ANDROIDS, REPLICANTS AND BLADE RUNNERS - ARE WE ALL DEEP DREAMING OF ELECTRIC SHEEP?

ANDROIDS,
REPLICANTS AND
BLADE RUNNERS
ARE WE ALL DEEP
DREAMING OF ELECTRIC
SHEEP?
LMARTINS@REITORIA.UCP.PT

06.Jul.2018
CYBER+CIPHER+CULTURE – VII LISBONSUMMER SCHOOL FOR THE STUDY OF CULTURE 2

06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?v=yW PyRSURYFQ
Philip K. Dick's novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (1968)

06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?v=yW PyRSURYFQ
A very advanced form of lie detector that
measures contractions of the iris muscle and
the presence of invisible airborne particles
emitted from the body. The bellows were
designed for the latter function and give the
machine the menacing air of a sinister insect.
The VK is used primarily by Blade Runners to
determine if a suspect is truly human by
measuring the degree of his empathic response
through carefully worded questions and
statements.
– Description from the original press kit.

06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?v=D 5VN56jQ M W M

06.Jul.2018
TOURING TEST (1950)- “THE IMITATION GAME”
https://en.w ikipedia.org/w iki/Turing_test
Alan Turing

06.Jul.2018
ELIZA (1964~1966)
MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
Joseph Weizenbaum
Created to demonstrate the superficiality of communication
between humans and machines, Eliza simulated conversation
by using a 'pattern matching' and substitution methodology
that gave users an illusion of understanding on the part of the
program, but had no built in framework for contextualizing
events
https://en.w ikipedia.org/w iki/ELIZA
Weizenbaum’s intent in creating Eliza was to
demonstrate that carrying on a conversation
was a poor test of machine intelligence. But
people loved it. His secretary, who knew how it
was made, requested private chats with it. It
was touted as the future of psychology.
This horrified Weizenbaum, who spent the rest
of his career warning us of the dangers of
computers.

06.Jul.2018
The Chinese room is a thought experiment presented by John Searle
to challenge the claim that it is possible for a computer running a
program to have a "mind" and “consciousness" in the same sense that
people do, simply by virtue of running the right program.
The experiment is intended to help refute a philosophical position that
Searle named "strong AI”:
"The appropriately programmed computer with the right inputs and
outputs would thereby have a mind in exactly the same sense human
beings have minds."
The philosopher John Searle says that the idea of a non-biological machine being intelligent
is incoherent.

06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?v=Y0otgRm scUk
https://w w w .theverge.com /2018/5/10/17342414/google-duplex-ai-assistant-voice-calling-identify-itself-update

• EMPATHY
• SOLIDARITY
• LOVE
06.Jul.2018

06.Jul.2018
https://deepm oji.m it.edu/contribute/

06.Jul.2018
https://m ygoodness.m it.edu

06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .w ired.com /2017/10/hiroshi-ishiguro-w hen-robots-act-just-like-hum ans/

06.Jul.2018
And humans do not require much to stir up
feelings of empathy with another person or
creature—even an object. In 2011 a
University of Calgary test found that
subjects were quick to assign emotions and
intentions to a piece of balsa wood operated
with a joystick. In other words, we are so
hardwired for empathy that our brains are
willing to make the leap to humanizing a
piece of wood. It’s a level of animal instinct
that’s slapstick-hilarious and a degree of
vulnerability that’s terrifying.

06.Jul.2018
Levy takes Alan Turing’s famous claim that the
convincing appearance of intelligence (in AI) is
proof of intelligence, and he expands that into
the emotional realm: “If a robot behaves as
though it has feelings, can we reasonably argue
that it does not? If a robot’s artificial emotions
prompt it to say things such as ‘I love you,’
surely we should be willing to accept these
statements at face value … Why, if a robot that
we know to be emotionally intelligent, says, ‘I
love you’ or ‘I want to make love to you,’ should
we doubt it?” Human emotions, he argues, are
no less “programmed” than those of an
intelligent machine: “We have hormones, we
have neurons, and we are ‘wired’ in a way that
creates our emotions.”
… the differences between human and android
may be “no greater than the cultural differences
between peoples from different countries or
even from different parts of the same country.”

