Nutrition Problems - History of nutrition, Types, Major and Minor Nutrition Problems

1. NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS
SUBMITTED TO;
MRS.GRACE MSC(N),
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
CSI JACON
SUBMITTED BY;
MS.LOGESWARI
MSC(N) I YEAR,
CSI JACON.

2. NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS
 Nutrition is the selection of foods and preparation of
foods, and their ingestion to be assimilated by the body.
By practicing a healthy diet, many of the know health
issues can be avoided The diet of an organism is what it
eats, which is largely determined by the perceived
palatability of foods.

3. DEFINITION;
 A Nutritional deficiency occurs when the body doesn’t absorb
or get from food the necessary amount of a nutrient.
 Deficiencies can lead to a variety of health problems.
 These can include digestion problems, skin disorders, shunted
or defective bone growth and even dementia.

4. HISTORY OF NUTRITION;
 400 B.C – Hippocrates the ‘Father of medicine’ said to the
students, ‘Let thy food be thy medicine and thy medicine be
thy food’. He also said A wish man should consider that
health is the greatest of human blessings. One story describes
the treatment of eye disease, now known to be due to a
vitamin A deficiency, by squeezing the juice of liver onto the
eye. Vitamin A is stored in large amounts on the liver.
 1747 Dr. James Lind, a physician is the British Navy,
performed the first scientific experiment in nutrition.

5. HISTORY OF NUTRITION;
 Early 1800s It was discovered that foods are composed
primarily of four elements; Carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and
oxygen, and methods were developed for determining the
amounts of these elements.
 1930s William Rose discovered the essential amino acids, the
building blocks of protein.
 1940s The water soluble B and C vitamins were identified.
 1950s to the present – The roles of essential nutrients as per of
bodily processes have been brought to light. For example,
more became know about the role of vitamins and minerals as
components of enzymes and hormones that work within the
body

6. CAUSES OF NUTRITIONAL
PROBLEMS;
• Population growth
• Agriculture and food production
• Prevalence of parasitic and infectious disease
• Religious and cultural food fads
• General illiteracy and ignorance illiteracy
• Economic barriers

7. NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS IN
INDIA;
 In our India, the people are affected with malnutrition and this is
found to be one of the greatest health problems facing our
communities today.
 It is recorded that 60-70% of young children today have
nutritional deficiency.
 The specific nutritional health problems;
 Protein energy malnutrition
 Vitamin A deficiency
 Iron deficiency anaemia
 Iodine deficiency anaemia

8. TYPES OF NUTRIONAL PROBLEMS
TYPES OF NUTRITION
PROBLEMS
MAJOR NUTRITION
PROBLEMS
MINOR NUTRITION
PROBLEMS

9. MAJOR PROBLEMS;
 Is defined as a pathological state resulting from an absolute or
relative deficiency of one or more essential nutrient.
 Protein energy malnutrition
 Low birth weight
 Micronutrient deficient
 Vitamin A deficient
 Nutritional anaemia
 Iodine deficiency disorders(Endemic goiter)
 Endemic fluorosis
 Lathyrism

10. MINOR DISORDERS;
• Obesity,
• swallowing problems
• Decreased appetite, nausea,
• constipation,
• Heartburn,
• sore mouth or throat

11. PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION
(Protein – calorie malnutrition)
 It is considered as the primary nutritional problem in India
 PEM is due to the ‘food gap’ between the intake and
requirement.
 Causes childhood morbidity and mortality.
Conditions/ Diseases;
 Kwashiorkor
 Marasmus
 Marasmic - Kwashiorkor

12. CAUSES
 Inadequate intake of food
 Diarrhoea
 Respiratory infections
 Measles
 Poor hygiene
 Large family size
 Poor maternal health
 Failure of lactation
 Premature termination of breast feeding
 Use of over diluted cow’s milk
 Delayed supplementary feeding

13. KWASHIORKOR;
 It is the most common and widespread disorder
in developing countries. It is form of
malnutrition caused by not getting enough
protein in the diet.

14. MARASMUS;
 It is a severe form of malnutrition that consists of the
chronic wasting away of fat, muscle, and other
tissues in the body.
 Malnutrition occurs when the body does not get
enough protein and calories.

15. MARASMIC KWASHIORKOR;
 A malnutrition disease, primarily of children,
resulting from the deficiency of both calories and
protein. The condition is characterizing by severe
tissue wasting, dehydration, loss of subcutaneous fat,
lethargy, and growth retardation.

