigation Drip Irrigation

39

a. Agriculture (cont.)

 Livestock
 Watering livestock
 Dairy operation
 Cooling livestock facilities
 Dairy sanitation and clean-up
 Animal waste disposal

40

a. Agriculture (cont.)

 Aquaculture
 Raising fish.
 Raising shellfish.
 Raising shrimp and lobster.
 Raising other creatures living in water.

41

b. Thermoelectric
 Water is used in production of
electrical power.
 Thermoelectric is one of the
largest uses of water in U.S.
 In 2005, it consumed about
201,000 million gallons of water
each day.
 Thermoelectric occupied 49% of
total water use in U.S.
 Both freshwater and saline water
are used in thermoelectric.

42

c. Industrial
 Industries need water to cool down their
machinery to a temperature that allows the
manufacturing process to keep going.
 Water is also needed to clean
machinery, products, and buildings.

43

c. Industrial (cont.)

 In 2005, U.S. industrial uses were 83% (15,000
gallons/day) surface water and 17% (3,110
gallons/day) groundwater.
 In Cambodia, rough estimation by Water
Environment Partnership in Asia showed:
 Major industry consumed: 1,000-2,000 m3/day
 Large industry consumed: 100-500 m3/day
 Medium & small industry: 50 m3/day

44

d. Mining

 Water is used for the extraction of minerals
that can be in forms of:
 Solid: coal, iron, gold, sand – etc.
 Liquid: crude oil.
 Gas: natural gases.

45

e. Domestic
 Domestic water use is the consumption for
household purposes – both indoor and outdoor.
 In Cambodia, domestic water use was around 136
million m3 (17% of total consumption).
 Only people in Phnom Penh can access to piped
water. 85% of piped water was consumed.

46

f. Commercial
 Water is used in businesses such as
hotels, restaurants, marketplaces, and so on.
 In Phnom Penh, commercial use was 14% of total
piped water consumption (about 11,480 m3 per
day).

47

3.2. In-Stream Uses

Hydropower Recreation

Navigation Ecosystem Support
48

4. Water Availability

49

4.1. Earth’s Water

50

4.2. Water Stress & Water Scarcity
 Water Stress:
 Annual water supplies is
less than 1,700m3 per
person.

 Water Scarcity:
less than 1,000m3 per
person.

 Absolute scarcity:
less than 500m3 per person.

51

5. Fresh Water Shortage

 Fresh Water Shortage is due to:
 Population growth
 Lack of access to clean water
 Groundwater is being depleted
 Climate change / global warming
 Rivers and lakes are shrinking

53

Strangled by the water policies of its neighbors, Turkey
and Syria, a two-year drought and years of misuse by Iraq
and its farmers, the Euphrates River is significantly
smaller than it was just a few years ago, and some officials
worry that it could soon be half of what it is now. 54

Leaky canals and wasteful irrigation practices
squandered the water, and poor drainage left
fields so salty from evaporated water.

55

In the marshes, where the Euphrates nears the
end of its 1,730-mile journey and mingles with
the less salty waters of the Tigris before emptying
into the Persian Gulf, the situation is grave.
56

Fishermen in the Hafar Canal, a shallow
tributary of the Euphrates River.

57

10 year drought in the
Colorado River basin.

2007

1983

58

6. Water Use Problems and Conflicts
 Water Overuse
 Overuse in agriculture
 Overuse in residence
 Overuse in community

 Some interesting facts:
Water needed to produce our daily food:
 40 liters to produce 1 slice of white bread.
 70 liters to produce 1 apple.
 1,300 liters to produce 1kg of wheat.
 3,400 liters to produce 1kg of rice.
 3,900 liters to produce 1kg of chicken meat.
 15,500 liters to produce 1kg of beef.

59

7. Increase Water Supply
 Water Conservation
 Reclamation of sewage water
 Development of groundwater
 Desalinization
 Developing salt-resistant crops
 Developing drought-resistant crops
 Rainmaking
 Harvesting iceberg
 Long distance water transport
 Improve integration of water use
60

8. Watershed Management
 Watershed – the definition
 A watershed is a connected series of streams, rivers, and
lakes that collects water from a specific area of land.
 Watersheds are important habitats for animals and
plants, and offer a source of drinking and recreational
water for many communities.

61

Tips on How to Save Water
 Increasing water resources start from all of us!
 Don’t flush every time you use the toilet.
 Take shorter showers
 Don’t wash your car so often.
 Don’t let the faucet run while washing
hands, dishes, food, or brushing your teeth.
 Don’t run the dishwasher when half full.
 Dispose of used motor oil, household hazardous
waste, batteries, etc., responsibly.