06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .techw orld.com /tech-innovation/hum anoids-are-becom ing-reality-but-do-w e-w ant-them -in-our-w orld-3677303/
Ishiguro believes that such social
acceptance of robots is becoming common
in Japan.
He says the Japanese government expects
the market for interactive and service
robots to reach $50 billion in value by
2035, and envisions jobs for them in
healthcare, education, retail and tourism.
"Robot teachers in Japan would be better
than human teachers," he said. "Japanese
students are too shy to talk to a human
teacher but not when it is a robot."
Ishiguro’s collective of labs is dedicated to the engineering of human intimacy.
https://spectrum .ieee.org/robotics/hum anoids/hiroshi-ishiguro-the-m an-w ho-m ade-a-copy-of-him self

06.Jul.2018
“Someday I want to have my own replicant,” he says.
“Probably everybody want to have one, right? Don’t
you think?”
http://eng.irl.sys.es.osaka-u.ac.jp
“My research question is to know what is a
human,” […] “I use very humanlike robots as test
beds for my hypotheses”—hypotheses about
human nature, intelligence, and behavior.
“I need to be identical with my android,
otherwise I’m going to lose my identity.”

06.Jul.2018
“… powerful evidence that a machine
can conjure up an emotional
connection—but a connection to
what?”
https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?v=BQ za_aqAP3M
https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?v=2xUkVrJUB20
https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?v=hKvsHU1hrxg

06.Jul.2018
http://eng.irl.sys.es.osaka-u.ac.jp
Erica isn't your average robot -
she actively craves human
interaction, cracks jokes and
even has a "soul", according to
her creator.
…the capacity to imbue such a
machine with humanness—
that ineffable presence the
Japanese call sonzai-kan.

06.Jul.2018
“…humans have mirror neurons that fire both when a subject is touched
and when the same subject observes another being touched, in this case
on the face. In normal situations, the sensation is suppressed. Is the
act of teleoperating a robot tricking the brain?”
https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?v=M G 22iFL-VgE

06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?v=ZKKqvnkJBkw & feature=youtu.be
https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?v=diM l3Nro9lQ

06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .forbes.com /sites/tonybradley/2017/07/31/facebook-ai-creates-its-ow n-language-in-creepy-preview -of-our-potential-future/#7b92a139292c
https://w w w .w ired.com /2017/03/openai-builds-bots-learn-speak-language/

06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .forbes.com /sites/tonybradley/2017/07/31/facebook-ai-creates-its-ow n-language-in-creepy-preview -of-our-potential-future/#7b92a139292c

06.Jul.2018
Today, top researchers typically exploring methods that
seek to mimic human language, not create a new
language.
https://w w w .cnbc.com /2017/08/01/facebook-ai-experim ent-did-not-end-because-bots-invented-ow n-language.htm l
Lewis, M., Yarats, D., Dauphin, Y. N., Parikh, D., & Batra, D. (2017).
Deal or No Deal? End-to-End Learning for Negotiation
Dialogues. http://doi.org/arXivpreprint arXiv:1706.05125
https://github.com /facebookresearch/end-to-end-negotiator

06.Jul.2018
https://techcrunch.com /2016/11/22/googles-ai-translation-tool-seem s-to-have-invented-its-ow n-secret-internal-language/?guccounter=1
https://beta.techcrunch.com /2016/09/27/google-unleashes-deep-learning-tech-on-language-w ith-neural-m achine-
translation/?_ga=2.239617031.520497282.1530611017-412116532.1321905197
https://ai.googleblog.com /2016/09/a-neural-netw ork-for-m achine.htm l
Luong, T., Sutskever, I., Le, Q., Vinyals, O., & Zaremba, W. (2015). Addressing the Rare Word Problemin Neural Machine Translation. In Proceedings
of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language
Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers) (pp. 11–19). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics.
http://doi.org/10.3115/v1/P15-1002
https://ai.googleblog.com /2016/11/zero-shot-translation-w ith-googles.htm l

06.Jul.2018
http://w w w -form al.stanford.edu/jm c/w hatisai/node1.htm l

“AI IS THE ABILITY OF A COMPUTER
TO ACT LIKE A HUMAN BEING”
“IF DATA IS THE FUEL, AI IS THE
ENGINE OF THE DIGITAL
REVOLUTION...”
06.Jul.2018

06.Jul.2018
YEY!!
BOO!!
OK... Differently form previous AI
waves and hypes, the
current AI wave benefits
from a significant
economic impact...

