The document discusses research on second language writing and contrasts oral and written discourse. It notes that writing allows for higher retention but lacks immediacy and non-verbal cues. It also outlines characteristics of the writing process such as drafting, revising, and getting feedback. Different types of classroom writing are described as well as principles for designing writing techniques.

1. UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL EXPERIMENTAL “ FRANCISCO DE MIRANDA” PROGRAMA DE EDUCACIÓN ÁREA DE EDUCACIÓN Written Composition Process

2. Calsamiglia and Tusón (1999) MSc. Ada Espinoza Research on Second Language Writing Oral Discourse Written Discourse Writing is a fairly static form of transfer. Speaking is a dynamic transfer of information. Higher level of immediacy , lower level of retention in the spoken word Speaker has more ability to engage the audience psychologically It uses complex forms of non-verbal communication. Paralinguistic resources as rhythm Tone, intensity, speed Word repetition Writing is differed and higher level of retention The writer doesn't have a face To face audience The writer can’t use those forms Absence of shared spatial and temporal context Paralinguistic resources the title, paragraph division, punctuation marks, indentation. A tendency of non repeated words

4. Research on Second Language Writing MSc. Ada Espinoza Characteristics of Written Language Distance Production Time Orthography Vocabulary Complexity

7. WHERE DO ABORIGINES LIVE? Aborigines are country’s earliest inhabitants. The best known Aborigines are those of Australia. Australian Aborigines have dark – brown skin and wavy hair. Their ancestors may have migrated from South-East Asia about 40,000 years ago. Aborigines lived in small wandering bands and made simple shelters at resting places. They used weapons and tools made from wood and stone to hunt and gather food. One of their weapons was the boomerang. This is a throwing weapon made from wood. One type is clearly designed to return to the thrower. Australian Aborigines had their own music, art and religions. At times, they would gather for a corroboree, a festival of music and dancing. There about 300,000 Aborigines in Australia when Europeans first arrived there two hundred years ago. Many Aborigines were persecuted by European settlers, and now only about 110,000 remain MSc. Ada Espinoza Research on Second Language Writing Example…