This presentation talks about the Water Uses, Water Forms and Distribution, Availability, Fresh Water Shortage, Water Use Problems and Conflicts Increase Water Supply, Floods and Drought It talks about the shortage of water all across the globe. So people should use it effectively without unnecessary wastage.

1. Global Environment Awareness
Water resources : Use and over-Utilization of surface and ground
water,
floods, drought, conflicts and water, dams-benefits and problems.

2. 2

3. Table of Contents
1. Water – The Definition
2. Water Forms and Distribution
3. Types of Water Uses
4. Water Availability
5. Fresh Water Shortage
6. Water Use Problems and Conflicts
7. Increase Water Supply
8. Floods
9. Drought
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4. 1. Water – The Definition
 Water is a marvelous substance which can be
beautiful, powerful and destructive.
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5. 1.1. Water Physical Attributes
Water is found in three states
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Liquid
Solid Gas

6. 1.2. Hydrologic Cycle
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7. 2. Water Forms and Distribution
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About 71% of the earth’s surface is covered
with water.

8. 2. Water Forms and Distribution
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Source: Environmental Science – A Global Concern,
Water Use and Management

9. 2.1. Oceans
 Is the largest area and volume of water.
 Contain more than 97% of the earth’s water.
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10. 2.2. Ice and Snow
 Contain almost 90% of freshwater.
 Is as much as 2km thick.
 Situate mostly in Antarctica (85%), Greenland
(10%), and other snow mountain (5%).
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11. 2.3. Groundwater
 Groundwater is water in the rock and soil layer
beneath Earth’s surface.
 Absorb excess runoff rain and snow on ground.
 Return to lakes, streams, rivers and/or marshes.
 Is readily available for use and drinking.
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12. Tapping Groundwater
 Benefits:
 Year-round use
 No evaporation losses
 Often less expensive
 Potential Problems:
• Water table lowering – too much use
• Depletion –
• Saltwater intrusion – near coastal areas
• Chemical contamination
• Reduced stream flows

13. 2.4. Lakes
 Lakes are created from variety of geological
events
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14. 2.4. Lakes (cont.)
 Freshwater lakes
 Contribute 91,000km3 (about
0.007% of total Earth’s water)
 Provide water for agricultural
irrigation, industrial processes,
municipal uses and residential
water supplies.
 Major freshwater lakes: Caspian
Sea (Central Asia), Baikal Lake
(Russia), Tanganyika Lake
(Eastern Africa), Lake Superior
(U.S), and Malawi Lake (Eastern
Africa)
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15. 2.4. Lakes (cont.)
 Saline lakes
 Possess 85,000km3 (about
0.006% of total Earth’s water)
 Saline lakes’ water cannot be
used due to high salinity.
 Major saline lakes: Caspian Sea
(Central Asia), The Great Salt
Lake (U.S.), The Dead Sea
(between Jordan & Israel), and
Aral Sea (between Kazakhstan
and Uzbekistan).
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The Great Salt Lake
The Dead Sea

16. 2.5. Rivers and Streams
 Rivers and streams are bodies of flowing surface
water driven by gravity.
 Rivers and Streams contain only 2,120km3 (about
0.6% of liquid fresh water surface and around
0.0002% of the Earth’s water.)
16
Source: Environmental
Science – A Global
Concern, Water Use
and Management

17. 2.6. Wetlands and Soil Moisture
 Wetland are areas of land where water covers the
surface for at least part of the year.
 They are not as important as lakes and rivers for
water storage.
 However, they play vital roles in:
 Erosion protection
 Flood reduction
 Groundwater replenishment
 Trapping nutrient and sediment
 Water purification
 Providing fish and wildlife habitat
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18. 5.7. Atmosphere
 Atmosphere contains about 0.001% of total Earth’s
water.
 It is around 4% of air volume in the atmosphere.
 Movement of water through atmosphere provide
mechanism for distributing freshwater to
terrestrial reservoir (in form of rain, snow, hail…).
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19. 3. Water Uses
 Off-Stream Uses
 Agriculture
 Thermoelectric
 Industrial
 Mining
 Domestic
 Commercial
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 In-Stream Uses
 Hydropower
 Navigation
 Recreation
 Ecosystem Support