06.Jul.2018

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https://experim ents.w ithgoogle.com /collection/ai

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https://w w w .engadget.com /2017/04/06/ai-on-joy-of-painting-on-LSD /
https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?v=C W LqlXC u3O M
https://vim eo.com /211758157

06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?v=BsSm BPm PeYQ
https://w w w .tensorflow .org
https://w w w .kadenze.com /program s/creative-applications-of-deep-learning-w ith-tensorflow

06.Jul.2018
•
…analyzing vast amounts of data isn't the only path.
Systems can also learn through their own actions, and
that may ultimately provide very different benefits.
http://reinforcem entlearning.ai-depot.com
https://w w w .datasciencecentral.com /profiles/blogs/reinforcem ent-learning-and-ai
https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?v=gn4nRC C 9Tw Q
https://w w w .w ired.com /2015/12/teaching-ai-to-play-atari-w ill-help-robots-m ake-sense-of-our-w orld/
https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?v=V1eYniJ0Rnk

06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .w ired.com /2016/05/google-alpha-go-ai/
That shoulder hit, Fan thinks, it wasn’t a
human move. But after 10 seconds of
pondering it, he understands. “So beautiful,”
he says. “So beautiful.”
AlphaGo displayed what Go players might describe as
intuition, the ability to play a beautiful game not just like a
person but in a way no person could.

06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .w ired.com /2016/05/google-alpha-go-ai/
But as Fan’s losses piled up against AlphaGo, a
funny thing happened. Fan came to see Go in
an entirely new way. Against other humans, he
started winning more—including four straight
games against top players. His ranking shot up.
AlphaGo was training him.
AlphaGo’s AI tech could drive a new kind of scientific
research, where machines point humans toward the next
big breakthrough. At the time, without evidence, those
claims rang a bit hollow—typical tech hype. But not
anymore. The machine did a very human thing even better
than a human. But in the process it made those humans
better at what they do. Yes, you could see Move 37 as an
early sign of machines asserting their superiority to their
human creators. Or you could see it as a seed: Without
Move 37, we wouldn’t have Move 78.

06.Jul.2018
https://openai.com
https://blog.openai.com /learning-to-com m unicate/
https://techcrunch.com /2016/10/23/advancem ents-in-artificial-intelligence-should-be-kept-in-the-public-eye/

06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .technologyreview .com /s/610321/the-black-m irror-scenarios-that-are-leading-som e-experts-to-call-for-m ore-secrecy-on-ai/

06.Jul.2018
How is consciousness to be defined in a world of
machines that reduce human experience to
mathematical data, interpreted by their own
memories? Who is responsible for the actions of AI?
How should liability be determined for their mistakes?
Can a legal system designed by humans keep pace with
activities produced by an AI capable of outthinking and
potentially outmaneuvering them?
The Enlightenment started with essentially philosophical
insights spread by a new technology. Our period is moving
in the opposite direction. It has generated a potentially
dominating technology in search of a guiding philosophy.
https://w w w .theatlantic.com /m agazine/archive/2018/06/henry-kissinger-ai-could-m ean-the-end-of-hum an-history/559124/

06.Jul.2018
…if such a car were obliged by circumstance to
choose between killing a grandparent and killing
a child? Whom would it choose? Why? Which
factors among its options would it attempt to
optimize? And could it explain its rationale?
Challenged, its truthful answer would likely be,
were it able to communicate: “I don’t know
(because I am following mathematical, not
human, principles),” or “You would not
understand (because I have been trained to act
in a certain way but not to explain it).”
Yet driverless cars are likely to be prevalent on
roads within a decade.
https://w w w .theatlantic.com /m agazine/archive/2018/06/henry-kissinger-ai-could-m ean-the-end-of-hum an-history/559124/

06.Jul.2018
•
•
https://w w w .zdnet.com /article/video-reveals-the-m om ent-googles-self-driving-car-slam s-into-a-bus/
https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?v=Hp0vQ Bw m aX0
https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?v=--xITO qlBC M
https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?v=qnZHRupjl5E
https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?v=C uo8eq9C 3Ec
https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?v=-2m l6sjk_8c
https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?v=_C dJ4oae8f4

06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .nature.com /articles/s41562-017-0202-6.epdf?author_access_token=hIPFve-
_FyW qH9Bm LO Q 97tRgN0jAjW el9jnR3ZoTv0NibPp4APIO RzsUgk2YG w Lw fFVnSvzZZly4zKdm iC NG N3vzRO u9Rdq-3gC 1yw xN6pAQ xHsW zVpJZSkFC 1gzqpZTTi-
uyD 8x3w zA0eguxlo6JA% 3D % 3D

06.Jul.2018
http://science.sciencem ag.org/content/352/6293/1573
Bonnefon, J., Shariff, A., & Rahwan, I. (2015). The social dilemma of autonomous
vehicles. doi:10.1126/science.aaf2654

