4. Lecture 2 MBB1
The Fundamentals!
!
1. Chemistry of Life!
2. The cellular and the acellular world!
3. Functional Anatomy of Cells: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes!
4. Metabolism!
!
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
5. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
• CHEMISTRY!
• the science that deals with the interaction
between atoms and molecules
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6. LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION
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7. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
• THE ATOMS!
• the smallest unit of chemical elements
that are involved in chemical reactions
• consist of nucleus (protons and
neutrons) and electrons moving around
the nucleus
• Atomic Number = number of protons
• Atomic Weight = number of protons
and neutrons
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8. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
• THE ELEMENTS OF LIFE
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
9. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
• THE ATOMS: Electronic Configurations!
• in an atom, electrons are arranged around the
nucleus in electron shells
• each shell can hold a characteristic maximum
number of electrons
• THUS: chemical properties of an atom is due
largely to the number of electrons in its
outermost shell
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
11. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
• THE ATOMS: Electronic Configurations
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The combining capacity of an atom (VALENCE) is the number of EXTRA
or MISSING electrons in the outermost shell.
Example: C = 4 (4); N = 5 (3); O = 6 (2); H = 1(1)
12. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
• ATOMS TO MOLECULES: CHEMICAL BONDS!
• Compounds are molecules made up of two or
more atoms
• NOTE: compounds are formed to fill the
outermost shell (unfilled spaces)
• Chemical Bonds are attractive forces that bind
atomic nuclei of two atoms together
• e.g. Ionic, Covalent, H-bonds
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13. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
• IONIC BONDS!
• chemical attraction between ions of opposite charge
• electron donor and electron acceptor
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14. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
• COVALENT BONDS!
• atoms share pair of
electrons
• stronger than ionic
bonds and more
common in organisms
• determine POLARITY
• polar -unequal
sharing
• non-polar - equal
sharing
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
15. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
• HYDROGEN BONDS!
• exists when a hydrogen atom COVALENTLY bonded with
oxygen or nitrogen atoms are ATTRACTED to another oxygen
or nitrogen atom
• form WEAK links between molecules
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
16. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
The H-bonds of
LIFE
17. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
• MOLECULAR WEIGHT and the MOLES!
• sum of atomic weights of all atoms in a molecule
• Application in the lab: MW = g/L or g/mole
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
Example: Tris base used to make Tris-HCL buffer
!
If MW = 121.14 g/mole…
you need 121.14 g per Liter of buffer to be
prepared (1M)
18. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
• CHEMICAL REACTIONS!
• Synthesis - combines to form a larger molecule
• A + B AB!
• Decomposition - large molecule broken down into smaller
components
• AB A + B
• Exchange - two molecules are decomposed and their
subunits are used to synthesize two new molecules
• AB + CD AC + BD
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19. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
• REVERSIBLE CHEMICAL REACTION
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20. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
• IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES:
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS!
• Inorganic compounds are small ionically-
bonded molecules
• Water
• Acids, Bases and Salts
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
21. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
• WATER!
• most abundant
substance in cells
• polar THUS an
excellent solvent and
a temperature buffer
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22. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
• ACID, BASES & SALTS!
• ACID dissociates into H+ and anions
• HCl = H+ and Cl -
• BASE dissociates into OH - and cations
• NaOH = Na+ and OH -
• SALT dissociates into negative and positive ions
• NaCl = Na+ and Cl -
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23. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
• pH is the
concentration of H+ in
a solution
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24. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
• IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES: ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS!
• organic compounds always contain C and H
• mostly covalently bonded
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25. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
• IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES: ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
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26. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
• CARBOHYDRATES
(CHOs)!
• contains C, H, O
• examples: sugars and
starches
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27. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
• Monosaccharide, Disaccharide and Polysaccharide
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28. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
• LIPIDS!
• insoluble in water
• simple lipid (fat) = glycerol + 3 FA
• unsaturated FA - one or more double bonds
• saturated FA - no double bonds between
carbon atoms (have higher melting points)
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
29. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
• saturated versus unsaturated FA
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30. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
• PROTEINS!
• amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
(C, H, O, N, sometimes S)
• peptide bonds link amino acids to form proteins
• primary (sequence), secondary (helices or
pleats), tertiary (overall 3D structure) and
quaternary (2 or more polypeptide chains)
structures
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
32. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
• NUCLEIC ACIDS!
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA
(ribonucleic acid)
• NUCLEOTIDE = pentose + phosphate group +
nitrogen-containing base
• NUCLEOSIDE = pentose + nitrogen-containing
base
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33. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
• DNA versus RNA
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34. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
• NUCLEOTIDE versus NUCLEOSIDE
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35. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
• ATP!
• stores chemical energy for various cellular
activities
• hydrolysis of ATP will release energy
• energy from oxidation reaction will form ATP from
ADP and Pi
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