20. 3.1. Off-Stream Uses
 Agriculture
 Thermoelectric
 Industrial
 Mining
 Domestic
 Commercial
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21. a. Agriculture
 Irrigation
 Crop irrigation consume 2/3 of water withdrawal.
 Evaporation and seepage from unlined irrigation
systems are the principal water losses.
 There are three types of irrigation systems:
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Flood Irrigation Sprinkler Irrigation Drip Irrigation

22. a. Agriculture (cont.)
 Livestock
 Watering livestock
 Dairy operation
 Cooling livestock facilities
 Dairy sanitation and clean-up
 Animal waste disposal
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23. a. Agriculture (cont.)
 Aquaculture
 Raising fish.
 Raising shellfish.
 Raising shrimp and lobster.
 Raising other creatures living in water.
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24. b. Thermoelectric
 Water is used in production of
electrical power.
 Thermoelectric is one of the
largest uses of water
 In 2005, it consumed about
201,000 million gallons of water
each day.
 Both freshwater and saline water
are used in thermoelectric.
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25. c. Industrial
 Industries need water to cool down their
machinery to a temperature that allows the
manufacturing process to keep going.
 Water is also needed to clean machinery,
products, and buildings.
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26. d. Mining
 Water is used for the extraction of minerals
that can be in forms of:
 Solid: coal, iron, gold, sand – etc.
 Liquid: crude oil.
 Gas: natural gases.
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27. e. Domestic
 Domestic water use is the consumption for
household purposes – both indoor and outdoor.
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28. f. Commercial
 Water is used in businesses such as hotels,
restaurants, marketplaces, and so on.
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29. 3.2. In-Stream Uses
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Hydropower Recreation
Navigation Ecosystem Support

30. 4. Water Availability
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Source: Environmental Science – A Global Concern,
Water Use and Management

31. 4.2. Water Stress & Water Scarcity
 Water Stress:
 Annual water supplies is
less than 1,700m3 per
person.
 Water Scarcity:
 Annual water supplies is
less than 1,000m3 per
person.
 Absolute scarcity:
 Annual water supplies is
less than 500m3 per person.
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32. 32

33. 5. Fresh Water Shortage
 Fresh Water Shortage is due to:
 Population growth
 Lack of access to clean water
 Groundwater is being depleted
 Climate change / global warming
 Rivers and lakes are shrinking
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34. 34
1983
2007
10 year drought in the
Colorado River basin.

35. 6. Water Use Problems and Conflicts
 Water Overuse
 Overuse in agriculture
 Overuse in residence
 Overuse in community
 Some interesting facts:
Water needed to produce our daily food:
 40 liters to produce 1 slice of white bread.
 70 liters to produce 1 apple.
 1,300 liters to produce 1kg of wheat.
 3,400 liters to produce 1kg of rice.
 3,900 liters to produce 1kg of chicken meat.
 15,500 liters to produce 1kg of beef.
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36. 6. Water Use Problems and Conflicts
Water Conflict
 Control of Water Resources: where water
supplies or access to water is at the root of
tensions.
 Military Tool: where water resources, or water
systems themselves, are used by a nation or state
as a weapon during a military action.
 Political Tool: where water resources, or water
systems themselves, are used by a nation, state, or
non-state actor for a political goal.
 Terrorism: where water resources, or water
systems, are either targets or tools of violence or
coercion by non-state actors.
 Military Target: where water resource systems
are targets of military actions by nations or states.
 Development Disputes: where water resources
or water systems are a major source of contention
and dispute in the context of economic and social
development
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37. Conflicts over water
 Conflicts over control of shared river basins
 Billion people lack access to safe water and 2.4 billion lack access to
sanitation
 More than 6000 children die every day because of diseases associated
with water
 On flush of the western toilet uses as much water as one person for
whole day of washing , drinking etc

38. FLOODS

39. Change in the course of a
river

40. Wrong design of a dam, or a
canal

41. Deforestation

42. Types of floods

43. Slow-Onset Floods
Slow-Onset Floods usually last for a relatively
longer period, it may last for one or more
weeks, or even months. As this kind of flood
last for a long period, it can lead to lose of
stock, damage to agricultural products, roads
and rail links.