62

Tips on How to Save Water
 Don’t dump anything down a storm sewer that you
DOWNLOAD OUR
wouldn’t want to drink.
 Avoid using toxic or hazardous chemicals for simple
PRESENTATION AT
cleaning or plumbing jobs.
 If you have a lawn, use water sparingly. Water your grass
www.leonpower.com.ph
and garden at night, not in the middle of the day.
 Use water-conserving appliances: low-flow showers, low-
flush toilets, and aerated faucets.
 Use recycled (gray) water for lawns, house plants, car
washing.
 Check your toilet for leaks.

63

Prepared by: Leonard Vincent Credo
Presented by: Group 7

Ground Water

• ground water: the water that lies beneath the
ground surface, filling the pore space between
grains in bodies of sediment and clastic
sedimentary rock, and filling cracks and crevices in
all types of rock
• ground water is a major economic
resource, particularly in the dry western areas of
the US and Canada
• source of ground water is rain and snow that falls to
the ground a portion of which percolates down into
the ground to become ground water

Porosity and Permeability

• porosity: the percentage of rock or sediment
that consists of voids or openings
• permeability: the capacity of a rock to transmit
a fluid such as water or petroleum through
pores and fractures
• porous: a rock that holds much water
• permeable: a rock that allows water to flow
easily through it
• impermeable: a rock that does not allow water
to flow through it easily

The Water Table

• saturated zone: the subsurface zone in which all
rock openings are filled with water
• water table: the upper surface of the zone of
saturation
• vadose zone: a subsurface zone in which rock
openings are generally unsaturated and filled partly
with air and partly with water; above the saturated
zone
• capillary fringe: a transition zone with higher
moisture content at the base of the vadose zone just
above the water table

The Water Table (cont.)

• perched water table: the top of a body of
ground water separated from the main water
table beneath it by a zone that is not saturated

The Movement of Ground Water

• most ground water moves relatively slowly
through rock underground
• because it moves in response to differences
in water pressure and elevation, water
within the upper part of the saturated zone
tends to move downward following the slope
of the water table

Movement of ground water beneath a sloping water table in uniformly permeable
rock. Near the surface the ground water tends to flow parallel to the sloping water table

Movement of Ground Water (cont.)

• factors affecting the flow of ground water:
• the slope of the water table - the steeper the water
table, the faster ground water moves
• permeability - if rock pores are small and poorly
connected, water moves slowly; when openings are
large and well connected, the flow of water is more
rapid

Aquifers

• aquifer: a body of saturated rock or sediment
through which water can move easily
• good aquifers include
sandstone, conglomerate, well-joined
limestone, bodies of sand and gravel, and some
fragmental or fractured volcanic rocks such as
columnar basalt
• aquitards: when the porosity of a rock is 1% or
less and therefore retards the flow of ground
water

Aquifers (cont.)
• unconfined aquifer: a partially filed aquifer
exposed to the land surface and marked by a
rising and falling water table
• confined aquifer (artesian aquifer): an aquifer
completely filled with pressurized water and
separated from the land surface by a relatively
impermeable confining bed, such as shale

Wells
• well: a deep hole, generally cylindrical, that is dug of
drilled into the ground to penetrate an aquifer within
the saturated zone
• recharge: the addition of new water to the saturated
zone
• the water table in an unconfined aquifer rises in wet
seasons and falls in dry seasons as water drains out of
the saturated zone into rivers

Wet season: water table and rivers are high; Dry season: water table and rivers are low;
springs and wells flow readily some springs and wells dry up

Wells (cont.)

• cone of depression: a depression of the water
table formed around a well when water is
pumped out; it is shaped like an inverted
cone
• drawdown: the lowering of the water table
near a pumped well

Pumping well lowers the water table into a cone of depression

Wells (cont.)

• artesian well: a well in which water rises above
the aquifer

Artesian well spouts water above land surface in
South Dakota, early 1900s. Heave use of this aquifer
has reduced water pressure so much that spouts do
not occur today

Springs and Streams
• spring: a place where water flows naturally from
rock onto the land surface
• some springs discharge where the water table
Springs can form along faults
when permeable rock has been the land surface, but they also occur
intersects
moved against less permeable rock.
where water flows out from caverns or along
Arrows show relative motion
along fault
fractures, faults, or rock contacts that come to
the surface
Springs form at the contact between
a permeable rock such as sandstone
and an underlying less permeable
rock
such as shale
Water enters caves along joints
in limestone and exits as springs
at the mouths of caves
Water moves along fractures in
crystalline rock and forms springs
where the fractures intersect the
land surface

Springs and Streams (cont.)