16. COMPARISON OF CLINICAL FEATURES
KWASHIORKOR;
1. Acute illness/infections, prolonged
starvation
2. Protein is principal nutrient
3.18 months to 3 years
4. Rapid acute onset
5. Some weight loss
6. High mortality
7.Mild and moderate growth retardation
8.Edema ,pot belly,swellon legs
9.Low subcutaneous fat
MARASMUS;
1.Severe prolonged
2.calories and protein are principal nutrient
3.6 months to 2 years
4.chronic slow onset
5.severe weight loss
6.low mortality unless
7.Severe growth failure
8.No
9.Severe loss of subcutaneous fat

17. ASSESSMENT OF PEM;
 Gomez classification;
 Weight for age(%) = weight of child x
wt of normal child of same age
 Between 90 – 110% Normal nutritional status
 Between 75 – 89% Mild malnutrition (1stdegree)
 Between 60 – 74% Moderate malnutrition(2nddegree)
 Under 60% Severe malnutrition (3rd degree)

18. PREVENTION;
 Oral rehydration therapy helps to prevent dehydration caused
by diarrhoea
 Exclusive breast feeding for 6 months there after
supplementary foods may be introduced along with breast
feeds.
 Immunization for infants and children
 Early diagnosis and treatment
 Promotion and correction of feeding practices
 Nutritional supplements
 Family planning and spacing of birth
 Nutritional rehabilitation

19. LOW BIRTH WEIGHT
 An LBW newborn is any newborn with a birth weight of loss
than 2.5kg (including 2.499) regardless of gestational age.
RISK FACTORS;
 Maternal malnutrition
 Anaemia
CASUSES;
 Illness/infections
 Short maternal stature,
 Very young age
 Close birth intervals ,
 IUGR
 Hard physical labour during pregnancy, smoking.

20. PREVENTION
 Identification of mother at risk – malnutrition heavy work
load,infections,diseases and high BP
 Increasing food intake of mother, supplementary feeding,
distribution of iron and folic acid tablets.
 Avoidance of smoking
 Improving health and nutrition of young girls
 Controlling infections- UTI,rubella,syphilis,malaria.

21. MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCY;
VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY;
 Is a lack of vitamin A in blood and tissues.
 It is common in poorer countries but rarely seen in more
developed countries. Nyctalopia (night blindness) is one of
the first signs of VAD.
XEROPHTHALMIA;
 i.e., dry eyes refers to all the ocular manifestations of vitamin
A deficient in man .It is the most widespread and serious
nutritional disorders leading to blindness.

22. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION;
 Corneal inflammation
 Dry eyes which could also lead to xerophthalmia.
 The child or adult may experience susceptibility towards
respiratory infections and urinary infections
 Reduced vision in the night or dim light
 Corneal ulcers,
 Softening of cornea
 Keratomalacia,
 Bitot spot

23. PREVENTION AND CONTROL
 Administering large doses of vitamin A orally on a
periodic basis
 Regular and adequate intake of vitamin A
 Fortification of certain food with vitamin A sugar, salt,
tea, and skimmed milk.

24. NUTRITIONALANEMIA
 Nutritional anaemia is a condition where the
haemoglobin content of blood is lower than normal as a
result of a deficiency of one or more essential nutrients,
regardless of the cause of such deficiency.

25. CAUSES;
 Inadequate diet,
 Insufficient intake of iron,
 Iron malabsorption
 Excessive menstrual bleeding,
 GI bleeding
 Hook worm infestation,
 Malaria.
 Close birth intervals
 Infants and children's
 Pre menopausal women
 Pregnancy

26. NUTRITIONALANEMIA
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION;
 Lethargy,
 Anorexia,
 Malaise,
 Insomnia
 Impaired concentration,
 Pruritus
 Shortness of breath,
 weakness

27. PREVENTION;
 Estimation of Hb to assess degree of anaemia
 Blood transfusion in severs cases of anaemia (lessthan8g/dl)
 Iron and folic acid supplements,
 Food fortification with iron
 Changing dietary patterns
 Nutritional education and awareness

28. IODINE DEFICIENCY
DISORDERS
 IDD leads a much wider spectrum of disorders
commencing with the intrauterine life and extending
through childhood to adult life with serious health and
social implication.
DISORDERS;
 Goiter,
 Hypothyroidism
 Neuromuscular weakness
 Speech defects,
 hearing defect,
 Mental retardation,

29. IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDERS
PREVENTION;
 Iodized salt,
 Iodine monitoring
 Public awareness and education
COMPLICATION;
 Thyroxicosis, Iodine goiter,
 Iodinism
 Lymphocytic thyroiditis

30. ENDEMIC FLUROSIS;
 In many parts of the world where drinking
water contains excessive amount of fluorine(3-
5mg/dl) endemic flurosis has been observed.