06.Jul.2018
http://m oralm achine.m it.edu
R. Noothigattu, S. Gaikwad, E.
Awad, S. Dsouza, I. Rahwan, P.
Ravikumar, A. D. Procaccia
(2017). A Voting-Based System
for Ethical Decision
Making. (arXiv).
A. Shariff, J. F. Bonnefon, I.
Rahwan (2017). Psychological
roadblocks to the adoption of
self-driving vehicles. Nature
Human Behaviour.
J. F. Bonnefon, A. Shariff, I.
Rahwan (2016). The Social
Dilemma of Autonomous
Vehicles. Science. 352(6293)

06.Jul.2018
Human drivers don't
make these decisions
"Humans in a moment of
panic are rarely equipped
to make moralistic
decisions to choose
between killing one or
two people," said Michael
Ramsey, autonomous
vehicle analyst at
Gartner. "They simply try
to avoid killing anyone or
anything. The most likely
scenario is that the car
will be programmed to
avoid a collision, without
regard to 'whom to save.'"
https://w w w .techrepublic.com /article/m its-m oral-m achine-crow dsources-decisions-about-autonom ous-driving-but-experts-call-it-m isguided/

06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .techrepublic.com /article/m its-m oral-m achine-crow dsources-decisions-about-autonom ous-driving-but-experts-call-it-m isguided/
http://fortune.com /2016/10/15/m ercedes-self-driving-car-ethics/
https://w w w .facebook.com /NO VApbs/videos/10155471803807196/
In Germany for example – where an executive at
luxury car maker Mercedes-Benz kicked off a
local scandal after saying that Mercedes vehicles
should save their own passengers as a priority –
the results were often more decisive than in the
rest of Europe, as the issue has obviously been in
the national conversation.

06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .forbes.com /sites/oliversm ith/2018/03/21/the-results-of-the-biggest-global-study-on-driverless-car-ethics-are-in/# 3269d8684a9f

06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .forbes.com /sites/oliversm ith/2018/03/21/the-results-of-the-biggest-global-study-on-driverless-car-ethics-are-in/# 3269d8684a9f
To further highlight the difficulties
in identifying our common ethical
values, Moral Machine’s results also
varied by country and at a local
level.
“What this really highlights is there are different
considerations that we have to take, there are different
values that come into conflict and this really challenges
our own ethics and it challenges us to figure these things
out together – because we don’t all agree.”
If we are to build machines that reflect our own values,
then we need to understand those values more, and we
need to quantify them and negotiate to agree which the
important ones are.

06.Jul.2018
Philippa Foot, The Problem of
Abortion and the Doctrine of the
Double Effect in Virtues and
Vices (Oxford: Basil Blackwell,
1978) (originally appeared in
the Oxford Review, Number 5,
1967.)

06.Jul.2018
Most (re-titled The Bridge in some countries) is a
2003 Czech film directed by Bobby Garabedian and
written and produced by Garabedian and American
actor William Zabka. The music score was created
by John Debney (The Passion of the Christ).
https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?v=AZJAbyS8xM w
https://w w w .im db.com /title/tt0345672/

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https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?v=AZJAbyS8xM w
https://w w w .im db.com /title/tt0345672/

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https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?v=bJD 44C aYujU
https://m arketplace.xbox.com /en-US/Product/Fable-III/66acd000-77fe-1000-9115-d8024d5308d6
In the 2010 video game Fable 3, one of the earliest
moral choices players make involves having to
choose to execute either their childhood sweetheart
or a crowd of protesters. If a decision is not made
within a certain period of time, the king announces
that the player has five seconds to make up their
mind, "or they all die."

06.Jul.2018
http://nym ag.com /selectall/2016/08/trolley-problem -m em e-tum blr-philosophy.htm l

06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?tim e_continue=34& v=KUsG D VO C LVQ

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Tay is "as much a social and cultural experiment, as it is technical.” – Microsoft Corp.
https://w w w .techrepublic.com /article/w hy-m icrosofts-tay-ai-bot-w ent-w rong/

06.Jul.2018
http://w w w .ibtim es.com /ibm s-w atson-gets-sw ear-filter-after-learning-urban-dictionary-1007734
Watson may have learned the Urban Dictionary, but it
never learned the all-important axiom, "There's a time
and a place for everything." Watson simply couldn't
distinguish polite discourse from profanity.
https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?v=D hhbyc5M Rg0
https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?v=V5tKC dp0M 7c

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https://w w w .nytim es.com /2015/06/04/technology/personaltech/upload-the-pictures-and-let-google-photos-do-the-rest.htm l
That action includes temporarily removing nearly
everything having to do with gorillas, including the ability
to search for gorillas and the entire gorillas label.

