2. THE RESEARCH
PROCESS
• embodies a series of actions that are
systematic and organized into steps.
• main purpose is to provide direction for the
researcher.
• involves identifying, locating, assessing,
analyzing and then developing and
expressing ideas.
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4. Primary and Secondary
Sources
• Primary - original works which include statistical
data, manuscripts, surveys, speeches,
biographies/autobiographies, diaries, oral histories,
interviews, works of art and literature, research
reports… etc.
• Secondary - usually are studies by other researchers
which describe, analyze and evaluate information found
in primary sources.
– Examples of secondary sources are books, journals, magazine
articles, encyclopedias, dictionaries…etc.
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5. ASK YOURSELVES…
WHERE
WHAT AM I SHOULD I
GOING TO START???
STUDY???
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6. • Research beginners may be faced with a
barrage of questions when thinking about
research…….
• Following the Steps in Research Process
will provide a guide while working on the
paper…
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8. • Define the topic
• Write a thesis or problem statement
• Make an outline
• Develop a search strategy
• Evaluate identified sources
• Take careful notes
• Write and revise the paper
• Document identified sources
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9. Define the topic
• Browse the internet
• Browse current interest magazines, newspapers for
stories of interest
• Browse encyclopedia and other reference books
• Listen to radio or television programs
• Talk to people, such as teachers, colleagues, and friends
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10. Write a thesis or problem
statement
• Begin with a question, research the
topic further, then develop an opinion
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11. Make an outline
• Identify key concepts and sub topics to
provide a framework for the study
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12. Develop a search strategy
• Make a list of subject or keywords that
might be useful in upcoming search
• Consider the best sources for
information taking in consideration the
type of information needed
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13. Develop a search strategy
• Sources of Information
a. books
b. periodicals
c. newspapers
d. government documents
e. biographical sources
f. videos
g. reference books
h. people (experts)
i. archives/special collections
j. internet
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14. Evaluate identified
sources
• Begin evaluation as early as the first citation and
continue thorough reading of the information
contained in the article, document, book, etc.
• Consider the following in evaluating identified
sources:
• authority,
• accuracy,
• objectivity,
• Currency
• coverage
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15. Take careful notes
– Document sources noting the following
information:
– Book
1. Author
2. Title
3. Publisher (location, name, date)
4. Page numbers
5. Subject searched
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16. Take careful notes
– Document sources noting the following information:
• Article
1. Article title
2. Authors name (if any)
3. Title of periodical
4. Volume and issue number (if any)
5. Page numbers
6. Date
7. Index searched
8. Subject searched
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17. Taking down notes can be
done through the following:
1. Direct Quotation from a Source
– A direct quotation is copying words exactly as
they appear in the source.
– When you quote a source, you must use
quotation marks before and after the
quotations then identify who made the
statement.
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18. 1. Direct Quotation from a
Source
• This is useful when your reader see the
author’s own words…
Example:
Roberta Israel off explained that, “the sense of
touch develops so early that a three-month old
fetus can react to the pressure of a hair around
the sensitive area of its mouth.”
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19. Taking down notes can be
done through the following:
2. Paraphrase from a source
• is a statement of the ideas from a source using slightly
different words.
• Keep in mind, though, that you are still using the author’s
ideas.
• To avoid plagiarism, you must identify the author as
the source of those ideas.
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20. Taking down notes can be
done through the following:
3. Summary of a source
– A summary is a statement of the main ideas of a
source using your own words.
– It is a shortened version of the information in the
passage.
– It can be either a statement of fact or your own idea.
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21. Write and revise the paper
• Write and revise the paper
– Allow plenty of time for the writing process.
– The thesis and outline may need to be
revised to reflect what was discovered
during the research.
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22. Document identified sources
– Give credit for the intellect work of others.
– Citing sources can be done in three ways:
1. Endnotes followed by a bibliography
2. Footnotes followed by a bibliography
3. Parenthetical citations followed by a worked cited
list
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24. Book or Pamphlet
• Author(s), article or part title (if any), Book or
pamphlet title, Editor (if any), Edition, Volume
(s), City where published, published,
Publisher, Year
• Example:
Avery, G., Fletcher, M.A. and MacDonald, M.G.
Neonatology 4th Edition. Philadelphia; J.B Lippincott
Company,1985
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25. CD-ROM or Diskette
• Author(s), article or part title (if any), Title of
CR-Rom or Diskette, Edition, Source Type
( e.g. CD-ROM), City where published,
published, Publisher, Year
• Example:
Avery, G., Fletcher, M. A. and MacDonald, M.G.
Neonatology 4th Edition. CD-ROM.
Philadelphia; J.B Lippincott Company, 1985
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26. Print Encyclopedia
• Author(s), article or part title (if any),
Encyclopedia title, Edition, City where published,
published, Publisher, Year
• Example:
Avery, Gordon, Mary Ann Fletcher and Mhairi G.
MacDonald. “Touch Therapy” Encyclopedia of
Neonates. Philadelphia; J.B Lippincott Company, 1985
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27. Newspaper or Magazine
• Author(s), article or part title (if any),
Newspaper or Magazine title, Date, Page
number(s)
• Example:
Spencer, James, Elizabeth Howard, and Terence Taylor.
“ Cleaning Your Room” Home and Health Weekly, 12
Oct, 1997:70-22
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28. Journal
• Author(s), article or part title (if any),
Journal Title, Editor (if any), Volume(s),
Issue, Page number(s), Year
• Example:
James, Andrew J. “Why Are We Saving More Premature
Babies?” Journal of Paediatric and Gynaecology. pp67,
1190
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30. • Research Process
– To reveal new knowledge that may
contribute to the solution of a problem
• Problem-solving
– To solve an immediate problem in a particular
setting
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31. Research Process Problem-solving Process
a. Identify the problem a. Identify the problem
b. Gather pertinent b. Review of related literature
information
c. Suggest solutions c. Theoretical framework
d. Consider outcomes d. Questions to be answered
and hypothesis to be tested
e. Choice of solution e. Research methodology
f. Implement of solution f. Data gathering
g. Evaluate results of g. Analysis and interpretation
implementation of data
h. Modify, revise, h. Summary, conclusions and
change recommendations
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