2. John Calvin- born in
1509 in France, he
published his Institutes
of the Christian
Religion in 1536 (in
Latin).
3. Woodcut of Calvin preaching in Geneva.
Calvin’s Institutes, expressed
his ideas about God, Salvation
and human nature. His
writings helped create a new
system of Protestant
theology…Calvinism.
Calvin’s beliefs include:
•Men and women are sinful by
nature.
•Humans cannot earn
salvation but God Chooses
only a very few people to save
called the “elect.” These
people have been chosen since
the beginning of time, this is
called predestination.
•Ideal government is a
theocracy (government ruled
by religious leaders.)
4. Protestants in Geneva,
Switzerland established
strict rules by 1536 such as:
Mandatory religious
classes
No bright clothing
No card playing
No blasphemy or cursing
All holidays were outlawed
except for Sunday.
Rule breakers were excommunicated,
imprisoned or burned at the stake.
Geneva became a model city of
highly moral citizens.
5. Preacher from Scotland
who visited Geneva,
Switzerland and took
back home some of
what he saw. He
established in each
community church a
small group of leaders of
laymen called elders or
presbyters.
6. The followers of John
Knox became known as
Presbyterians and they
were later able to
establish Calvinism as
Scotland’s official religion
in the 1560’s.
They also were able to
depose Mary Queen of
Scots after a scandal with
her husband, Lord
Darnley’s murder in 1567.
7. Calvinists in France were
called Huguenots.
Persecution by the Catholic
crown in France occurred
often. Violence between
the Catholics and
Huguenots peaked in the
city of Paris on August 24,
1572, the Catholic feast of
St. Bartholomew’s Day.
More then 3,000 Huguenots
were killed between the 24th
and 30th in Paris. Close to
70,000 were slaughtered
throughout France in the
following 6 months.
King Charles IX of France, under the sway of his
mother, Catherine de Medici, orders the
assassination of Huguenot Protestant leaders in
Paris.
8. According to Luther’s teachings, the bible is
the only source of truth about religion. As
people read the bible and began to interpret
it for themselves, new Protestant groups
began to form over differences in beliefs.
9. Anabaptists (from the Greek meaning baptize
again) believed that only those old enough to
decide to be Christians should be baptized and if
they were baptized as children then they should
be baptized again as adults. Unlike Calvinists,
they believed in a separation of church and
state. They also refused to fight in wars and
were considered radicals.They were
consequently persecuted by both Catholics and
Protestants.
10. Anabaptists survived the
persecutions and
became the forerunners
of the Mennonites and
the Amish. Their
teachings further
influenced the later
Quakers and Baptists,
who split from the
Anglican church.
11.
12. Was the efforts of the
Catholic Church to
keep its members loyal
to the church and
Rome. Ignatius of
Loyola was a
prominent Catholic
reformer.
13. Ignatius grew up in his father’s castle in Loyola,
Spain but underwent a great change in 1521
after being injured in war (he was hit by a
cannonball in his legs.) His recovery included
reflections on his sins, Jesus’ life and daily
devotions to cleanse his soul. He wrote
Spiritual Exercises in 1522. This laid out a day-
by-day plan of meditation, prayer and study.
Ignatius would continue his education and
travel.
14. Spiritual Exercises laid out a
day-by day plan of
meditation, prayer and
study. Ignatius gained
followers and most were
ordained by the pope in
1537. Later, 1540, Pope Paul
III approved the plan for the
new monastic order, the
Society of Jesus. Members
of the order were commonly
called Jesuits.
Jesuits focused on 3 activities:
The founding of schools
Conversion of non-Christians to
Catholicism through
missionaries.
Stopping the spread of
Protestantism throughout
Europe.
15. THE CATHOLIC REFORMATIONANDTHE 1500’S SAW SEVERAL
POPES INITIATING REFORMS.
Pope Paul III (1534-1549)
born into the noble Farnese
family, was a worldly and
educated pope who would
endeavor to answer the
concerns of the Protestant
Reformation.
Pope Paul III and his Grandsons, byTitian
16. Pope Paul III, once
elected, began the
work of countering the
effects of the
Protestant Reformation
sweeping through
Europe. He took 4
important steps toward
reform:
1. Directed a council of
cardinals to investigate
indulgence selling and other
abuses.
2. Approved the Jesuit order
3. Used the Inquisition to seek
out and punish heresy in
papal territory.
4. Called a great council of
Church leaders to meet in
Trent, Italy with the goal of
settling severalCatholic
doctrines.
17. The Council ofTrent met
during 25 different
meetings from 1545 to
1563 and settled several
issues within the Catholic
Church.
The church’s interpretation of
the Bible was final. Any Christian
who substituted his or her own
interpretation was a heretic.
Christians need faith and good
works for salvation. They were
not saved by faith alone, as
Luther argued.
The Bible and Church traditions
were equally powerful
authorities for guiding Christian
life.
Indulgences were valid
expressions of faith. (But the
false selling of indulgences was
banned.)
The celibacy of the Church clergy
was reaffirmed.
18. Under Paul IV, the Roman Inquisition, that was
re-established in 1542 and launched a reign of
terror. Following the trend in the Roman
CatholicChurch that wrongly suspected Jews of
influencing the Reformation to some degree,
Paul in 1555 established the ghetto at Rome.
He enforced perpetual wearing of the Jewish
badge and drastic separation of Jews from
Christians.The antagonisms he aroused proved
fatal to his reforming cause.
He was also anti-Spanish and helped renew a
war between the French and the Hapsburgs
(Spain).
1559- Index of Forbidden Books, list of books
considered dangerous to the Catholic faith.
Bishops were ordered to gather up the
offensive books and burn them.
19. Because of the decline of the Catholic Church in Europe, religion no
longer united Europe. Individual monarchs and states gained
power, paving the way for the modern nation-state. The
groundwork for a modern Europe was laid with these reforms.