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•
•
•

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http://norm an-ai.m it.edu

06.Jul.2018
http://norm an-ai.m it.edu
Rorschach test
So when people talk about AI
algorithms being biased and unfair, the
culprit is often not the algorithm itself,
but the biased data that was fed to it.

06.Jul.2018
So what does a robopsychiatrist really mean? For Pransky,
it's a mix of (limited) coaching for bots (in the case of Val)
as well as consulting with their makers to help improve
interactions and build relationships between humans and
robots.
https://w w w .techrepublic.com /article/is-the-w orld-ready-for-a-robot-psychiatrist-a-conversation-w ith-joanne-pransky/
"My main concern is that humans will begin lacking social
skills. The upcoming generation is not going to have the
basis for these skills. They will need to understand how to
be social, the qualities of being social, the benefits of being
with people."
Pransky also worries about how "communicating
indirectly all day via robot-related technologies such as
augmented reality, virtual reality, three-dimensional
avatars," will affect us. "How will we be able to tell the
difference between reality and non-reality? I think that
our society should be giving more emphasis in education
on human social and emotional intelligence."

67
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LFrUn3XSIOw

68
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPMggzUlcDc

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https://techcrunch.com /2016/10/23/advancem ents-in-artificial-intelligence-should-be-kept-in-the-public-eye/

06.Jul.2018
OK Google, activate gun!
https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?v=B0a4geC dtZU
https://w w w .engadget.com /2018/05/30/google-assistant-fired-a-gun-w e-need-to-talk/

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https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?v=G zdY3gw E0W Q

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https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?v=Q 4BUm Q PC 1M I

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https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?v=TlO 2gcs1YvM
http://stratoenergetics.com

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https://futureoflife.org/ai-open-letter/?cn-reloaded=1
https://futureoflife.org/open-letter-autonom ous-w eapons/

06.Jul.2018
THE CONFIDENTE CORNER - “THE
FUTURE MIGHT BE OUR GREATEST
DREAM”
THE ANXIOUS AVENUE - “THE
FUTURE MIGHT BE OUR WORST
NIGHTMARE”
https://w w w .technologyreview .com /s/534871/our-fear-of-artificial-intelligence/

06.Jul.2018
Yampolskiy, R. V. (2016). Taxonomy of Pathways to Dangerous AI. Proceedings of 2nd
International Workshop on AI, Ethics and Society (AIEthicsSociety2016), 143–148.
Retrieved from http://arxiv.org/abs/1511.03246

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https://techspective.net/2017/01/06/vigilant-dont-fear-am azons-alexa/

06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .w ired.com /2017/02/sm art-tv-spying-vizio-settlem ent/
https://w w w .cnet.com /new s/sam sungs-w arning-our-sm art-tvs-record-your-living-room -chatter/

06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .bloom berg.com /new s/articles/2018-03-28/facebook-is-said-to-delay-hom e-speaker-unveil-am id-data-crisis

06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .w sj.com /articles/techs-dirty-secret-the-app-developers-sifting-through-your-gm ail-1530544442?m od=searchresults& am p;page=1& am p;pos=2
http://w w w .4-traders.com /ALPHABET-24203373/new s/Tech-s-D irty-Secret-The-App-D evelopers-Sifting-Through-Your-G m ail-26864158/

06.Jul.2018
http://w w w .iflscience.com /technology/people-are-dow nloading-their-facebook-data-and-are-horrified-by-w hat-theyre-finding/
http://w w w .iflscience.com /technology/heres-how -to-find-out-everything-facebook-know s-about-you/

06.Jul.2018
http://w w w .freepatentsonline.com /20180167677.pdf
https://w w w .theguardian.com /technology/2018/jun/28/facebook-patent-phone-m ic-listening-tv-show s
https://w w w .nytim es.com /interactive/2018/06/21/opinion/sunday/facebook-patents-
privacy.htm l?m trref=undefined& gw h=EF65C 99BED 59E1B1C EE05C 0A71756C A4& gw t=pay& assetType=opinion

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http://w w w .w orldbulletin.net/new s-analysis/203490/w hat-7-creepy-patents-reveal-about-facebook

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http://theconversation.com /cam bridge-analytica-scandal-legitim ate-researchers-using-facebook-data-could-be-collateral-dam age-93600

06.Jul.2018
https://today.law .harvard.edu/feature/m orality-in-the-m achines/
In 2014, Zittrain wrote an article for The New Republic
headlined “Facebook Could Decide an Election Without
Anyone Ever Finding Out.” He argued that Facebook
could alter its news-feed algorithm to depress turnout for
candidates the company opposed. It was one of the first
warnings that changes on Facebook’s platform could
impact an election.