• gaining stream: a stream that receives water
from the zone of saturation
• losing stream: a stream that looses water to the
zone of saturation

Stream gaining water from saturated zone Water table can be close to the land
surface beneath a dry stream bed
Stream losing water through stream
bed to saturated zone

Pollution of Ground Water

• pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers: chemicals that are
applied to agricultural crops that can find their way
into ground water when rain or irrigation water
leaches the poisons downward into the soil
• rain can also leach pollutants from city dumps into
ground-water supplies
• Heavy metals such as
mercury, lead, chromium, copper, and
cadmium, together with household chemicals and
poisons, can all be concentrated in ground-water
supplies beneath dumps

Pollution of Ground Water (cont.)

• liquid and solid wastes from septic tanks, sewage
plants, and animal feedlots and slaughterhouses
may contain bacteria, viruses, and parasites that
can contaminate ground water
• acid mine drainage from coal and metal mines can
contaminate both surface and ground water
• radioactive waste can cause the pollution of ground
water due to the shallow burial of low-level solid
and liquid radioactive wastes from the nuclear
power industry

Water-table slope is reversed by pumping, changing
direction of the ground-water flow, and polluting the well

Pollution of Ground Watersteepens near drawing pollutants intoveloci
Water table
(cont.) increasing the a well
of ground-water flow and
a dump,

• pumping wells can cause or aggravate ground-
water pollution

Balancing Withdrawal and Recharge

• a local supply of groundwater will last
indefinitely if it is withdrawn for use at a rate
equal to or less than the rate of recharge to the
aquifer
• if ground water is withdrawn faster than it is
being recharged, however, the supply is being
reduced and will one day be gone

• heavy use of ground water can result in:
• a regional water table dropping
• deepening of a well which means more electricity is
needed to pump the water to the surface
• the ground surface settling because the water no
longer supports the rock and sediment
Subsidence of the land surface caused by the extraction of ground
water, near Mendota, San Joaquin Valley, CA. Signs on the
pole indicate the positions of the land surface in 1925, 1955, and
1977. The land sank 30 feet in 52 years.

(cont.)
• to avoid the problems of falling water
tables, subsidence, and compaction, many
towns use artificial recharge to increase
recharge; natural floodwaters or treated
industrial or domestic wastewaters are stored
in infiltration ponds in the surface to increase
the rate of water percolation into the ground

Effects of Ground-Water Action
• caves (or caverns): naturally formed
underground chamber
• most caves develop when slightly acidic ground
water dissolves limestone along joints and
bedding planes, opening up cavern systems as
calcite is carried away in solution
• most caves probably are formed by ground
water circulating below the water table
H2O + CO2 + CaCO3 Ca++ + 2HCO3-
water carbon calcite in calcium bicarbonate
dioxide limestone ion ion
development of caves (solution)

development of flowstone and dripstone (precipitation)

Effects of Ground-Water Action (cont.)
• stalactites: icicle-like pendants of dripstone
hanging from cave ceilings, generally slender
and are commonly aligned along cracks in the
ceiling, which act as conduits for ground water
• stalagmites: cone-shaped masses of drip-stone
formed on cave floors, generally directly below
stalactites

Water moves along fractures and bedding planes in Falling water table allows cave system, now greatly
limestone, dissolving the limestone to form caves enlarged, to fill with air. Calcite precipitation forms
below the water table stalactites, stalagmites, and columns above the water tab

Karst topography is marked by underground caves and numerous surface sinkholes. A major river may
cross the region, but small surface streams generally disappear down sinkholes

• karst topography: an area with many
sinkholes and with cave systems beneath the
land surface

• petrified wood: develops when porous buried wood is
either filled in or replaced by inorganic silica carried in
by ground water
• concentration: a hard, round mass that develops when a
considerable amount of cementing material
precipitates locally in a rock, often around an organic
nucleus
• geodes: partly hollow, globe-shaped bodies found in
some limestones and locally in other rocks

Petrified log Concretions that have weathered out of shale Geodes

Hot Water Underground

• hot springs: springs in which the water is
warmer than human body temperature
• water can gain heat in two ways while
underground:
• ground water may circulate near a magma chamber
or a body of cooling igneous rock
• ground water may circulate unusually deep in the
earth

Hot Water Underground

• geyser: a type of hot spring that periodically
erupts hot water and stream; the water is
generally near boiling (100oC)
1 3

2 4

Geothermal Energy

• Electricity can be generated by harnessing
naturally occurring stream and hot water in
areas that are exceptionally hot underground
(geothermal areas);
• nonelectric uses of geothermal energy include
space heating, as well as paper
manufacturing, ore processing, and food
preparation


• sinkholes: closed depressions found on land
surfaces underlain by limestone; they form
either by the collapse of a cave roof or by
solution as descending water enlarges a
crack in limestone Trees grow in a sinkhole formed in limestone near
Mammoth Cave, Kentucky

