What this presentation tries to convey: • We need to understand all the roles and actors involved when developing/deploying/using a synchrophasor application • This can be done with an “Architecture Model” – here we use SGAM. • To show how this approach allows to provide a “common view and language” for engineers from multiple smart grid domains, allowing them to understand their own role in the deployment/use/etc. of PMU applications.

1. KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGYA SGAM-Based Architecture for
Synchrophasor Applications
Facilitating TSO/DSO Interactions
Hossein Hooshyar and Luigi Vanfretti
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
hosseinh@kth.se, luigiv@kth.se

2. Outline
• Background
• Use Case Definition
• The Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM)
• An Architecture for Synchrophasor Applications
• Conclusions
• What this presentation tries to convey:
• We need to understand all the roles and actors involved when
developing/deploying/using a synchrophasor application
• This can be done with an “Architecture Model” – here we use SGAM.
• To show how this approach allows to provide a “common view and
language” for engineers from multiple smart grid domains, allowing
them to understand their own role in the deployment/use/etc. of PMU
applications.

3. Background – Understanding the “boundary”
• Distribution grid dynamics are becoming increasingly complex.
• To guarantee operational security of the overall electric power system, DSOs and
TSOs need to interact tightly.
• As of today, DSOs and TSOs share very little (or non) measurement data in hard
real-time with high sampling resolution and time-synchronization.
• This means that the measurement data available is too limited in “quantity” and
also in “observability”.
• A short-term solution to
enhance TSO-DSO
“information exchange”
would be to make use of
PMU data across
operational boundaries
from which information
can be extracted.

4. Background – PMU Apps help extracting info.
• We have implemented a family of PMU Apps for distribution networks,
which can extract information about the system:
• How to exchange the information extracted using the PMU Apps?
• To who? How? etc.? We use SGAM to try to answer this questions.
• Answering these questions allows to build an ICT architecture that spans multiple smart
grid domains and involves multiple smart grid actors.
• The implementation of such PMU-based “information exchange” has to go through a
properly designed and implemented architecture.
Steady state model synthesis of active
distribution grids
Oscillatory mode estimator
for active distribution grids
Dynamic feeder rating in active
distribution grids
F. Mahmood, H. Hooshyar, J. Lavenius, P. Lund and L. Vanfretti, “Real-Time Reduced Steady State Model Synthesis of Active Distribution
Networks using PMU Measurements,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2016.
N. Singh, H. Hooshyar and L. Vanfretti, “Feeder Dynamic Rating Application for Active Distribution Networks using Synchrophasors,”
Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks, Available online 22 February 2017, ISSN 2352-4677,
R.S. Singh, M. Baudette, H. Hooshyar, M.S. Almas, Stig Løvlund, L. Vanfretti, “‘In Silico’ Testing of a Decentralized PMU Data-Based Power
Systems Mode Estimator,” IEEE PES General Meeting 2016, Boston, MA, USA.

5. Background – Beyond functionality?
A. Bidadfar, H. Hooshyar, M. Monadi, L. Vanfretti, Decoupled Voltage Stability Assessment of Distribution
Networks using Synchrophasors,” IEEE PES General Meeting 2016, Boston, MA, USA.
Info!
PMU Apps are usually only thought about with “Functionality” in mind,
e.g. information (voltage stability margins) are extracted by the PMU application.
Functionality alone does not answer all the questions to deploy and exploit
the information extracted by PMU apps.
• Beyond functionality – we need an approach that can help answer:
• Where should the information go if located? (Who are the actors?)
• What components are involved through the data acquisition chain?
• What data and information exchange standards can be used?
• What communication technologies will be used?
• What is the impact on the business process?

6. The Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM)
• The IDE4L architecture is built upon the 5-layer Smart Grid Architecture
Model (SGAM) framework that has been developed by the CEN-
CENELEC-ETSI Smart Grid Coordination Group.
• SGAM helps to
analyze and visualize
the use cases in a
technology-neutral
manner.
• SGAM framework is
established by
merging the concept
of the interoperability
layers with the Smart
Grid Plane.

7. The Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM)
• In addition to the relations between objects on the same layer,
interrelations exist between different layers:
• Business processes are realized
by functions.
• Functions are in turn executed
by components.
• Execution of the functions
requires the components to
support data models and
communication protocols.
• Use cases should be mapped
onto the SGAM to visualize the
architecture.