06.Jul.2018
https://m edium .com /@ C Kava/w hy-alm ost-everything-reported-about-the-cam bridge-analytica-facebook-hacking-controversy-is-db7f8af2d042

06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .w ired.com /2017/05/eli-pariser-predicted-the-future-now -he-cant-escape-it/
https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?v=B8ofW Fx525s
…coined to describe the most
pernicious effects of social
media — the way its
algorithms feed each of us
information that supports
views we already have, and
creates the conditions for us
to be more susceptible to
falsehoods.

06.Jul.2018
97
Tommi Jaakkola, a professor at MIT
who works on applications of machine
learning warns: "If you had a very small
neural network [deep learning
algorithm], you might be able to
understand it."
"But once it becomes very large, and it
has thousands of units per layer and
maybe hundreds of layers, then it
becomes quite un-understandable."
That means a driverless car, like
Nvidia's, could soar headfirst into a tree
and we would have no idea why it
decided to do so.
Joel Dudley, who led the project at New York's Mount
Sinai Hospital, said the machine was inexplicably good at
recognising schizophrenia - but no-one knew why.
“We can build these models, but we don’t know how they
work,” he said.
https://w w w .thesun.co.uk/tech/3306890/hum anity-is-already-losing-control-of-artificial-intelligence-and-it-could-spell-disaster-for-our-species/

•
• BLACK BOX
• BIASES
06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .ted.com /talks/zeynep_tufekci_m achine_intelligence_m akes_hum an_m orals_m ore_im portant#t-23565

06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .technologyreview .com /s/603795/the-us-m ilitary-w ants-its-autonom ous-m achines-to-explain-them selves/

06.Jul.2018
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1607.06520.pdf
https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?tim e_continue=143& v=59bM h59JQ D o
"Algorithms don't have the power of the human mind in
distinguishing right from wrong," adds Tolga Bolukbasi, a
final-year PhD student at BU. Humans can judge the morality
of our actions, even when we decide to act against ethical
norms. But for algorithms, data is the ultimate determining
factor.
"A lot of people are saying [algorithmic bias] is showing
that AI is prejudiced. No. This is showing we're prejudiced
and that AI is learning it."
https://w w w .pcm ag.com /article/361661/artificial-intelligence-has-a-bias-problem -and-its-our-fau

•
•
•
06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .ted.com /talks/zeynep_tufekci_w e_re_building_a_dystopia_just_to_m ake_people_click_on_ads

06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .m icrosoft.com /en-us/research/group/fate/
https://w w w .technologyreview .com /s/542986/google-tries-to-m ake-m achine-learning-a-little-m ore-hum an/

06.Jul.2018

06.Jul.2018
https://gizm odo.com /google-rem oves-nearly-all-m entions-of-dont-be-evil-from -1826153393

06.Jul.2018
Machines are not intrinsically evil…
They are amoral
They are obsessed with fulfilling its original
programmed goal…
Nick Bostrom believes that intelligence-level
and final goals are orthogonal, meaning any
level of intelligence can be combined with
any final goal.
Any assumption that once superintelligent, a
system would be over it with their original goal
and onto more interesting or meaningful
things is anthropomorphizing.
Humans get “over” things, not computers.

06.Jul.2018
Machines are not intrinsically evil…
They are amoral
They are obsessed with fulfilling its original
programmed goal…
• A rational agent will pursue its goal through the most
efficient means, unless it has an objective reason not
to.
• if it doesn’t have a reason not to hurt something in
the name of achieving an instrumental goal, it will.
ASI Goal: “Assure happiness for all Humanity”

06.Jul.2018
http://fortune.com /2017/02/18/bill-gates-robot-taxes-autom ation/
https://w w w .w ired.com /2017/04/bill-gates-w rong-solution-ai-taking-jobs-training-not-taxes/

06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .technologyreview .com /s/610298/tech-com panies-should-stop-pretending-ai-w ont-destroy-jobs/

06.Jul.2018
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

06.Jul.2018

06.Jul.2018
https://io9.gizm odo.com /hum ans-w ith-am plified-intelligence-could-be-m ore-pow erf-509309984

06.Jul.2018
https://m ashable.com /2017/04/19/facebook-brain-interface/?europe=true

