1. Historic Preservation, Economic
Development and Community
Revitalization Programs
Luis Nieves-Ruiz, AICP
Orange County Planning Division
Research and Intergovernmental Coordination
October 22, 2010
3. Significant Historic Preservation Dates
Antiquities Act 1906
Colonial Williamsburg 1926
Charleston, “Old Historic District” 1931
New Orleans Vieux Carre 1936
Old Georgetown Act 1950
Berman vs. Parker 1954
National Register of Historic Places 1966
Penn Central vs. NYC 1978
4. Antiquities Act of 1906
• First major historic preservation legislation.
• Stemmed from concern over the destruction
of pre-historic remains in the southwest.
Specifically, the Mesa Verde site in Colorado.
• Allowed areas in the public domain that
contained historic structures/objects to be
designated national monuments.
• Federal crime to collect or destroy any
historic or prehistoric object or building on
federally owned land.
5. Colonial Williamsburg, 1926
• 18th Century Capital of
colonial Virginia.
• Private efforts (led by
the Rev. Dr. W.A.R
Goodwin and John D.
Rockefeller) resulted
in the restoration of
Colonial Williamsburg
as a museum village.
6. Charleston, SC 1931
• First historic
preservation district
in the United States.
• Approximately 3
square miles.
• Prohibited specific
uses on Broad St.,
which contained the
heaviest
concentration of
historic buildings.
7. New Orleans, 1936
• Second Historic
District in United
States.
• Established a
historic
preservation
ordinance in 1936
to protect the
Old French
Quarter (Vieux
Carre).
8. Old Georgetown Act, 1950
• First federal law for
historic preservation.
• Properties fall under the
authority of the Historic
Preservation Review
Board and the
Commission of Fine Arts.
9. Berman v. Parker, 1954
• Supreme Court established the concept
that aesthetics alone sufficiently justified
government regulation.
• Gave Washington D.C the right to “tear
down old blighted buildings to improve a
neighborhood.”
• Predecessor to Kelo v. City of New London.
• However, provided preservationists with a
legal precedence to justify protective
historic ordinances.
10. National Historic Preservation
Act, 1966
• Created the Department of the Interior
National Register of Historic Places.
• The report recommending the passage of
the NHPA was called With Heritage So Rich.
• It has been amended 22 times since
approval.
11. Penn Central v. NYC, 1978
• First Supreme Court decision dealing directly with
historic preservation.
• Rights of owners to develop property vs. rights of
cities to review and regulate the development of a
historic property.
• Owner applied to construct a 55 story addition
over Grand Central station, a historic landmark
structure.
• Owner claimed the city’s denial of their request
was a “taking” but court disagreed.
• The landmark decision upheld the legitimacy of
historic ordinances, and formed the legal basis for
the right to establish controls to which the owners
of historic properties would be subject.
12. National – Historic Preservation
• National Register of
Historic Places
• National Park Service,
U.S. Dept of the
Interior
• State Historic
Preservation Officer
• Advisory Council on
Historic Preservation
13. Tax Incentives for Preservation
Tax Reform Act of 1976 - Allowed tax breaks for
historic buildings listed on either a local register or
the National Register.
Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 - Gave a 25%
tax credit for rehab costs of historic buildings.
14. National Register Criteria
• Types: • Significance:
• Districts • American History
• Sites • Architecture
• Buildings • Archeology
• Structures • Engineering
• Objects • Culture
15. What is a Historic District?
• Geographical area that has a
significant architectural enclave of
historic buildings.
Why Establish a Historic District?
• Protect historic properties
• Control new development
• Serve as development incentive
• Maintain property values
• Public relations/promotion
• Economic Development
16. Historic Resources/ Landmarks
• A structure that is 50 years old or older and
possesses:
• Aesthetic
• Architectural, or
• Historic Value
17. Preservation Ordinance
Requirements
• Should achieve a public purpose
• Should leave some or all value to the property
• Should meet legal test
• Should be tailored to the specific area or for a
specific purpose
• May include specific architectural requirements
to ensure that property renovations blend with
the rest of the district
• May include measures to protect historic
structures
18. Certificate of Appropriateness
• Must be obtained to modify the outside
appearance of a structure that has been
designated a historic resource/landmark
Current Preservation Numbers
• There are over 80,000 listings on the National
Register
20. Spatial Economic Theories
• Von Thunen
• Central Place
• Economic Base
• Cluster
• Creative Class
• Mega Region
21. Von Thunen Model
• The use of a
piece of land is
put to is a
function of the
cost of transport
to market and
the land rent a
farmer can
afford to pay.
• Von Thunen
Concentric
Circles.
22. Central Place Theory
• Developed by Walter
Christaller.
• Laws determine the
number, size and
distribution of towns.
• People would travel
farther to get high order
services.
• It is becoming less useful
for studying metropolitan
areas.
• Predecessor of the World
Systems Theory.
23. Economic Base Theory
• Divides regional industries into Basic
(export sectors) and Non Basic (local
sectors).
• Assumes that export industries drive
regional economic growth.
• Basic industries have a multiplier effect on
the regional economy.
Base Multiplier = Total Employment Year i
Basic Employment Year i
24. Economic Clusters
• Develop by Michael Porter.
• A cluster is a geographic
concentration of
competitive firms in related
industries that do business
with each other.
• Cluster includes companies
selling primarily outside the
region, as well as support
firms supplying raw
materials.
• Clusters provide synergy,
and that leads to
competitive advantage and
economic specialization.
25. Creative Class Theory
• Developed by Richard Florida.
• Recognized shift from manufacturing economy
to an economy based on knowledge.