44.  Rapid-Onset Floods last for a relatively
shorter period, they usually last for one or
two days only.
 Although this kind of flood lasts for a
shorter period, it can cause more damages
and pose a greater risk to life and property
as people usually have less time to take
preventative action during rapid-onset
floods.
Rapid-Onset Floods

45. Flash Floods

46.  Coastal Floods
 Arroyos Floods
 River Floods
 Urban Floods
Flooding can also be divided into
different categories according to their
location:

47. Coastal Floods

48. Arroyos Floods

49.  This is the most common type of flooding.
When the actual amount of river flow is
larger than the amount that the channel
can hold, river will overflow its banks and
flood the areas alongside the river. And
this may cause by reasons like snow melt or
heavy spring rain.
River Floods

50.  In most of the urban area, roads are usually
paved. With heavy rain, the large amount of
rain water cannot be absorbed into the
ground and leads to urban floods.
Urban Floods

51. Flood prone areas

52.  These areas suffer the most from floods.
 In Bangladesh, 110 million people live
unprotected on the flood plains of
southern Asia’s most flood prone river
system.
 Flood generally affect more than 30% of the
total land area in Bangladesh.
Low lying parts of active flood plains and
river Esturies

53.  They are subjects to flash floods. These also
occur in narrow valleys and heavily developed
urban settings with rapid run off.
Small Basins

54.  Floods resulting from failures are examples of
combined natural and technological hazards.
 As they are prone to flash floods, opportunities
for warning evacuation are limited.
Areas below unsafe dams

55. The Indian Experience
•India experiences more floods than any other
country.
•About one-eighth of the total area of the country is
prone to floods.
•Floods damage the standing crops and take a heavy
toll of life and property.

56. Flood Forcasting
•This involves giving prior information regarding
floods.
•This is essential so that timely action can be taken
to prevent loss of life.

57. Flood Forcasting
•The flood forecasting techniques are
constantly reviewed, updated and
modernized to make forecasts more
accurate.
•This will reduce the miseries suffered by
the people from recurring floods.

58. Destruction by Floods
 Floods can cause major structural damage to
buildings, kill plants and animals, destroys
habitats, and removes soil.
 Floods cause many deaths and drown many plants
and crops, and hundreds of millions of dollars in
damage.
 Many nutrients in topsoil are
brought downstream or deposited
in the ocean.

59. Control of floods
(i) Various preventive measures are proper embankment of water bodies,
building check dams on flood-prone streams, prohibiting cultivation in flood
plain of rivers and growing forests and perennial trees, interlinking of river of t
country and constructing houses on raised platforms and supported by
reinforced stilts.
(ii) Floods can be controlled by collecting data from meteorological departmen
and alerting the people of affecting area.
(iii) Educating the people about the steps to be taken in the event of disaster.
(iv) Hill slopes and catchment areas of rivers must be afforested and reforested

60. Drought
 Lack of moisture for an extended period of
time which in turn causes deficient moisture in
the soil.
 Degree of deficiency
 Time period
 Size of area affected.
 Droughts unlike floods are not a distinct event
 Drought has no well defined start or end
 The effect of drought vary by affected sector or
different groups.

61. Types of drought
 Metrological:
 When an area received reduced precipitation (rain)
duration or intensity

62. Types of drought
 Hydrological:
 Deficiencies in the surface and subsurface water
supplies
 It is measures as lack in the reservoir and lake
levels

63. Types of drought
 Agricultural
 When there is inadequate soil moisture to meet the
needs of a particular crop
 Results in Low plant development. Low yield,

64. Types of drought
 Socioeconomic:
 When the physical water shortages start
affecting the health, well being and quality of
life of the people

65. How is drought different?
 It is a slow natural hazard, may linger on for
years
 Drought effects large geographic area
 It is both natural (disruption of global
circulation of atmosphere and social event

66. What Causes Droughts?
 Droughts are caused by a
lack of precipitation in
an area resulting from
weak or less frequent
storms and other weather
systems
 Most major droughts last
for months or years.

67. Where Do Droughts Occur?

68. Destruction by Droughts.
 Droughts cause major damage to crops and
animals, especially if they occur during the region’s
growing season.
 During a drought not enough water is provided to
support living things. Crops can decrease 10%-
20% during a drought.
 Droughts affect reservoirs, water supplies, water
tables, and topsoil. Water levels drop, and topsoil
becomes dry and less favorable to plants.
 Areas that are in a drought are more likely to have
wildfires than other regions.

69. How Often Do They Occur?
 Droughts can occur
anytime of the year.
 Near the equator, regions
may experience 2 or
more droughts per year.

70. Weather That Causes Droughts.
 Droughts occur when weak or less frequent rainfall
occurs than normal.
 During a drought not only is there little rainfall,
but the moisture from the soil also leaves into the
atmosphere through evaporation and
transpiration.