06.Jul.2018

06.Jul.2018
https://m otherboard.vice.com /en_us/article/jpgkxp/after-20-m inutes-of-listening-new -adobe-tool-can-m ake-you-say-anything

06.Jul.2018
https://m otherboard.vice.com /en_us/article/xw vz9a/w atch-an-algorithm -turn-w inter-into-sum m er-in-any-video-im age-to-im age-translation
https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?v=ohm ajJTcpNk

06.Jul.2018
https://m otherboard.vice.com /en_us/article/gydydm /gal-gadot-fake-ai-porn
https://w w w .dailydot.com /unclick/deepfakes-ai-celebrity-porn/
https://qz.com /1199850/google-gave-the-w orld-pow erful-open-source-ai-tools-and-the-w orld-m ade-porn-w ith-them /

06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .nytim es.com /2018/02/12/business/com puter-science-ethics-courses.htm l
Noothigattu, R., Gaikwad, S. N. S., Awad, E.,
Dsouza, S., Rahwan, I., Ravikumar, P., & Procaccia,
A. D. (2017). A voting-based system for ethical
decision making. arXiv preprint arXiv:1709.06692.

06.Jul.2018
•
•
• INDIVIDUAL FREEDOMS
• PROFILING STEREOTYPING ETHNICITY, LIFESTYLE, OR
RESIDENCE.
• ALGORITHMIC BIAS
• CERTIFICATION FOR ALGORITHM CREATORS
• CODE OF CONDUCTS – DEONTOLOGY
• ETHICAL REVIEW BOARDS
•
• DPO à AIPO?
• TRANSPARENCY

06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .engadget.com /2016/08/16/the-next-w ave-of-ai-is-rooted-in-hum an-culture-and-history/?guccounter=1

06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .engadget.com /2016/08/16/the-next-w ave-of-ai-is-rooted-in-hum an-culture-and-history/?guccounter=1
In order to build the next generation of technology,
you need to have as many points of view in the room as
you can. For me, that is absolutely a call to say it'll be good
to have more women; in some places, it'll be good to have
any women. Not just more women, but also people who
come from different economic and cultural backgrounds.
People from different interdisciplinary backgrounds are
hugely important for the next wave of technology. You
need to have people who are historians and
philosophers and even poets. There has to be this
capacity to think differently about data, time, history and
logic. It requires as many different ways of thinking as you
can possibly tolerate.

06.Jul.2018
• SENTIENCE VS INTELLIGENCE
•
•
https://w w w .huffingtonpost.com /quora/the-cultural-significance_b_13631574.htm l?guccounter=1
One reason is that if we believe it is possible that a machine one
day could actually be sentient, then we would have a moral
obligation to treat it as such. But it how can we distinguish a truly
sentient machine from a seemingly sentient one?
A more immediate concern (and relevant to our well-being, not
the machine’s) is that sentient-seeming machines have the
potential to be quite manipulative. We come to care about their
(apparent) opinion of us, and they can be programmed to have
subtle expressions.
And finally - and this was at the heart of Weizenbaum’s appalled
reaction - what does it mean to not care about the sentience of
one’s therapist or companion, to care only how it responds to you,
not why? Part of our relationship with other humans is caring
how they perceive us, whether they like us, respect us, are
laughing with us or at us — we care not just what they say but
how they feel. When we equate a relationship with an intelligent-
seeming but not sentient machine with one with an actually
sentient being, we have made an enormous (and I would argue
erroneous) leap into a world in which only appearance and
behavior matter.

06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .m erriam -w ebster.com /dictionary/culture Peter, K. (2016). What is Culture? Kant and Simmel. Con-Textos
Kantianos: International Journal Of Philosophy, Vol 1, Iss 4, Pp 158-
166 (2016), (4), 158. doi:10.5281/zenodo.163997

06.Jul.2018

• ARTIFICIAL BY NATURE?
• SET OF IDEAS AND PRACTICES
SHARE COMMON GOALS,
BEHAVIORS AND IDEAS?
• THE INDIVIDUAL LEARNS THE CONCLUSIONS OF OTHERS
•
EFFICIENCY IN DECISION MAKING!
• DOES CULTURE FORCE US TO IGNORANCE??
• IS LACK OF CULTURE A CULTURE ITSELF??
• CAN AI AND ROBOTS DEVELOP THEIR OWN CULTURE??
06.Jul.2018
Consider for a moment the amount
of time that would be wasted each
day if a person had to determine a
new eating schedule and frequency
based on the independent
characteristics of that particular day.
Also, what if one woke up each
morning and re-determined whether
or not it was useful to wear trousers
to work? Finally, entertain the
possibility of constantly
reconsidering and taking up new
personal ideologies about economics,
politics, welfare, or education.
Magnuson, B., & Gleitzman, B. (2008).
The Culture of Artificial Intelligence.