31. ENDEMIC FLUOROSIS
SKELETAL FLUROSIS;
 Associated with life time daily intake of 3-6mg/L or
more.
 Heavy deposition of fluoride in skeleton
 Crippling occurs leading to disability.
DENTAL FLUROSIS;
 It occurs when excess fluoride is ingested during the
years of tooth calcification first 7 years of life
 Characterized by molting of dental enamel which has
been reported above 1.5mg/L intake.

32. PREVENTION
 Changing the water sources
 Chemical defluorination
 Preventing use of fluoridated toothpaste
 Fluoride supplements not prescribed for children
consuming fluoridated water.

33. LATHYRISM;
 It is paralyzing disease of human and animals.
 In the humans it is referred to as neurolathyrism
because it affects the nervous system and in animals
asosteolathyrism because the pathological changes
occurs in the bones resulting in skeletal deformities.

34. LATHYRISM
Causes;
 Poverty
 Malnutrition
 Food adulteration
Prevention;
 Vitamin C prophylaxis
 Removal of toxic steeping method
 Education
 Socio economic changes

35. MINOR DISORDERS;
• Obesity,
• Swallowing problems
• Decreased appetite,
• Nausea,
• Constipation,
• Heartburn,
• Sore mouth or throat
• Dryness in the mouth
• Diarrhoea

36. OBESITY
 Obesity is an epidemic diseases, which consists of body
weight that is in excess of that appropriate for a persons
height and age standardized to account for differences,leadind
to an increased risk to health related problems.
 Causes;
 Smoking
 Unhealthy diet
 Pregnancy
 Age
 Certain medical problems and medications
 Family lifestyle

37. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
 Amenorrhea
 Hypotension
 Bradycardia or tachycardia
 Swollen joints
 Abdominal distension
 Fatigue
 Rapid mood swings
 Dry hair and skin

38. ANOREXIA NERVOSA
 It is an eating disorders characterized by immoderate
food restriction, inappropriate eating habits or rituals,
obsession with having a thin figure, and an irrational
fear of weight gain, as well as a distorted body self
perception.

39. BULIMIA NERVOSA
 It is an characterized by binge eating and purging or
consuming a large amount of food in a short amount of
time followed by an attempt to rid oneself of the food
consumed(purging),typically by vomiting taking a
laxative, diuretic ,because of an extensive concern for
body weight.

40. SWALLOWING
PROBLEMS;(Dysphagia)
 Weakness in the muscles of mouth might make it difficult
for one to chew and manage solid foods.
 Example include; large bites of food,inaduquate chewing,
dry mouth, pills or food that’s too hot.

41. HEARTBURN
 Heartburn can occur for many reasons,
including overeating, eating certain foods,
taking medicines, or as a result of surgery.

42. DIARRHOEA;
 Diarrhoea is an increase in either the number of stools,
the amount of liquid in the stools, or both.
 Medicines, a reactions to certain foods, stress ,and
ordinary colds or flu can cause dehydration.
 Prolonged diarrhoea can cause
dehydration,weakness,fatigue,and weight loss

43. CONSTIPATION;
 Constipation occurs when bowel movements
become difficult or infrequent, usually more than 48
hrs apart.
 Constipation can be caused by medicines and by not
drinking or eating enough liquids or food and
inactivity.

44. PREVENTION
 Group therapy
 Cognitive behavioural
 Interpersonal
 Psycho education
 Medication;
 Antidepressants
 Nutritional educations
 Hospitalization;
 Nutritional rehabilitation
 Correct electrolyte abnormalities

45. NUTRITIONAL PROGRAMS;
• Vitamin A prophylaxis program
• Prophylaxis against nutritional anaemia
• IDD control program
• Balwadi nutritional program
• Integrated child developmental scheme
• Mid – day meal program and scheme.

46. CONCLUSION;
 A well balanced diet is required for the normal
growth and development of an individual.
 Healthful eating means a lifestyle of making
choices and decisins,planning,knowing how to
make quick and wise choices when you haven’t
planned.
 By practicing a healthy diet, many of the known
health issues can be avoided.

47. THANK YOU