71. Control of Drought
Control Measures
(i) Rain water harvesting and canal irrigation.
(ii) Improvement of agricultural practices like dry land forming to conserve
water in drought prone areas.
(iii) Stopping paddy cultivation in areas of water scarcity and growing drought
resistant variety of crops.
(iv) Promoting social forestry and wasteland reclamation, growing species
according to the ecological requirements of the area.
(v) Supplying food, fodder and water to drought-hit people and their
rehabilitation with all essential requirements of life.

72. Dams
 A dam is a barrier that impounds water or
underground streams. Dams generally serve
the primary purpose of retaining water.
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73. Positive impact of Dams
 The dams have tremendous potential for
economic upliftment and growth.
 They can help in checking floods and famines,
generate electricity and reduce water and
power shortage.
 Provide irrigation water to lower areas
 Provide drinking water in remote areas and
promote navigation, fishery etc.
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74. Hydroelectric power
Advantages of
hydroelectric power
Disadvantages of
hydroelectric power
(i) It is a pollution free and
renewable source of energy.
(ii) Its operational cost is low.
(iii) It helps in checking floods
and the stored water can be used
for irrigation, fisheries, drinking
water and for recreational (eg,
boating, water sports) purposes.
(i) There is problem of planning and
construction of dams at suitable
sites.
(ii) Construction of dams may
change the topography of an area
and may harm local flora and
fauna.
(iii) Dams can block routes of
fish migration required for their
survival and reproduction.
(iv) There is problem of silting of
water reservoirs of dams due to
soil erosion of catchment areas,
particularly, by their
deforestation.
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75. Negative impacts of dams
 The most significant environment effect of dams
results from the displacement of human
populations.
 Dams and reservoirs change sediment deposit in
rivers.
 They can be habitat loss, erosion and declining
water quality.
 Loss of forests, flora and fauna
 Changes in fisheries and the spawning grounds
 Siltation and sedimentation of reservoirs
 Stagnation and water logging near reservoir
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76. Effects Of Dams On Forests And Tribal
People
 Reservoir induced seismicity (RIS) causing
earthquakes
 Growth of aquatic weeds.
 Reduced water flow and slit deposition in river
 Flash floods
 Salt water intrusion at river mouth
 Loss of land fertility along the river since the
sediments carrying nutrients get deposited in
the reservoir
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77. Negative impact of Dams
But the negative socio-economic impacts of dams
 Endangered livelihoods :The disruption of natural
ecosystems, particularly of floodplains, threatens the
livelihoods of the millions of people who depend on fisheries,
wetlands, and regular deposits of sediment for agriculture.
 Displacement of people: An estimated 40 to 80 million
people have been displaced by dams worldwide. Big river
valley projects like Hirakund dam (Orissa) Bhakra Nngal dam
(Punjab), Tehri dam (Uttaranchal), Sardar Sarovar Project
(Gujarat) and Damodar Valley project (West Bengal) etc.,
have caused large scale displacement of local people. In the
last 50 years more than 20 million people have been displaced
by dams.
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78. Effect of Dams
 Health: Improved access to clean water is a
major benefit of dams. But the habitat they
create is perfect for disease-carrying
mosquitoes and snails, which bring illnesses
such as malaria and schistosomiasis.
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79. Effect of Dams
 Damage to cultural heritage sites: In many
places, large dams have impacted cultural
heritage by the submergence and destruction
of cultural resources such as shrines, buildings,
artifacts, burial sites, and sacred landscapes.
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80. CONSERVATION/MANAGEMENT OF
WATER
Conservation of water resources. For conservation and
management of fresh water, following methods can be
employed
1. Reducing agricultural water wastage by
increasing efficiency of irrigation system.
2. Afforestation and protection of watersheds to
improve economy.
3. Formation of artificial clouds, so that a change can
be brought in the atmosphere.
4. Changes in the vegetation of a particular area, so
that even in the dry season maximum amount of water
can be stored. In addition to this, dams should be
constructed to stop the drainage of rain water.
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81. CONSERVATION/MANAGEMENT OF
WATER
5. Control the distribution of water by
constructing big dams.
6. Desalinization of sea water and saline
ground water.
7. Proper utilization of underground water.
8. Melt the glaciers and snow for using as a
fresh water resource.
9. Regular de siltation of water bodies
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