8. Use Case Definition
• The horizontal dimension covers the complete
electrical energy conversion chain.
• The vertical dimension spans the hierarchical
levels of power system management.
• The data flow can be tracked through the
diagram.
• The architecture should support both
centralized and decentralized
implementations.
• Both actors and functions involved can be
listed from the diagram. DistributionTrans.
ProcessFieldStationOperation
PMU
(PS/SS/distributed)
Transducer
(PS/SS/distributed)
Electrical
conversion
(PS/SS/distributed)
Synchrophasor
calculation
(PS/SS/distributed)
Measurement
acquisition
(PS/SS)
Communication
interface
(PS/SS)
Data
concentration
(PS/SS)
PDC
(PS/SS)
DMS
at
DSO
Data curation
and extraction
of components
Partial
derivation of
key information
Data transfer
EMS
at
TSO
Computation unit
(PS/SS)
Measurement
acquisition
Communication
interface
Data curation
and extraction
of components
Derivation of
key information
Data export
Gen. DER Cost.
Prem.
Diagram of the “grid dynamic monitoring”
use case mapped on the Smart Grid Plane.
Applications of the ”Use Case”
• Describe the architecture requirements,
actors and functionalities for all PMU
monitoring applications for DSO/TSO
interaction.

9. Component Layer
DistributionTrans.
ProcessFieldStationOperation
PMU
(PS)
Gen. DER Cost.
Prem.
HV MV LV
Transducer
PMU
(SS)
PMU
(distributed)
Modem+
Switch
(SS)
Modem+
Switch
(PS)
Computation
Unit
(SS)
Computation
Unit
(PS)
PDC
(SS)
PDC
(PS)
Modem+
Switch
DMS
Computer
Modem+
Switch
EMS
Computer
Transducer
Component Layer
• “Distribution grid dynamic
monitoring” use case was
mapped onto the 5 layers
of the SGAM framework.
• Component Layer:
Depicts the use case
actors in form of
hardware necessary to
provide the intended use
case functionalities.
• The component layer is
beneficial on evaluating
the cost of the
components that are to
be utilized.
Example: mode meter application
PMUs
provide data
PDCs pass
data to the
Station
computers
Station
computers
estimate
local modes
DMS computers
collects all
modes

10. Function Layer (1/2)
Function Layer
• Function Layer: Intended to represent
the functions, realizing the use case,
and their interrelations with respect to
domains and zones.
• The position of the functions is inferred
from the use case diagram mapped to
the Smart Grid Plane.
• The function layer provides a function-
to-component mapping which in turn
helps in the definition of software and
hardware requirements of the
components.
DistributionTrans.
ProcessFieldStationOperation
PMU
(PS)
Gen. DER Cost.
Prem.
HV MV LV
Transducer
Transducer
Transducer
PMU
(SS)
PMU
(distributed)
Modem+
Switch
(SS)
Modem+
Switch
(PS)
Computation
Unit
(SS)
Computation
Unit
(PS)
PDC
(SS)
PDC
(PS)
Modem+
Switch
DMS
Computer
Modem+
Switch
EMS
Computer
Electrical conversion
Synchrophasor calculation
Measurement acquisition
Data concentration
Data curation and extraction of components
Partial derivation of key information
Data transfer
Measurement acquisition
Data curation and extraction of components
Derivation of key information
Data export

11. Function Layer (2/2)
Function Layer
• Some of the functions we have
developed:
• PMU data curation and extraction of
components based on an enhanced
Kalman Filter. See Ref. 1 and 2.
• Derivation of Key Information:
• A family of functions (mentioned before)
whose
inputs are curated voltage and current
synchrophasors whereas
their outputs consist of number sets in
floating point format,
often having lower reporting rate
compared to that of the synchrophasors.
See Ref. 2 to 11. DistributionTrans.
ProcessFieldStationOperation
PMU
(PS)
Gen. DER Cost.
Prem.
HV MV LV
Transducer
Transducer
Transducer
PMU
(SS)
PMU
(distributed)
Modem+
Switch
(SS)
Modem+
Switch
(PS)
Computation
Unit
(SS)
Computation
Unit
(PS)
PDC
(SS)
PDC
(PS)
Modem+
Switch
DMS
Computer
Modem+
Switch
EMS
Computer
Electrical conversion
Synchrophasor calculation
Measurement acquisition
Data concentration
Data curation and extraction of components
Partial derivation of key information
Data transfer
Measurement acquisition
Data curation and extraction of components
Derivation of key information
Data export
Example: mode meter application
mode
meter
mode
meter

