2. Roman Art: The earliest Roman art is generally associated with the overthrow of the Etruscan kings and the establishment of the Republic in 509 BC. Copycats: While the traditional view of Roman artists is that they often borrowed from, and copied Greek precedents (much of the Greek sculpture known today is in the form of Roman marble copies), more recent analysis has indicated that Roman art is a highly creative pastiche relying heavily on Greek models but also encompassing Etruscan, native Italic, and even Egyptian visual culture. Stylistic eclecticism and practical application are the hallmarks of much Roman art.

5. Republican Roman Art

6. Temple of “Fortuna Virilis” from Rome, Italy ca. 75 B.C.E.

7. Head of a Roman patrician ca. 75-50 B.C.E. marble approximately 1 ft. 2 in. high The surviving portraits of prominent Roman Republican figures appear to be literal reproductions of individual faces. Although their style derives to some degree form Hellenistic and Etruscan, and perhaps even Ptolemaic Egyptian, portraits, Republican portraits are one way the patrician class celebrated its elevated position in society. These patricians did not ask sculptors to make them appear nobler than they were. Instead, they requested brutally realistic images of distinctive features.

8. Portrait of a Roman General Tivoli, Italy ca. 75 - 50 B.C.E. marble 6 ft. 2 in. high It was also the practice in sculpture during the Republican period to place portrait heads on youthful, heroic bodies.

9. Dinarius with Portrait of Julius Caesar 44 B.C.E. silver 3/4 in. dictator perpetuus

11. Amphitheater Pompeii, Italy | ca. 80 B.C.E.

12. First Style wall painting fauces of the Samnite House, Herculaneum, Italy late 2nd century B.C.E. fresco

13. Dionysiac mystery frieze Room 5, Pompeii, Italy | ca. 60-50 B.C.E. | fresco | frieze approximately 64 in. high

15. Cubiculum (bedroom) from the villa of P. Fannius Synistor Boscoreale, Italy ca. 40-30 B.C.E. fresco

16. Gardenscape from the Villa of Livia, Primaporta, Italy ca. 30-20 B.C.E. | fresco | approximately 79 in. high

17. Gardenscape from the Villa of Livia, Primaporta, Italy ca. 30-20 B.C.E. fresco approximately 79 in. high

18. still life with peaches Detail of 4th style wall painting Herculaneum, Italy ca. 62-79 C.E. fresco 1 ft. 2 in. x 1 ft. 1 1/2 in.

19. Imperial Roman Art

20. Portrait of Augustus as general from Primaporta, Italy ca. 20 B.C.E. marble 80 in. high

21. Head of Caesar Augustus ca. 100 C.E. marble with traces of polychrome

22. Ara Pacis Augustae Rome, Italy ca. 13-9 B.C.E. | marble | 63 in. high

24. Ara Pacis Augustae Rome, Italy ca. 13-9 B.C.E. marble 63 in. high

27. Maison Carée Nimes, France | ca. 1-10 C.E.

28. Maison Carée Nimes, France | ca. 1-10 C.E.

29. Pont-du-Gard Nimes, France ca. 16 B.C.E.

30. Pont-du-Gard Nimes, France ca. 16 B.C.E.

32. Colosseum Rome, Italy | ca. 70-80 C.E.

33. Colosseum Rome, Italy | ca. 70-80 C.E.

34. Colosseum Rome, Italy | ca. 70-80 C.E.

35. Arch of Titus Rome, Italy 81 C.E.

36. Arch of Titus Rome, Italy 81 C.E.

37. Portrait bust of a Flavian woman from Rome, Italy ca. 90 C.E. marble 25 in. high

38. Portrait of Carcalla ca. 211-217 C.E. marble 14 in. high

39. Pantheon | Rome, Italy | ca. 118-125 C.E.

41. Pantheon | Rome, Italy | ca. 118-125 C.E.

44. Al-Khazneh Petra, Jordan 2nd century C.E. http://www.tuesdaynightclub.co.uk/Tour_09/Nautica/09Nautica_12.html

45. Al-Khazneh Petra, Jordan 2nd century C.E. http://www.tuesdaynightclub.co.uk/Tour_09/Nautica/09Nautica_12.html

46. Al-Khazneh Petra, Jordan 2nd century C.E. http://www.tuesdaynightclub.co.uk/Tour_09/Nautica/09Nautica_12.html

47. Al-Khazneh Petra, Jordan 2nd century C.E. http://www.tuesdaynightclub.co.uk/Tour_09/Nautica/09Nautica_12.html

48. Al-Khazneh Petra, Jordan 2nd century C.E. http://www.tuesdaynightclub.co.uk/Tour_09/Nautica/09Nautica_12.html Al-Khazneh Petra, Jordan 2nd century C.E.

49. Al-Khazneh Petra, Jordan 2nd century C.E. http://img.geocaching.com/cache/a1211248-7d21-424a-8e9f-bb0e1aae90d2.jpg

50. Model of an Insula Ostia, Italy | 2nd century C.E.

51. Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius from Rome, Italy ca. 175 C.E. bronze | 11 ft. 6 in. high

52. Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius from Rome, Italy ca. 175 C.E. bronze | 11 ft. 6 in. high

54. Mummy portrait from Faiyum, Egypt ca. 160-170 C.E. encaustic on wood

55. Portrait Bust of Trajan Decius Capitolino, Rome 249-251 C.E. marble 2 ft. 7 in. high

56. Asiatic Sarcophagus with kline portrait of a woman 165-170 C.E. | marble | 5 ft. 7 in. high

57. Sarcophagus of a Philosopher 270-280 C.E. | marble | 4 ft. 11 in. high

59. Portraits of the four tetrarchs St. Mark’s, Venice ca. 305 C.E. | porphyry | 51 in. high

60. Portraits of the four tetrarchs St. Mark’s, Venice ca. 305 C.E. | porphyry | 51 in. high

62. Arch of Constantine Rome, Italy | ca. 312-315 C.E.

63. Arch of Constantine Rome, Italy ca. 312-315 C.E.

64. Remnants from the Colossal Statue of Constantine from the Basilica Nova, Rome, Italy ca. 315-330 C.E. marble head approximately 8 ft. 6 in. high The great head is carved in a typical, abstract, Constantinian of late Roman portrait statues, whereas the other body parts are naturalistic, even down to callused toes and bulging forearm veins.

66. Basilica Nova Rome, Italy | 306-312 C.E.

70. Aula Palatina (Basilica) Trier, Germany | early 4th century C.E.

71. Aula Palatina (Basilica) Trier, Germany early 4th century C.E.

72. Palace of Diocletian Split, Croatia ca. 300 - 305 C.E.

73. Arch of Constantine Rome, Italy | ca. 312-315 C.E.