1. The geosphere

2. The geosphere layers
• The crust. It ‘s the outer layer, made up of
solid materials. Rocks.

3. The geosphere layers
• The mantle. It is the middle layer. It is
extremely hot, up to 4000 º C. In some parts
there are liquid rocks called magma.

4. The geosphere layers
• The core. It is the inner layer. It is also
extremely hot, with temperatures up to
5000ºC-6000ºC.
• It is divided into two layers:
– Outer core. Materials are
liquid.
– Inner core. Materials
are solid because the high
pressure and density.

5. Changes in the Geosphere
• Changes are produced in the geosphere by
action of different geological agents:
- Inner agents: volcanoes, earthquakes,
tectonic movements
- Outer agents:
wind and water.

6. Volcanoes
• Volcanoes are formed in places where magma
is under the surface.
• When a volcano erupts internal forces push
magma up through a central pipe, the
chimney or
vent.

7. Volcanoes
• Magma is called lava when it reaches the
surface.
• This happens also with smoke, and ash
through a circular opening called crater.

8. Volcanoes
• Layers of lava and ash cool and solidify around
the crater and form a volcanic cone.
• Many islands were formed by underwater
volcanic eruptions.

9. Earthquakes
• Earthquakes are caused by movements of
the Earth’s crust.
• They can destroy
buildings and bridges.
• Earthquakes on
the ocean floor
produce enormous
waves called tsunamis.

10. Weathering
• Weathering is the action of water and wind.
• Erosion is the removal of soil and rocks by
wind and water.

11. Weathering
• Transport is the movement of eroded
material, then these materials are
accumulated in another place. This is
sedimentation
or deposition.

12. Rocks
• Rocks are natural materials which make up the
Earth’s crust.
• Rocks are made up of minerals. Minerals are
pure materials we cannot break down into
other substances.

13. Types of rock
• We can classify rocks into three types
depending on how they are formed:
- Sedimentary rocks are formed from pieces
of other rocks or pieces of living things. Eg.
Coal, gypsum.

14. Types of rock
• Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools
and solidifies. Granite and basalt are igneous
rocks.

15. Types of rock
• Metamorphic rocks are formed when heat or
preassure changes the original rocks. Marble
and slate are metamorphic rocks.

16. Types of rock

17. The landscape
• All the different features of the Earth’s surface
make up the landscape.

18. I. Mountain landscapes
• In mountains landscapes we can find
mountains and valleys.
• Mountains are
raised parts of
the Earth’s surface.
• Valleys are low areas
between mountains.
• Rivers are often found
in valleys.

19. Mountain landscapes
• Several mountains grouped together are
called a mountain range.
• A long line of mountain ranges is called a
mountain chain.

20. Altitude
• Altitude is the height of any point on the
Earth’s surface above the sea level.
• In Spain the altitude refers to the sea level in
Alicante.

21. II. Flat landscapes
• Flat landscapes or plains are large areas of flat
land with no mountains or hills.
• A plateau is a plain at a high altitude.
• La Mancha is a big
plateau situated
at about 600 meters
above the sea level.

22. Flat landscapes
• Depressions are plains which are lower than
the sorrounding land. Most of these
depressions are covered by water.

23. Flat landscapes
• Coastal plains are flat land near the coast (the
seaside).

24. III. Coastal landscapes
• The coast is the place where the land meets
the sea.
• There are two types of coast:
– Low-lying coast. Often with sandy beaches.
– High coast. With
mountains or
high areas by the sea.
Often with rocky cliffs.