12. Information Layer (1/2)
Information Layer
• Information Layer is depicted in two
views of Business Context and
Canonical Data Model.
• Business Context view describes the
information being exchanged between
the components.
• Canonical Data Model view is intended
to show underlying canonical data model
standards which are able to provide
information objects needed.
• This helps in the selection of the proper
software to be installed on the
components of the architecture.
Modem+
Switch
(PS)
Computation
Unit
(SS)
Computation
Unit
(PS)
PDC
(PS)
Modem+
Switch
(SS)
PDC
(SS)
DistributionTrans.
ProcessFieldStationOperation
PMU
(PS)
Gen. DER Cost.
Prem.
HV MV LV
Transducer
Transducer
Transducer
PMU
(SS)
PMU
(distributed)
Modem+
Switch
DMS
Computer
Modem+
Switch
EMS
Computer
IEC
61850-7-4
Voltage and Current
Synchrophasor
Analogue
Analogue
Voltage and Current
Synchrophasor
Voltage and Current
Synchrophasor
Voltage and Current
Synchrophasor
Dynamic
Information
Dynamic
Information
Key Dynamic
Information

13. Information Layer (2/2)
Information Layer
• The exchanged information, shown in
the figure, is consistent with the
specification of the inputs/outputs of the
functions.
• IEC 61850-7-4 is used for the data
modeling of the PMU measurements
that are mapped to the logical node
MMXU data objects of the IEC 61850
standard.
• This is consistent with the
communication protocol, used to
transfer the synchrophasors (explained
in the next slide).
Modem+
Switch
(PS)
Computation
Unit
(SS)
Computation
Unit
(PS)
PDC
(PS)
Modem+
Switch
(SS)
PDC
(SS)
DistributionTrans.
ProcessFieldStationOperation
PMU
(PS)
Gen. DER Cost.
Prem.
HV MV LV
Transducer
Transducer
Transducer
PMU
(SS)
PMU
(distributed)
Modem+
Switch
DMS
Computer
Modem+
Switch
EMS
Computer
IEC
61850-7-4
Voltage and Current
Synchrophasor
Analogue
Analogue
Voltage and Current
Synchrophasor
Voltage and Current
Synchrophasor
Voltage and Current
Synchrophasor
Dynamic
Information
Dynamic
Information
Key Dynamic
Information
Example: mode meter application
local
modes
grid modes

14. Communication Layer (1/2)
Communication Layer
• Communication Layer describes
communication protocols and
technologies for the interoperable
exchange of information between the
components.
• This layer can be used for cost
assessment in the construction and the
management of the required
communication infrastructure.
• Synchrophasors are transmitted on IEC
61850-90-5 protocol.
• Derived dynamic information are
communicated on an arbitrary Web
Service which can be any protocol
using the TCP/IP or UDP/IP client-
server mechanism.
DistributionTrans.
ProcessFieldStationOperation
PMU
(PS)
Gen. DER Cost.
Prem.
HV MV LV
Transducer
Transducer
Transducer
PMU
(SS)
PMU
(distributed)
Modem+
Switch
(SS)
Modem+
Switch
(PS)
Computation
Unit
(SS)
Computation
Unit
(PS)
PDC
(SS)
PDC
(PS)
Modem+
Switch
DMS
Computer
Modem+
Switch
EMS
Computer
IEC 61850-90-5
IEC 61850-90-5
IEC61850-90-5
Web Service
Web Service
Web Service

15. Communication Layer (2/2)
Communication Layer
• Communication technologies are
determined based on the
requirements set by the information
exchanges. e.g.:
• Fiber-optic communication is
recommended for PDC-to-PDC and
PDC-to-computer links (due to the high
transfer rate and transfer time
requirements)
• LTE and point-to-point HiperLAN
technologies may also be used for
PMU-to-PDC and computer-to-
computer links (due to the lower
requirement on transfer rate)
• It is important to consider some sort of
redundancy to guarantee high level of
communication link availability. DistributionTrans.
ProcessFieldStationOperation
PMU
(PS)
Gen. DER Cost.
Prem.
HV MV LV
Transducer
Transducer
Transducer
PMU
(SS)
PMU
(distributed)
Modem+
Switch
(SS)
Modem+
Switch
(PS)
Computation
Unit
(SS)
Computation
Unit
(PS)
PDC
(SS)
PDC
(PS)
Modem+
Switch
DMS
Computer
Modem+
Switch
EMS
Computer
IEC 61850-90-5
IEC 61850-90-5
IEC61850-90-5
Web Service
Web Service
Web Service

16. DistributionTrans.
ProcessFieldStationOperation
PMU
(PS)
Gen. DER Cost.
Prem.
HV MV LV
Transducer
Transducer
PMU
(SS)
PMU
(distributed)
Modem+
Switch
(SS)
Modem+
Switch
(PS)
Computation
Unit
(SS)
Computation
Unit
(PS)
PDC
(SS)
PDC
(PS)
Modem+
Switch
DMS
Computer
Modem+
Switch
EMS
Computer
long-term sustainability
Business Layer
Business Layer
• Business Layer: Intends to host the
business processes, the business
objectives, economic and regulatory
constraints underlying the use case.
• The business layer shows the area
which is affected by the use case
and consequently influenced by its
underlying business objective.
• Multiple business objectives can be
exploited with this use case (no
single one-to-one mapping).
• The main business objective is to
support “long-term sustainability” of
the entire system.