A collapse sinkhole that formed suddenly in Winter
Park, Florida, in 1981

This science unit belongs to Ryan P
Murphy Copyright 2010


• Overview of River Unit
– Watersheds
– Rivers of the United States
– Profile of Rivers –
Headwater, Downriver, Floodplain, Delta
– Stream Order
– Stream Table – Features of the river
– Water Quality Assessment (EPT’s)
– Vernal Pools
– Rivers and Flooding
– Levees
– Dams
– Salmon Simulation
– Fish
– Lake Turnover


• Overview of River Unit
– Watersheds
– Rivers of the United States
– Profile of Rivers –
Headwater, Downriver, Floodplain, Delta
– Stream Order
– Stream Table – Features of the river
– Water Quality Assessment (EPT’s)
– Vernal Pools
– Rivers and Flooding
– Levees
– Dams
– Salmon Simulation
– Fish
– Lake Turnover
– Much more…


 Area of Focus: Watersheds


 Watershed: The region draining into a
river.


• Picture of the Mississippi River Watershed.
– This watershed is the largest in the United
States.


• What do you think the Great Basin is?

• The Great Basin is a watershed where the
water does not flow to the ocean.
– The Great Salt Lake is in the Great Basin.


The mineral rich water has
nowhere to go.


The water then
Evaporates.


The Great
Salt Lake Evaporation
becomes
more salty as
the salt is left
behind.


• Which letters represent places we would
find the largest rivers.

• What are some of the major rivers in the
United States?


• Activity! Do you remember?
– We will do it again. Plan on contributing if you
haven’t.

“Oh-no!”


• Activity Worksheet! Please color code
some of the major watersheds in the US.
– Example on next slide.


All water flows
into the Gulf /
Atlantic

Mississippi
Watershed
Colorado
Watershed

Next

Mississippi
Sacramento

Watershed
Colorado
Watershed

Next

Columbia

Mississippi
Sacramento

Watershed
Colorado
Watershed

Next

• Where do rivers start?


• Most rivers start in the mountains and work
their way downhill.


• Most rivers start in the mountains and work
their way downhill.
– Water always travels downhill toward the path
of least resistance.


• Water does not cris-cross in steep valleys
like this…


• Does the river with the yellow line flow into
the river with the blue line?


• Answer! No, smaller rivers feed into larger
rivers.

• Which direction is the largest river flowing?
– How do you know?


• Answer! The river is flowing to the left.
– You can tell by the following clues.


• The clear water is mixing with the cloudier
water in a downriver direction.


• The shallow Islands / sand bars in the
middle are shaped with points facing the
direction of the current.


• The cut bank is on the left and the bar on
the right around the turn.



Cut-bank



Cut-bank
Bar


 Parts of a river
-
-
-
-


• The headwaters.


 Headwaters: Extreme upper reaches of a
stream.


 Downriver.


 Downriver: Between headwaters and
floodplain.


 Tributary: A stream or river which flows into a
mainstream.


• Which letter is the tributary?

• If a friend told you to meet them at the
confluence, where should you go?


 Floodplain.


 Floodplain: The relatively flat land adjacent
to a river channel that is underwater when
the river floods.


• The water carries more sediment in the
floodplain.

• The water carries more sediment in the
floodplain.
– More light and nutrients also causes more plant
matter to grow.

• In the headwater streams, light is blocked
by trees making plant life in the streams
scarce.

• In the headwater streams, light is blocked
by trees making plant life in the streams
scarce.
– Also little nutrients available.

• Google Earth Opportunity.
– Use Google Earth to look at the floodplain
section of a local river.
– http://www.google.com/earth/index.html


 Mouth / Delta.


 Mouth/Delta: An area formed from the
deposition of sediments at the mouth of a
river.


• Estuary: the area where a river meets the
sea or ocean, where fresh water from the
river meets salt water from the sea (tidal)


• Many aquatic species from the ocean can
be found in the mouth / delta as the ocean
water mixes with the freshwater.


 Stream Order: A classification system for
rivers.


• Activity! Please sketch this river in your
journal.

1 1
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2
1 1
1 1
1
2
2 2
2

1
3 3 1
1
1
2 1 1
1 1 2
1 1

1 1
1
2
1 1
1 1
1
2
2 2
2

1
3 3 1
1
1
2 1 1
1
4 2
1 1
1

1 1
1
Stream Order = 4
2
1 1
1 1
1
2
2 2
2

1
3 3 1
1
1
2 1 1
1
4 2
1 1
1

• Activity! Try this one on your own.