• Successful regions have the three T’s: talent,
tolerance, and technology.
• Place making is an important part of economic
development because it helps to attract talent
and industry.
26. Mega-Regions/Megapolitan Areas
• Areas of the world that generate a
disproportionate share of global economic
activity including trade, transport, innovation
and scientific discovery.
• They often stretch across multiple
jurisdictions and even national borders.
• Examples of national mega regions include the
following corridors: Boston-Washington D.C.,
Chicago-Pittsburgh, and Charlotte-Atlanta.
28. North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS)
• Industry classification system
• Twenty industrial sectors
• Several digit levels of complexity
NAICS 11 Agriculture
NAICS 112 Animal Production
NAICS 1121 Cattle Ranching
29. Location Quotient
• Ratio between the local economy and reference
economy.
• It measures economic specialization of a region.
Local Employment i
Total Local Employment
LQ i
National Employment i
Total National Employment
30. Location Quotient
LQ = 1 Regional employment proportion in
industry i is same as national
proportion.
LQ < 1 Regional employment proportion in
industry i is less than national
proportion.
Regional employment proportion in
LQ > 1
industry i is greater than national
proportion.
31. Location Quotient
NAICS 7131 Amusements, Parks and
Arcades
47,281
612, 434
LQ 7131
154,677
112,718, 858
LQ 7131 56.26
32. High Location Quotients
Orange
Industry Florida County
NAICS 5615 Travel arrangement & reservation
2.17 7.71
NAICS 4855 Charter bus industry 0.96 5.9
NAICS 3333 Commercial & serv. industry mach.
1.21 5.54
NAICS 7211 Traveler accommodation 1.4 4.2
NAICS 6115 Technical and trade schools
1.34 3.33
NAICS 5321 Automotive equipment rental
1.43 2.93
NAICS 1114 Greenhouse and nursery prod.
2.3 2.89
NAICS 2372 Land subdivision 3.31 2.09
NAICS 4859 Other ground passenger transp.
1.04 1.9
33. Shift Share Analysis
• Technique to analyze sources of change in a
regional economy.
• Total Employment Change = National Growth
Share + Industrial Mix share + Regional Shift
– National Growth Share: growth attributed to
national changes in the economy
– Industrial Mix Share: employment on particular
industries
– Regional Shift: examines unique local factors that
affect regional competitiveness
34. Input/output Analysis
• Input/output Models
use multipliers to Purchasing
estimate the Industry Ag. Transp. Mfg.
economic impact of Selling
Industry
specific sectors.
• Determine linkages Agriculture .65 0.22 0.13
between industries Transportati
on 0.19 .62 0.16
in the local
Manufacturi
economy. ng 0.16 0.16 .71
• Calculate direct,
indirect and induced Total Output 1.00 1.00 1.00
effects.
36. Land Market Monitoring
• Focus on monitoring the
availability of buildable land
available and the rate it is
being consumed for urban
development.
• Looks at the supply of land
zoned for residential,
commercial, and industrial
uses.
• Uses a variety of tools
including GIS and
land/employment
multipliers.
37. Econometric Models
• Combines economic theories with statistics
to analyze and test economic relationships.
• Examples of models includes regression
analysis.
• Uses copious amount of data.
38. Community Revitalization Strategies
• Create Special Districts/Programs
• Write a Master/Strategic Plan
• Provide Tax Incentives
• Create/Increase Tax Base
• Infrastructure and Beautification Improvements
39. Economic Revitalization Programs
• Enterprise Zones/Empowerment Zones
• Business Improvement District
• Brownfield Programs
• Community Development Block Grant Program
• Main Street Program
• Business Development Programs
• Special Tax Districts
40. Enterprise Zone/Empowerment Zones
• Participating block
groups must have more
than 20% poverty rate.
• Both Federal and State
Programs.
• Offer a variety of
incentives to attract new
businesses to the area
including:
• Job Tax Credit
• Property Tax Credits
• Sales Tax Refunds
41. Business Improvement District
• Public-Private partnership that contributes
to the maintenance, development and
marketing of the commercial district.
• Overseen by a board of directors.
• Funded through special assessments (TIF)
collected from the property owners in the
defined boundaries of the district.
• Similar to Community Redevelopment Areas
(CRA).
42. Brownfield Programs
• Site whose redevelopment
or reuse may be
complicated by the
potential or real presence
hazardous pollutants.
• Managed by Environmental
Protection Agency
• Provides direct funding for
brownfields assessment,
cleanup, revolving loans,
and environmental job
training.
43. Community Development Block
Grant Program (CDBG)
• Federal Block Grant Program that helps to
improve the living conditions of low and
moderate income residents.
• Entitlement communities must have at least
50,000 residents.
• These funds are used for a variety of
programs including housing rehabilitation and
infrastructure improvement.
44. Main Street Program
• Sponsored by National
Trust for Historic
Preservation.
• Public-Private partnership
allowing merchants to be
involved and responsible
in revitalization efforts.
• Combines historic
preservation with
economic development.
• Used to revitalize old
commercial corridors and
downtown areas.
45. Business Development
• This is also known as “economic gardening”.
• Incubation Programs that provide management
training, counseling, consulting, marketing,
and research.
• Programs targeting of specific industries to
locate in the community.
• Business retention programs to keep and grow
existing businesses.
• Workforce Education and Training Programs
tailored to firm’s needs.
46. Special Tax Districts
• Property owners within these districts pay
a special assessment to cover specific
services or infrastructure improvements.
• These districts are being established all
over Florida.
• Some examples of these are Community
Development Districts (CDDs) and
Municipal Services Taxing Units (MSTU).