17. Conclusions
• This work included the definition of the use case
“Distribution grid dynamic monitoring” which
• defines PMU-based monitoring functions that can provide key dynamic
information for both the DMS of DSOs and the EMS of TSOs.
• This work led to the design of that portion of the IDE4L architecture that
accommodates for the PMU-based “information exchange”.
• SGAM provides a “common view and language” between engineers of different
domains involved in the deployment/use/etc of PMU applications.
• This approach helps with going beyond functionality!
SGAM can help in identifying the actors and roles in TSO/DSO interaction,
and in particular for PMU applications; and help you answer:
• Where should the information go if located? (Who are the actors?)
• What components are involved through the data acquisition chain?
• What data and information exchange standards can be used?
• What communication technologies will be used?
• What is the impact on the business process?

18. References
1. F. Mahmood, H. Hooshyar, L. Vanfretti, “Extracting steady state components
from synchrophasor data using Kalman filters”, MDPI Journal of Energies,
vol. 9, no. 315, 2016.
2. F. Mahmood, H. Hooshyar, J. Lavenius, P. Lund, L. Vanfretti, "Real-time
reduced steady state model synthesis of active distribution networks using
PMU measurements," in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 32, no.
1, pp. 546-555, February 2017.
3. R. S. Singh, M. Baudette, H. Hooshyar, L. Vanfretti, M. S. Almas, S. Løvlund,
“‘In Silico’ testing of a decentralized PMU data-based power systems mode
estimator,” in Proc. IEEE PES GM, Boston, US, 2016.
4. A. Bidadfar, H. Hooshyar, M. Monadi, L. Vanfretti, “Decoupled voltage
stability assessment of distribution networks using synchrophasors,” in Proc.
IEEE PES GM, Boston, US, July 2016.
5. L. Vanfretti, M. Baudette, I. Al-Khatib, M. S. Almas and J. O. Gjerde, “Testing
and validation of a fast real-time oscillation detection PMU-based application
for wind-farm monitoring,” in Proc. First International Black Sea Conference
on Communications and Networking (BlackSeaCom), Batumi, Georgia,
2013.
6. N. Singh, H. Hooshyar, L. Vanfretti, “Feeder dynamic rating application for
active distribution network using synchrophasors”, Elsevier Journal of
Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks (SEGAN), vol. 10, pp. 35-45, June
2017.

19. References
7. R. S. Singh, H. Hooshyar, L. Vanfretti, “Experimental real-time testing of a
decentralized PMU data-based power systems mode estimator,” accepted
for presentation at IEEE PES General Meeting, Chicago, IL, US, July 16-20,
2017.
8. L. Vanfretti, H. Hooshyar, R. S. Singh, A. Bidadfar, F. Mahmood,
“Synchrophasor applications for distribution networks, supporting the IDE4L
use case,” accepted for presentation at IEEE PES General Meeting,
Chicago, IL, US, July 16-20, 2017.
9. F. Mahmood, H. Hooshyar, L. Vanfretti, “Sensitivity analysis of a PMU-fed
steady state model synthesis method for active distribution networks,”
accepted for presentation at IEEE PES General Meeting, Chicago, IL, US,
July 16-20, 2017.
10. H. Hooshyar, L. Vanfretti, F. Mahmood, R. S. Singh, N. Singh, A. Bidadfar, S.
R. Firouzi, “Synchrophasor applications facilitating interactions in
transmission and distribution operations,” accepted for presentation at IEEE
PowerTech Conference, Manchester, UK, June 18-22, 2017. [Invited Paper
for Special Session on Industry Perspective on Synchrophasor Technology]
11. R. S. Singh, H. Hooshyar, L. Vanfretti, “Testing and analysis of centralized
and decentralized mode estimation architectures for active distribution
network monitoring,” accepted for presentation at IEEE PowerTech
Conference, Manchester, UK, June 18-22, 2017.

20. KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Thanks!
Questions?
https://www.kth.se/profile/luigiv
Dinosaurs died.
What came next was smaller. [D. Ernst]