• Answer: Headwaters
11 1 1 11 1
1
1
1

• When two first order streams meet =
11 1 1 11 1
1
1
1

• Forms second order stream.
11 1 1 11 1
1
1
2 1

11 1 1 11 1
1
1
2 1
2

11 1 1 11 1
1
1
2 1
2
2

• When two second order streams meet?
11 1 1 11 1
1
1
2 1
2
2

• Forms a third order stream.
11 1 1 11 1
1
1
2 1
2
2
3

• When a third order meets a second order?
11 1 1 11 1
1
1
2 1
2
2
3

• Stays a third order stream..
11 1 1 11 1
1
1
2 1
2
2
3

3

• Answer: Stream Order of 3
11 1 1 11 1
1
1
2 1
2
2
3 Stream Order = 3

3

• Answer:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 1 1
1 2 12
3 3 1

1 1 4 1
1

• Answer: Stream Order = 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 1 1
1 2 12
3 3 1

1 1 4 1
1

Stream Order =4

 Erosion: Process where fragments of soil
and rock are broken off from the surface
and carried away.


 Deposition: Process by which fragments of
rock are deposited in a new location.


• Please sketch a river like this in your
journal.


 Cut Bank: High steep banks along the
edge of a channel.

• Where would we find the cut-banks, the
place the water moves quickly and causes
erosion.


• Answer! Cut banks are on the outside of
curves.

Cut-
bank


• Answer! Cut banks are on the outside of
curves.
– The water moves more quickly here and
erodes the banks.

Cut-
bank


• If you are interested in catching large
trout, than always throw your fly…


• Cut-banks will often erode the riverbank
and trees will fall into the river.


• These trees are dangerous for boaters and
are called “strainers”.


• These trees are dangerous for boaters and
are called “strainers”.
– They are dangerous because they can pin and
hold you under that water like pasta in a strainer.


• If you can’t avoid a strainer try to climb up on
top of it, rather than going under it.
– It is a nice thing to breathe while you wait for help.


This is a dangerous
situation, getting
caught under the
water in this strainer
is certain death.

• Video Link! Moving Water Safety.
– Watch from the 9:30 minute mark to learn
about strainers.
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1xE8EOVU
Z3I

 Riffles: Shallow fast moving section of the
river between meanders.


 Pool: Deep section of the river


 Point Bar: Shallow part on the inside curve
of a river where the water slows and drops
off its sediment load.


Categories of Words
•Animals
•Bodies of Water
•Landforms
•Ocean Words
•Other
•Plants

Animal Vocabulary
Mammal
A mammal is a warm blooded
animal that breathes air.

A whale is a mammal.

Animal Vocabulary
Fish
A fish is a water animal that breathes
with gills.

We saw a fish at the aquarium.

Animal Vocabulary
Shellfish
A shellfish is a water animal that
has a
shell for an outer covering.

A clam is an example of a shellfish.

Animal Vocabulary
Bivalve Shell
A bivalve shell is a shell that has 2
parts.

A clam has a bivalve shell.

Animal Vocabulary
Univalve Shell
A univalve shell is a shell that has 1
part.

A snail has a univalve shell.

Bodies of Water Vocabulary
Ocean
An ocean is the largest body of
water.

There are 4 oceans on the Earth.

Sea
A sea is a part of an ocean.

Mediterranean Sea

The Indian Ocean has several seas.

River
A river is a body of flowing water
within 2 banks.

Potomac River

My family likes to go boating on the

Creek
A creek is a small body of flowing
water that empties into a river.

We took trash out of the creek behind

Lake
A lake is a large body of water
surrounded by land on all sides.

Lake Gordon at Rocky Gap

My family likes to go swimming at the lake at

Landforms Vocabulary
Mountain
A mountain is a very high, natural place on
Earth.

It took us 3 hours to climb to the top of the

Valley
A valley is an area between mountains or
hills.

The family built their home in the valley.

Volcano
A volcano is a mountain with a vent. When
it erupts lava, ashes, and hot gases come
out.

There was smoke coming from the volcano.

Plateau
A plateau is high land with a mostly flat
top. This is called a guyot when it is
found in the ocean.

The Indians made their camp on the plateau.

Plain
A plain is a large, flat area of land.

We traveled across the plains in a covered

Ocean Vocabulary
Ocean Floor
The ocean floor is the bottom of the
ocean.

Many animals live on the ocean floor.

Ocean Vocabulary
Island
An island is a piece of land
completely surrounded by water.

Hawaii is an island in the Pacific Ocean.

Ocean Vocabulary
Ooze
Ooze is a covering of dead animals and
plants on the ocean floor.

The octopus hid in the ooze.

Ocean Vocabulary
Tidal Pools
A tidal pool is formed in the shallow
places of the beach after the tide has
gone down.

Tidal pools are filled with ocean life.

Ocean Vocabulary
Shore Beach Coast
All of these words describe the
area where land meets the ocean.