06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .youtube.com /w atch?v=W kT0BtfO B-M

06.Jul.2018
“… it would be useful not to provide
any such means of short-circuiting
rational thought in a theoretical
intelligent robot to ensure that the
robot will never be forcefully ignorant.
Such a design would create a mind
that follows no cultural norms and
thus has no culture. ”
Marvin Minsky
http://w eb.m edia.m it.edu/~m insky/
… when technology spreads from one culture to another
its effects are varied but largely homogenizing. In many
cases, the specific use of a technology can cause the
displacement of a large variety of previous solutions that
existed across cultures.
… a robot with an artificial intelligence will be
continuously exposed to existing and new technologies
that could change their own culture.
However, since many contradictions exist between
cultures, the robot would be challenged to decide which
values or goals to adopt.
Magnuson, B., & Gleitzman, B.
(2008). The Culture of Artificial
Intelligence.

06.Jul.2018
• VALUE TRANSMISSION
•
•
•
… we may wish our robotic culture to embody the idea of negative
feedback. Between generations, the most highly ranked cultural values
can differ substantially, but in transmitting values from one robot to
another – if that is the course ultimately chosen for value transmission
between robots – we may want to encourage lower ranked values to
remain unfavored. In this way, the process by which one might avoid
the mistakes or value choices that were found to be negative for one’s
parents can be transferred to a robotic intelligence.
… we can suggest that our robotic intelligence may wish to draw a
distinction between generations and ages. Might we want younger
robots to “rebel” against their older counterparts, placing hedonism and
self-direction as higher values? Or, should we create a robotic culture
that avoids this value change, and instead transmits the “adult” values
directly from one individual to another?

06.Jul.2018
• NO CULTURE?
• INFEASIBLE
• AN INTELLIGENCE THAT IS ALWAYS
QUESTIONING, WE CRIPPLE OUR ABILITY TO LEARN
FROM OTHERS

06.Jul.2018
• ASIMOV’S THREE LAWS?
• NEGLECTS VALUE TRANSMISSION, CHANGE, DEVELOPMENT, AND OTHER
COMPONENTS THAT WE HAVE DEMONSTRATED TO BE REQUIRED FOR THE FUNCTIONING OF HUMAN
CULTURE.
Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø
Asimov, Isaac (1950). "Runaround". I, Robot (hardcover) (The Isaac Asimov Collection ed.). NewYork City: Doubleday. p. 40. ISBN0-385-
42304-7. This is an exact transcription of the laws. They also appear in the front of the book, and in both places there is no "to" in the 2nd law.

06.Jul.2018
• ROBOT LEARNING?
• RECOMMEND THE CREATION OF ROBOT CULTURE THAT
EMPLOYS HUMAN CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSMISSION AS
A BACKBONE, YET LEVERAGES THE ADVANTAGES OF A ROBOTIC
INTELLIGENCE.
• TRANSMISSION OF VALUES BETWEEN “GENERATIONS”
OF ROBOTS
• ROBOT CULTURE SHOULD BE DYNAMIC
• ABILITY TO SWITCH VALUES AND IDEALS

06.Jul.2018
• AI VALUES, CONSCIOUSNESS AND MORALITY?
• WOULD WE BE ABLE TO PROGRAM IT INTO AI?
• NEVER BE ABLE TO AGREE ON A SINGLE SET OF
MORALS…
• FIXED SET OF MORALS WOULD LOCK HUMANITY
• HARD PROBLEM… CAN CULTURE HELP?

Artificial
Intelligence
Artificial
Life?
Artificial
Culture?
06.Jul.2018

06.Jul.2018
https://w w w .scientificam erican.com /article/are-w e-living-in-a-com puter-sim ulation/
https://futurism .com /are-w e-living-in-a-com puter-sim ulation-elon-m usk-thinks-so/
https://w w w .new yorker.com /books/joshua-rothm an/w hat-are-the-odds-w e-are-living-in-a-com puter-sim ulation
Glitch in the Matrix

06.Jul.2018
lmartins@reitoria.ucp.pt

ANDROIDS, REPLICANTS AND BLADE RUNNERS - ARE WE ALL DEEP DREAMING OF ELECTRIC SHEEP?

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