For nursing students

1. Presented by:
Ms. Elizabeth M.Sc (N)
Asst. Professor,
Dept of MSN
NNC, GNSU.

2. Connective tissue is a broad term that includes bone, cartilage, fat,
vascular, or hematopoietic tissues

3. SARCOMA
The word sarcoma is derived from the Greek sarkōma MEANS "fleshy"
A sarcoma is a malignant tumor, a type of cancer that arises from
connective tissue. Bone and soft tissues can be found nearly
everywhere in the body, a sarcoma can start in any part of the body.
• 60% begin in an arm or leg
• 30% start in the torso or abdomen
• 10% occur in the head or neck
Both children and adults can develop a sarcoma.

4. Epidemiology
• It is rare, accounting for about 1% of all adult cancers.
• sarcomas represent about 15% of all childhood cancers.

5. TYPES
Sarcomas are typically divided into two major groups:
1. bone sarcomas
2. soft-tissue sarcomas

6. Bone sarcoma includes
• Osteosarcoma
• Chondrosarcoma
• Ewing sarcoma
• Hemangioendothelioma
• Angiosarcoma
• Fibrosarcoma/myofibrosarcoma
• Chordoma

7. Soft tissue sarcoma includes..
Soft-tissue sarcomas (STS) are a group of cancers that begin in the
connective tissues that support and connect the body, including:
Blood vessels, adipose cells, Lining of joints, Lymph vessels, Muscle,
Nerves, Tendons

8. Name of Sarcoma Related Normal Tissue Type
Angiosarcoma Blood or lymph vessels
Ewing tumors tumor of stem cells
Fibrosarcoma Fibroblasts (connective tissue)
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) Specialized neuromuscular cells of the
digestive tract
Liposarcoma Fat tissue
Leiomyosarcoma Smooth muscle
Kaposi sarcoma Blood vessels
Myxofibrosarcoma Connective tissue
Rhabdomyosarcoma Skeletal muscle
Neurofibrosarcoma nerve endings

9. Causes
• Unknown
• Exposure to ionizing radiation
• Alkylating agents chemotherapeutic medicines
• Inherited genetic syndromes
• Paget's disease of bone
• Exposure to vinyl chloride, Arsenic
• Kaposi's sarcoma
• lymphedema

10. Clinical feature
• bone pain, especially at night, and swelling around the site of the tumor.
• Firm, painless lumps or nodules.
• any lumps that are larger than 2 inches (5 centimeters), grow larger, or are painful,
regardless of their location. People with a sarcoma that starts in the abdomen
may not have any symptoms, or they may have pain or a sense of fullness.
• Pain

11. Classification
• Localized - tumor is only in 1 area of the body.
• Locally advanced - the tumor involves or attaches to nearby tissues or organs.
• Metastatic - the sarcoma has spread to parts of the body far away from where
the sarcoma started

12. Staging
• Stage I: The tumor is small and low grade (GX or G1).
• Stage II: The tumor is small and higher grade (G2 or G3).
• Stage III: The tumor is larger and higher grade (G2 or G3). Stage IV:
The cancer has spread to other parts of the body
• Stage IV: The cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

13. Diagnosis
• history and physical examination
• Laboratory studies - ↑ alkaline phosphatase levels, ↑ESR
• Biopsy
• X-ray - to look at lumps under the skin or other organs in the body.
• MRI studies and radioisotope bone scans - to determine whether a sarcoma can be
removed with surgery.
• Computed tomography (CT) imaging - to measure the tumor’s size

14. Treatment
• Surgery
• Radiotherapy
• Immunotherapeutic
• Chemotherapy - the cytotoxic agent cyclophosphamide
Doxorubicin, Epirubicin, Ifosfamide, Gemcitabine, Docetaxel,
Trabectedin, Eribulin, Dacarbazine

15. Targeted therapy - It targets the cancer’s specific genes, proteins, or the tissue
environment that contributes to cancer growth and survival, usually by blocking the
action of proteins in cells. This type of treatment blocks the growth and spread of
cancer cells and limits damage to healthy cells.
e.g - Imatinib, Pazopanib, Tazemetostat, Pexidartinib
Immunotherapy also called biologic therapy, is designed to boost the body's
natural defenses to fight the cancer. It uses materials made either by the body or in a
laboratory to improve, target, or restore immune system function

16. Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation can also help a person cope with the social and
emotional effects