We walked along the shore and watched the

Ocean Vocabulary
Coral Reef
A coral reef is a collection of
living organisms in the ocean.

The coral reef near Australia is the largest in

Ocean Vocabulary
Oceanographer
An oceanographer is a
scientist who studies the ocean.

I would like to be an oceanographer when I get

Ocean Vocabulary
Continental Shelf
Continental Slope
The continental shelf slopes gradually from the shore into the ocean.
The continental slope drops suddenly at the end of the shelf.

Other Vocabulary
Food Chain
A food chain is a natural cycle where
creatures rely on other organisms for
food.

A food chain makes it possible for animals to

Other Vocabulary
Harbor
A harbor is a place in the
water where boats can dock or anchor.

We went to the harbor to meet the boat.

Other Vocabulary
Plankton
Plankton are small, microscopic
plants and animals in the ocean.

Plankton is the first part of a food chain for many

Other Vocabulary
Aquarium
An aquarium is a building
people can visit to see marine animals.

My class saw a dolphin at the aquarium.

Plants Vocabulary
Kelp
Kelp is a type of seaweed that is usually
brown.

Some fish hide from their predators in kelp

Plants Vocabulary
Seaweed
Seaweed are plants in the ocean.

There are many different kinds of seaweed in

River Nile
The Nile is the longest
river in the world!

The river is about 4,160
miles long and can be
found in Africa

Although the Nile is
usually associated with
Egypt Only 22% of the
river runs through Egypt!

River Amazon
The Amazon is the
second longest river in
the world!

The river is 3,912 miles
long!

It can be found in South
America!

No bridge crosses the
river along the entire
length!

Mississippi
The Mississippi is the
third longest river in the
world stretching 3,710
miles long!

You can find it in the
United States!

Many of Mark Twain‟s
famous stories
including „Adventures
of Huckleberry Finn‟
tool place near the
Mississippi!

River Chang Jiang
The river Chang
Jiang is the fourth
longest river in the
world!

The river is 3,602
miles long!

You can find it in
China!

The river Chang
Jiang is also known
asYangtze.

River Ob

The River Ob is the fifth
longest river in the
world!

The river is 3,459 miles
long!

You can find it in Russia!

The Ob contains over 50
species of fish!

Over 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered by
water
Of that, 95% is salt water – only 5% is fresh water
– and part of that is ice

Oceans

All the oceans are really just one body of water

This is divided into the four named oceans:
Pacific
Atlantic
Indian
Arctic

Ocean names

The oceans are always in motion
Tides happen twice daily
Tides are caused by the pull of gravity by the
moon, and to a lesser degree by the sun
Why do you think the sun would pull less than the
moon?

Tides

There are two type of Ocean Currents:

Surface Currents-Surface Circulation
These waters make up about 10% of all the water
in the ocean.
These waters are the upper 400 meters of the
ocean.

Currents

Deep Water Currents-Thermohaline Circulation
 These waters make up the other 90% of the ocean
 These waters move around the ocean basins by
density driven forces and gravity
 The density difference is caused by different
temperatures and salinity
 These deep waters sink into the deep ocean basins
at high latitudes where the temperatures are cold
enough to cause the density to increase.

Currents

Ocean Currents are influenced by two types of
forces
1. Primary Forces--start the water moving
The primary forces are:
Solar Heating
Winds
Gravity
Coriolis effect

Forces

 2. Secondary Forces--influence where the
currents flow
 Surface Circulation
◦ Solar heating cause water to expand. Near the equator
the water is about 8 centimeters high than in middle
latitudes. This cause a very slight slope and water
wants to flow down the slope.

◦ Winds blowing on the surface of the ocean push the
water. Friction occurs between the wind and the
water's surface.

Forces

A wind blowing for 10 hours across the ocean
will cause the surface waters to flow at about
2% of the wind speed.
Water will pile up in the direction the wind is
blowing.
Gravity will pull the water down the "hill" or pile of
water.
But the Coriolis Force causes the water to move to
the right (in the northern hemisphere) around the
mound of water.

Wind

These large mounds of water and the flow around
them are called Gyres. The produce large
circular currents in all the ocean basins.
Gyres

Remember the Coriolis Force move objects to
the right in the northern hemisphere, and to
the left in the southern hemisphere

MOTION IN THE OCEAN

Waves, Tides, and Currents

Waves
A disturbance which
moves through or
over the surface of a
fluid

Mostly caused by winds
(Also
earthquakes,
volcanoes, grav. pull)

Form of great energy

Wave Characteristics
Parts of a Wave
Crest = high point

Trough = low point

Height = vertical
distance from crest to
trough

Wavelength = Horizontal
distance between crest
to crest or trough to

Wave period : time for 2 crests to pass fixed point (T) sec
Wave speed (C) : C = wavelength / T (m/s)
Wave steepness : H / wavelength
When H / wavelength = 1/7 or angle at crest 120 or less =
Breaker

Size of Wind Generated Waves
Depends on 3 things:
Wind Speed
Wind Duration (length of
time wind blows)
“Fetch” Extent of open
water across which the
wind can blow

Water Motion in Waves

Water travels in vertical circular
orbits

Wave moves, particles don‟t!

Importance of Waves
Shaping Coastlines
Erode cliffs
Grind rock into sand

Ecology
Returns O2 to water
Stir up food for filter
feeders

Types of Waves
CHOP – Short period (back bays)

SWELL – Long period (boat rolls; seasickness)

SWASH – water up beach BACKWASH – back down

TSUNAMI “TIDAL WAVE”

Caused by undersea quake or volcano

• Wavelength = ~150 mi. Wave height = 6” – 1’
Can NOT perceive in boat Speed > 500 mph

Slows down to ~25 mph at shore; water builds up to ~65+ ft

Tides
The rhythmic rise and fall
of the ocean’s water

High tide = rising, incoming
tide, flow
Low tide = receding, outgoing
tide, ebb
Slack tide = vertical movement
stops

Tides are very
long, slow waves

They have a wave period
of 12 hours 25 min

Tidal day is 24 hours 50
min

NJ has 2 high and 2 low
tides daily

What Causes Tides?
1. Gravitational pull of
sun & moon on Earth

• Moon closer, therefore
> effect

• Like magnet, pulls water
away from surface
= TIDAL BULGE

2. Centrifugal Forces
• Bulge on opposite side
• Produced by motions of
because centr. force
Earth, sun, & moon
> pull of moon

Types of Tides
•Spring Tide
- Moon and sun are in direct
line with one another
- Results in unusually
high tidal range
-Tidal Range = vertical
distance between high &
low tides

2x’s/month

Neap Tide
sun and moon are at
right angles

Pulls cancel each other
out – causes a weak
pull

unusually low tidal range

2 x’s / month

Distance bet. Moon & Earth
Perigee Tides
Moon closest to earth, very high tides (causes
flooding)
Apogee Tides
Moon farthest away from earth, very low tides

Types of Tides Continued
Diurnal Tides
1 high & 1 low / day
Parts of Gulf of Mexico and Asia

Semi-Diurnal Tides
2 high & 2 low / day
Atlantic coasts of North America and Europe

Mixed
2 high & 2 low / day (height varies)

Importance of Tides
• Expose & submerge orgs

• Circulate water in bays &
estuaries
• Circulates food, wastes, etc
• Trigger spawning (grunion,
horseshoe crab)

Currents
• What are currents?
- “Rivers” of circulating water

• Causes
- Wind
- Rotating Earth
- Density Changes

Surface Ocean Currents

• Broad, slow drifts; never
cross equator

• Wind generated; circular
gyres

• Coriolis Effect
- N. Hemis – clockwise; Right

- S. Hemis – counterclockwise; Left

• Gulf Stream
- N. Atlantic
- Brings warm water
from equator north along
east coast of N. A.

-Sometimes form eddies –
circulating water that
pinches off from the
current

MIGRATION NAVIGATION

WEATHER

Localized Surface Currents

Longshore Current.

Flows parallel to shore; move sediment

RIP CURRENT
- Caused by converging longshore currents
- Very dangerous ; Red Flag
- DO NOT fight rip current; swim parallel to shore to
get out of channel

Deep Ocean Currents
Flowbeneath surface; cross
equator
Move North to South

Separated from surface
currents by boundary
called a “Thermohaline”
(diff in densities)

Importance Of Deep Currents
Upwelling
Brings deep water to surf.
Circulates nutrients up
Moves plankton & larvae

1. The earth has two kinds of crust
2. Continents have thick, light, granitic
crust, Oceans have thin, dense, basaltic crust
3. How we probe the sea floor
4. Features on the sea floor and edges of
continents are products of plate tectonics
5. Submarine landslides are important on
continental margins
6. Deep ocean sediment comes from the
continents and marine organisms

Take-Away Points

The Two-
Story Planet


Earth Has Two Kinds of Crust

2. Continents have thick, light, granitic crust, Oceans have thin, dense, basaltic crust

Continental and Oceanic Crust
Continental Crust (Granitic)
Residue of Long-Continued Partial Melting
Thick and Light
Ancient: > 2.5 b.y.
Oceanic Crust (Basaltic)
Derived Directly From Mantle
Thin and Dense 2. Continents have thick, light, granitic
crust, Oceans have
Young: < 200 m.y. thin, dense, basaltic crust

Investigating the Sea Floor

Coring
Deep-Sea Drilling
Sonar
Seismic Refraction
Gravity Surveys
Magnetic 3.Surveys sea floor
How we probe the


Piston Coring

Deep Sea Drilling
Project Mohole
Original Intent: Drill to Earth’s Mantle
Drill in Oceans where Crust is Thinnest
Hidden Agenda: Complete History of Oceans
Challenge: Replacing Drill Bits in 5 km of Water
Plate Tectonics Showed that Mantle is Exposed in
a Number of Places

Deep Sea Drilling
Original Objective Abandoned
Renamed Deep Sea Drilling Program
Now Called Ocean Drilling Program



Sonar

Seismic Refraction


continents are products of plate
tectonics

Makeup of Sea Crust

Continental Margins
Shelf
Slope
Rise
Active: Subduction Zones. Sometimes Called
Leading Edge
Passive: No Subduction. Sometimes Called Rifted
or Trailing Edge Features on the sea floor and edges of
4.
tectonics

A Continental Margin

tectonics

tectonics

Evolution of a Passive Margin

Anatomy of a Passive Margin

tectonics

Features of the Deep Sea
Mid-Sea Ridges
Abyssal Plains
Fracture Zones
Seaic Trenches
Seamounts
Submarine Canyons
Submarine Fans
4. Features on the sea floor and edges of continents are products of plate tectonics

Crest of
the Mid-
Atlantic
Ridge
tectonics

Sea-Floor
Spreading, Mi
d-Atlantic
Ridge
1. Features on the sea floor and edges
of continents are products of plate
tectonics

continental margins

Turbidity Flows – Grand Banks, 1929

6. Deep Sea sediment comes from the

Where Sediment Comes From

6. Deep Sea sediment comes from the

Deep Sea Sediments

2. Continents have thick, light, granitic
crust, Seas have thin, dense, basaltic crust
continents are products of plate tectonics
continental margins
6. Deep Sea sediment comes from the continents
and marine organisms

Take-Away Points

Station A: Deep Sea
Exploration
A ship Using SONAR
Deep sea exploration advanced
dramatically in the 1900’s
with a series of inventions.
For example, Sonar allowed
explorers to detect the
presence of objects
underwater.

Deep Sea Slide 3

Another important invention for
deep sea exploration was
deep diving submarines. Alvin
is the name of one of these
submarines and can carry a
crew of three people to
depths of 4,000 meters. The
sub is equipped with
lights, cameras, and highly
maneuverable arms.

Alvin collects samples of hydrothermal
soil, plant, and animal life on vent site on
the ocean floor and sends the ocean
them to scientific laboratories floor
across the world for scientists
to study. For example, Alvin
travelled 1.5 miles below the
surface to hydrothermal vent
sites which spit out super hot
mineral water from the ocean
floor. These vents support a
lot of different life forms from A ghost
giant tube worms to ghost white crab
white crabs.

To be a deep sea explorer you
must overcome some major
challenges. For one the
voyage to the ocean floor is a
cold, 4-hour round trip in a
cramped submarine. Another
problem is that submarines
like Alvin can cost up to 3
million dollars.

Once Alvin gets to the ocean
floor, the hydrothermal vent
sites have super hot, mineral
rich water which can be
dangerous to be in.
Scientists are trying to figure
out how to observe these
waters without being so close
to them in the submarine.

662 degrees
Fahrenheit

Station B Slide 8 : Exploring
Antarctica

Serious exploration of Antarctica
began with the invention of
the airplane. American pilot
Robert Byrd was the first to
fly over the South Pole in
1929 and he made repeated
flights over the continent from
1930-1950.

Robert
Byrd and
his crew.

The Newest scientific laboratory in
Antarctica. Built in 2009, it runs entirely on
renewable solar and wind energy.
Byrd conducted many scientific
experiments in his Antarctic
travels. By doing this Byrd
helped to make scientific
research the main purpose
for exploring Antarctica.
Scientists came to Antarctica
to study wildlife, the land, and
most recently global warming.

There have been many challenges Early Explorer of Antarctica
past and present for Antarctic
explorers. Early explorers had to
dress in heavy layers of itchy
wool fabrics to protect
themselves from the extreme
temperatures (the average temp
in the summer is -18 degrees).
The wool fabric would soak up
sweat, which meant getting
dressed in the morning would
often involve putting on layers of
clothing that were frozen solid
from yesterday’s sweat.

Early explorers also went out on
their trips with their food in tin
cans or dried up, this meant it
was low in vitamin C. Scurvy
(a disease that causes you to
lose your teeth and develop
skin rashes) was a serious
problem for these explorers.

Scurvy was also a problem for explorers
during the Age of Exploration. Crew
members on board ships could get killed
for stealing fruit rich in vitamin C.

1.water resources

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